Rocks, Gems and Minerals Guide

Rocks, Gems And Minerals
From the time I can remember I have been fascinated by Rocks, Gems and minerals. Over the years
in my spare time I learn about the different kinds; Where they are from, what they can be used for.
Each rock, mineral and gem has energy and many are used for meditation and healing I am going to
start by going over the three main groups of rocks; Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic.
Igneous Rocks come form deep within our Earth where the magma is. Magma is made from molten
gasses and minerals. When Magma erupts from a volcano it is then called Lava. The temperature of
the lava is approximately 2100 degrees Fahrenheit. Above the ground, the lava quickly cools and
hardens into new igneous rock. The new rock forms into pumice, Granite, basalt, rhyolite and
Obsidian to name a few. Sometimes Magma doe not erupt it will cool slowly underground and
create igneous rock. Before civilization the earth was a very busy place, erupting volcanoes
everywhere formed the land we live on today. These volcanoes can still be active; North America is
part of the Cascadia which lays on the pacific plate. The pacific plate is part of what we call the ring
of fire a very active region for volcanic activity and earthquakes. One thing is for sure we are always
moving with new land being formed.
Sedimentary rocks are formed by erosion. Erosion is essentially Rocks, Gravel and soil being
carried down streams and other bodies of water. As they move. They scrape against each other and
get worn down. The
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The End Permian Mass Extinction Essay
Introduction Think of a world which existed 290 million years ago. As you look out
over the terane in front of you, you think that you are on an alien planet. You see volcanoes spewing
ash and lava. Beside them is the ocean which is swarming with many different species of
echinoderms, bryozoans and brachiopods. As you look down onto the sea floor you are amazed at
the countless number of starfish and urchins. Some animals leave you can't even describe and you
have no idea even what phylum they belong to. This is a world at its height in diversity of oceanic
species. Millions of wonderous species existed at this time in the ocean and most of them will never
appear again in earth's history. In the geologic time scale, a million ... Show more content on
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The concentration of Ir was at least an order of magnitude higher than the background values and
this is characteristic of most Upper Permian and Lower Triassic boundaries. The scientists go on to
say that "the existence of a rich Ir anomaly on a global scale within the K/T boundary layers of both
marine and continental facies has been interpreted as highly impressive evidence for an impact
origin. Another discovery that may serve as a marker of an event is microspherules. A variety of
microsherules have been discovered in the PTB layers of the Meishan section (Xu et al., 1989). The
origin of the microspherules could be multiple. They are small circular indentations in the rocks and
the most abondent elements are Si or Si–Al. Mircospherules are similar to cosmic dust. Since a large
amount of microspherules occurs in a thin layer of PTB layer it can serve as another event marker.
 Maxwell (1989) who got his information from Clark et al. (1986) said that The
elemental in boundary clays across China suggest that there is a remote possibility that the
predominantly illite boundary clay is a remote possibility that the predomonantly illite boundary
clay resulted from the alteration of ejecta dust from a comet impact, but the most likely source was
ash from a massive volcanic eruption. The trace elements suggested that the dust was
highly acidic and the ratios of TiO2 and AL2O3 are low enough to support the volcanic dust
scenario

Science Fair Project
Sweet And Salty Crystal
SCIENCE FAIR PROJECT
02 December 2015
By
Ida Duvauchelle
Kaloke Pedro
Jaycee Davis
REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
Sugar is a highly concentrated in sugar cane & sugar beets. Sugar is mainly used to sweeten food
and to prevent micro organisms from growing and spoiling food. Salt is a mineral composed of
sodium chloride. Its a crystallized mineral from rock salt and halite. Salts main usage is for
cooking,cleaning, and many health uses. While doing this project we discovered that 99.95 % of
sugar is pure sucrose. Although salt is used for cooking it is also used for cleaning. The ocean has
35grams of salt per liter which equals salinity of 3.5% We started this project to see the crystal
formation of sugar and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then you add sugar into one pot and salt into the other pot. Don't forget to add the same amount of
sugar and salt into the pots. When they are finally dissolved you add the salt water to one container
and the sugar water to its own container but make sure you don't fill it up all the way leave 1in. Then
you let it sit until it is warm. Next you stick a stick into the jars without the stick touching the
bottom. Mix it. Then you put the cover on with the stick through the cover then clip it with the
clothespin so the stick does not move. Then you put it on the side and let it sit where it will not be
hit. Check it daily until it is fully formed. Mark down observations.
RESULTS:
The end result of our project was that the salt formed a crystal before sugar did. On day seven the
crystal formation was 2 ½ inches for salt. For sugar it took ten days until it reached 2 ½ inches.
Although the crystals did not form on the stick because we messed up it formed around the
container therefore that is how we measured the growth.

DATA TABLE
DAYS SALT SUGAR
#1 ½ in=0.0127meters ¼ in=0.00635meters
#2 ¾ in=0.01905meters ½ in=0.0127meters
#3 1 in=0.0254meters ¾

Saturation And Synthesis Essay
Discussion When the degree of saturation Ω is equal to one, the system is at equilibrium. When Ω is
greater than one, precipitation should occur because the solution is saturated in ions with respect to
the solid mineral form. The data show that gypsum should have started precipitating between sample
1 and sample 2 collection time, because this is when the degree of saturation moves to beyond 1.
The peak saturation for gypsum occurs between sample 3 and sample 4, and decreases afterwards.
This decrease is most likely caused by the decrease in available ions after gypsum continued to
precipitate through the experiment, leaving fewer calcium and sulfate ions to contribute to the
degree of saturation. As evaporation continues, halite approaches ... Show more content on
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Degree of saturation calculations showed that gypsum precipitated sometime before sample 2 was
taken and peaked around the time sample 4 was taken. Although calculated degrees of saturation for
halite did not exceed 1, the sudden decrease in sodium and chloride ions in solutions indicate that
precipitation most likely occurred, and then exhausted the ions to the point where the solution was
no longer saturated. Because the precipitate was not analyzed, whether or not halite did precipitate
out is not known. The order of precipitation recorded in the experiment agrees with Usiglio's
original

Unit 2 Compare And Contrast Quantitative And Qualitative...
Questions 1–3, 5, 6a,d–e: 1) Calcite and halite share many similarities such as being white to
transparent, having three cleavage points, and also has roughly the same hardness (calcite has a
hardness of three whereas halite has a hardness of 2.5). However, there are also some ways to
differentiate between the two. One way to do this, although it is not highly recommended to do this
without proper identification, is to taste it. Halite has a salty taste since it is salt. Another way to
know what mineral is calcite and which mineral is halite is by looking at their cleavage points.
Calcite has rhombohedral cleavage planes (75°) while Halite has a cubic cleavage point (90°). 2) A
mineral that was challenging to identify was potassium feldspar. ... Show more content on
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This describes graphite, but doesn't speak of any quantities or statistics. To make this observation
more quantitative, I could relate this information to the hardness scale. The hardness scale states that
a fingernail has a hardness of 2.5. From this, I can conclude that graphite has a hardness less than
2.5 since harder objects scratch softer objects. 5) An observation is something that you can look at
and record. Observations can be qualitative and quantitative data. Inferences, however, are
conclusion that can be made using observations and your prior knowledge. For example, a person
might note that iodine becomes purple when put on a potato chip. From this, we can infer that the
potato chip has starch in it. 6) a) Graphite (pure carbon) is a mineral. d) Synthetic diamond is not a
mineral. In order for an object to be a mineral, it must be naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, have
orderly crystalline structures, and definite chemical compositions. Synthetic diamond isn't classified
by a mineral because it is human

Lab Exercise # 1: Grain Analysis
Question 1 of 33 3.03/ 3.0303 Points
Questions 1 through 5 are based on Lab Exercise #1: Grain Analysis.
1. Bag A contains A.well–sorted sand. B.clay.
Correct C.a moderately sorted mix of sand and silt. D.a poorly sorted mix of gravel and sand.
Answer Key: C Feedback: The correct answer is C. a moderately sorted mix of sand and silt.
Bag B contains
Correct A.well–sorted sand. B.clay. C.a poorly sorted mix of sand and silt D.a poorly sorted mix of
gravel and sand.
Answer Key: A Feedback: The correct answer is A. well–sorted sand.
Bag C contains A.well–sorted clay. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Answer Key: C Feedback: The correct answer is C. fizzes during an acid test.
Specimen #15 is A.quartz chert. B.shale.
Correct C.limestone. D.conglomerate.
Answer Key: C Feedback: The correct answer is C. limestone.
Which of the following is a diagnostic feature of Specimen #17? A.It fizzes when tested with acid.
B.It is a very coarse–grained sedimentary rock.
Correct C.It is a fissile sedimentary rock. D.It is obviously the product of a high–energy depositional
environment.

Answer Key: C Feedback: The correct answer is C. It is a fissile sedimentary rock.
Specimen #17 is A.conglomerate. B.gyprock. C.quartz chert.
Correct D.shale.
Answer Key: D Feedback: The correct answer is D. shale.
Specimen #16 is composed of
Correct A.silica. B.calcium carbonate. C.grains of sand–sized particles. D.gypsum.
Answer Key: A Feedback: The correct answer is A. silica.
Which of the following is a diagnostic feature of Specimen #16? A.It effervesces when tested with
acid. B.It is a very coarse–grained sedimentary rock. C.It is a fine–grained sedimentary rock.
Correct

The Gulf Of Mexico, Louisiana, Mississippi, And Alabama
Introduction
The Gulf of Mexico, an ocean basin mostly surrounded by the North America continental, is
generally referred as the south coast of America and one of the major regions for source and
infrastructure of oil and gas supply in the United States. Four of the states including Texas,
Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama on the Gulf of Mexico consist of the significant petroleum–
producing area. According to the data provided by the Energy Information Administration [1], the
Gulf of Mexico offshore oil and natural gas production account for 17% and 5% respectively of the
total U.S. crude oil and dry gas production. Additionally, about 45% of the petroleum refining and
51% of the natural gas processing capacity in the United States are spread out on the Gulf of
Mexico.
Formation of the Geological Structure
According to the geological definition, the Gulf of Mexico is an ocean basin bounded on the
northeast, north, and northwest by the Gulf Coast of the United States, on the southwest and south
by Mexico, and on the southeast by Cuba. The formation of Gulf of Mexico can be dated back to the
late Triassic, which was about 300 million years ago. The ancient mega–continent Pangea was split
by a 6,000 km long crack into two supercontinents––Laurentia and Gondwana [2], which are mostly
the North America and the South America with Africa. During the extension and stretching of the
super–continents Laurentia and Gondwana, there was a great rift basin being formed across South

Introduction . Salt, Scientifically Referred To As Halite,
Introduction
Salt, scientifically referred to as Halite, is chemical composition of Sodium and Chlorine minerals.
It's presence in the everyday lives of individuals is incalculable; Salt is evidently prevalent in our
diet and methods used for food preservation, however, salt is surprisingly present in other elements
of our lives as significant as language. This essay will appreciate the various roles that salt plays
along with the risks that are attached to the ingestion of this particle. Additionally, this paper will
outline the history of salt with specific emphasis placed on its extraction processes, and its
influences on the English language.
Salty Language
In the publication, Petanidou (2004), it is highlighted that salt is not ... Show more content on
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The salt bed is subsequently blasted, crushed, and broken into smaller pieces which are brought to
the surface for processing and finessing. The mining of salt beds results in rock salt which is used
primarily as a highway de–icer (Kostick 2004). Alternatively, mechanical evaporation occurs
through the vacuum pan process. As described in the article introduced above by Kostick (2004),
this energy–conserving process begins with a salt–saturated brine which is brought to a boil,
rectangular pans with "steam heated immersion coils" are used to facilitate the evaporation process
(Kostick, 2004). Once the evaporation occurs, rotating rakes collect the salt and the extracted
product is laid out to dry. The mechanical evaporation of salt–saturated solution results in flake
shaped salt, often used for cheeses, butter, and baked goods as described in Kostick (2004).
In the same article, written by Kostick (2004), the author states that the extraction of sea salt
requires an entirely unique process called solar evaporation. Halite isn't the only mineral present in
sea water, because of this, each mineral must be separated from the water in order to extract the salt.
First, seawater is collected distributed in ponds that function to concentrate and ultimately evaporate
the minerals within the water. The brine is subsequently circulated across a multiplicity of
interconnected ponds with the salinity increasing as it transfers

Long Point Fault Essay
Area of the Long Point Fault The Long Point Fault is located in Harris County, which covers 83,450
square miles located with in Houston, Teaxas City Limits. Research specifies that there are three
sections of the Long Point fault that appear to be active; some sections of the Long Point fault have
averaged more than 2 cm per year of vertical offset over the last 20 years. Evidence of the faults
concludes it is a natural fault. The reason for activity is not caused by man, even though man's
activities are not helping the issues, but clearly humans are not the initial cause, biological activity
can be in fact an adiitional cause for its movement. A brief description of the type of fault and its
relationship with the strata and the faults ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Brief Geology of the Area
Geology of the subsurface rocks and surface sediments along the Long Point Fault its geological
make up in Houston was originally developed from stream deposits from the erosion of the Rocky
Mountains and now is a combinations of unconsolidated clays, clay shale's, and poorly–cemented
sands encompassed through great depths and goes on for several miles. The sedimentary component
consist of a series of sands and clays that have been deposited on decaying organic matter which
over time will be transformed into oil and natural gas thought the processes of biochemical activity.
Even deeper and beneath these tiers is a water deposited layer of halite, known as rock salt when
compressed over time and forced upward, the salt drew surrounding sediments into dome shapes,
often trapping more oil and gas from it neighboring soils.
"Houston's topography is largely in the northern portion of the Gulf coastal plain, a 40– to 50 mile
wide swath along the Texas Gulf Coast and its elevation rises approximately one foot per mile
inland. Northern and eastern portions of the area are largely forested; and we can find the southern
and western sections are in fault zone areas. ". The Long Point Fault consist of Scarps due to
prehistoric movement on the Long Point and Eureka Heights faults, for example, they are readily
visible on topographic maps based on surveys completed in 1915–16" (Bonnett)
Extent and

Personal Narrative: Journey To The Core
Journey to the Core Today, my team of two, Kadeyn, Jasmine, went with me to the lowest area on
this Earth, the land alongside the dead sea, and started to dig. We we dug 38 kilometers into the
crust with a huge shovel contraption attached to our capsule., and as we went through, we saw huge
pockets of the mineral Halite, which Jasmine kept licking for "the greater good of science", and also
saw lots of sedimentary rock which we took samples of. Once about 19 miles into the crust, we
entered the lithosphere, where we saw many types of metamorphic rock, such as Gneiss, and
Quartzite, which Kadeyn wanted to take to use as decorations for her room. After about 60 out of the
100 kilometers, we started to have troubles getting down, because of the hardness of the stone all
around us. After about a day of digging, we were finally able to reach the Asthenosphere. The
Asthenosphere is gets hotter and hotter as you get deeper in the ground. As Kadeyn and Jasmine
fought over who's rock was better, I took note that it is less rigid than the rock in the lithosphere
above. It was much easier to dig through it because it is softer, bends like plastic, but it still took
about as long as it did to get through the lithosphere, because of the 350 kilometers we had to go
through. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When we reached it, I was glad to see that science had been right, and there was a huge metal ball
right in front of us. We attempted to dig into it, but were unable to with the contraption we had on
our capsule, so we had to attach a much harder and heavier shovel–like arm on our vehicle. When
we dug through the core and were inside, we noted that the entire "ball" was made of pure metal.
The pressure inside of the core is so immense that we could feel it inside of the capsule. After
traveling about halfway through, 610 kilometers, we decided to turn around and go back up to the

Geology Essay
Geology is everywhere! We use items made from rocks and minerals all day and every day. Per the
University of Oregon, the Natural History Museum states that it is estimated that every person in the
United States will use more than three million pounds of rocks, minerals and metals during their
lifetime. A mineral is an inorganic substance occurring chemical compound, usually of crystalline
form that can be manipulated and used to make something else. A rock is the solid mineral material
that forms on the earths surface, and in the ocean. We use different rocks and minerals based on the
geologic timescale and the human time scale. Rocks and minerals are the building blocks of life.
They make up materials, that we use every day unconsciously. ... Show more content on
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They can be manipulated and transformed into various objects. Most minerals have more than one
purpose because they are so organic. Gold has been a hot commodity since it was discovered. Gold
is bought and sold every day, and every person wants their hands on it. Gold was named California's
state mineral in 1965 following the gold rush. It is used for mostly jewelry as well as for medals and
trophies. Gold can also be used in dentistry machine equipment. Today in society, gold is a symbol
of power and status. The more gold you have the more money people think you have. Talc is
common when it comes to powder like substances. It is one of the main ingredients in baby powder,
and in the powders used in gymnastics for good grip. Quartz is one of the most versatile minerals on
earth's crust as well as the most common. It is used to make sandpaper, soap, pottery, heavy
equipment, heat ray lamps, glass, paints, radios, televisions, clocks, computers, and watches. Quartz
has many different uses because of its special properties; under mechanical stress, it can develop
electric properties. Asbestos is another very common mineral. The crystal structure and chemical
composition of this mineral make its fibers very strong and resistant to heat and chemicals. Asbestos
is flexible, which makes it great for building materials like, ceiling and floor tiles, insulation for
walls and pipes, decorative coatings, and roofing materials. Asbestos is also used in yarn,

Quartz Research Paper
They cost 75 dollars per square foot. Quartz is made of silicon and oxygen atoms. On the Mohs
scale it is 7 for hardness. The category it is under is oxide mineral. The crystal structure is trigonal.
The Chemical formula is SiO2. The luster is vitreous, waxy, dull. The streak color is white. The
fracture is conchoidal. Quartz is found in all types of rocks igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary.
Quartz is resistant to weathering. White sands are the easiest way to find quartz in the sand. There is
also some white or pink feldspar as well. Quartz is one of the most common minerals in the earth
crust. Quartzs is a constituent of granite and felsic igneous rocks.
Have you ever looked out your window? Sitting in class bored looking out the window. In those
windows there is quartz. We look out a window everyday of our lives. Have you ever been to a
beach? In the sand you walk on there is tiny pieces of quartz. There is also pieces of feldspar. If you
wear a watch there is quartz in that watch. The quartzs help regulate time.
Quartz csn make a lot of different gemstones. The types of gemstones it makes Amethyst, and
citrine. Some other types of gemstones is Agate, Carnelian, Tigers eye, and Chrysoprase. Some of
the colors it makes is White, Blue, Colorless, Green, Red, Orange, Yellow, Pink, Brown, Gray,
Purple, Black, Multicolor. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Stones that are hard will take a long time to polish. Second wash the rock. If the rock is dirty, wash
it thoroughly with soap and water. Third shape the rock. If you want your rock to be rounder, use a
small hammer or a chisel to chip away at the stone. Fourth rub the stone of rough grade sandpaper.
This helps get all the bumps out of your rock. Firth use fine grade sandpaper to remove scratches.
Sixth sand with 300 to 600 grade sandpaper. This is the overall sandpaper. Seventh rub the stone
with a piece of leather with polish. When you are done sanding it polish it with leather and tube

Keg River Essay
The term Keg River has been historically used within Alberta to indentify early to middle Devonian
carbonate reef type structures within the Alberta Basin. Nomenclature problems were identified by
Schneider (2011) with commonly interchangeable terminology that began in the 1930s, including
Upper Elk Point formations such as the Winnipegosis, Keg River and Methy.
Sproule (in Ells, 1932) described the Keg River from outcrops along the Clearwater River, near Fort
McMurray in the 1930s. Sproule described the carbonate sequence as a "thin–bedded, alternating
limestone and shale, progressing to an argillaceous limestone under a massive dolostone."
The "Methy Formation" was first published in research from Nauss (1950), currently used as the ...
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Corrigan (1975) divided the Keg River into two units; the lower unit "The Platform" consisting of
uniform thickness over a large regionally area; and the second unit as an aerially restricted
"Buildup" consisting of reef mounds deposited on the top of the lower platform unit. He described
the Keg River Formation to contain halite, anhydrite and carbonate.
Campbell (1987) defined the Keg River Formation as an open marine carbonate with an upward
shoaling character marking the beginning of the Lower Elk Point Group (Lower Keg River
Member).
This Lower Keg River member was initiated by a rapid increase in sea level elevation flooding the
salt plains of the Contact Rapids. Campbell (1987) described the Lower member of a dark micritic
limestone, in a somewhat "euxinic" environment, containing bitumen and fauna such as
brachiopods, crinoids, corals, stromatoporoids and gastropods. The unit can be locally dolomitized
with a maximum thickness of approximately 50m. The Upper Keg River member was deposited
during the restriction of marine waters by the Presqu'ile Barrier reef into the Elk Point Basin
(Campbell, 1987). The interior of the basin contains Upper Keg River pinnacle reefs, banks and
platforms. Campbell (1987) noted the spatial differences in the type of carbonate deposition within
sub–basins; areas from the Peace River Arch to southern Alberta show a fringing carbonate
platform, while the Rainbow, Zama and Shekelie basins contained the majority of the

Lab Report Discussion
Discussion and Scientific Explanations In this experiment, we were given three main goals to
accomplish. We were to identify the compound through a series of organized experiments and
analyze as many physical chemical properties as possible. During this experiment, we carefully
examined the unknown compound and followed specific tests and steps to determine the identity of
the compound. Our first week of testing, we began our experiment by observing the unknown
compounds physical properties, which included state and color. The compound was clear/white with
a granulated texture and crystallized state. There was no scent, as seen in Table 1. The second test
we performed was the solubility test. Our group followed the directions of ... Show more content on
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The fourth test we performed was the chloride anion test. To perform this test, we followed the
directions in the lab manual to determine if our unknown compound would form a precipitate in a
chloride substance. As seen in Table 5, it was found that our unknown compound did in fact form a
precipitate when placed in the presence of chloride. This occurred because we placed our unknown
compound in 1 mL of water, added 1 mL of HNO3 and 1 mL of AgNO3. This mixture formed a
precipitate of AgCl (silver chloride) because the ions the two compounds are both ionic, therefore
creating an ionic bond between the Ag and Cl. Due to the opposite bonds, the mixture creates a
precipitate of AgCl, confirming our compound to consist of chloride. The fifth test we performed
was the flame test, which is another way to identify cations in a substance. We used the nichrome
wire to gather our sample and placed it over the Bunsen burner. We saw that the fire was a bright
orange/yellowish color. We then tested the first substance on our list: Sodium and its burning color
matched our unknown substance – bright orange/yellow. We then held up a blue cobalt glass to see
if there was a change in color. When the unknown compound and NaCl both had blue flames and the
yellowish orange was removed, we could determine that they were the same compound. We
consulted our lab assistant to determine if our

Pass the Salt, Please! Essay
Salt acts as a biologically, necessary nutrient for human growth and development. If human beings
did not give a damn about salt's importance, our world would be filled with bland food, filthy water,
and deadly disease. History's first written records of salt appeared in China, around 4,700 years
B.C.E. Salt played a major role in ancient history, especially in Roman and Egyptian cultures.
Citizens of Rome and Egypt commonly used salt as trade goods, currency for soldiers, religious
offerings, and even used in the process of mummification. Modern day chemists found several
important ways to use salt. People use sodium today for softening water for drinking, flavoring
foods, and for treatment of various medical conditions. Humans and ... Show more content on
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Sodium chloride plays a big role, not only in water, but in culinary use too. The culinary industry
commonly uses salt to season dishes, decorate plates, and to preserve raw meats. Salt remains
essential in food preparation, presentation, and preservation. Restaurants have strict policies
regarding salt use due to the fact that some people must maintain a low–sodium diet. Some
restaurants are even required to put food items that contain sodium on their menu. Salt will always
be a valuable resource to the world.
"Vacuum Evaporation: Evaporated salt is extracted from underground deposits lying anywhere from
500 to 2,800 feet beneath the surface. Fresh water is forced down a shaft, which dissolves the salt
inside the deposit. The saturated water, called brine, is pumped back up to the surface where the
water is removed through a heat process in a vacuum evaporator. This process yields evaporated
salt, the purest of all salts: almost 100% pure sodium chloride." (Cargill,
http://www.cargill.com/salt/about/howsaltismade/index.jsp) Vacuum evaporation continues to be the
safest and most efficient form of making salt. Recycling plays an important part in this process.
Purified water that evaporates from the heat process is pumped back out of the plant into a lake. This
water can be reused to start the process over once finished. Once the salt completes the final stage,
large bins are used to store it until workers

World War 1 Chlorine Research Paper
Backtrack to April 22, 1915. Halfway around the world in Ypres, Belgium, German forces surprise
two French Colonial divisions by unleashing nearly 150 tons of pure fatal chlorine gas. Because
they had never been exposed to chemical warfare on a scale like this; The French forces had no
protection against this deadly toxin. This lack of preparation sent front line troops into a panic.
Nearly 6,000 troops were killed because of the deadly gas. These soldiers did not die peacefully, as
they choked and burned to death as if they were parasites. The Germans, who bombarded "No man's
land" and the front line trenches with the chlorine gas were equally as surprised with the devastation
the unbeatable gas left. Long story short, although German forces had a major advantage with this
toxic new weapon; they failed to come out of the Second Battle of Ypres with a victory. Shortly after
worldwide mass production of gas masks were being put into effect for the war. This first use of
chemical warfare changed the entire ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These Halite mines are very common, as there is a natural abundance to the element Chlorine. The
top three Chlorine producers in the world are China, India, and the United States of America, in that
order. Chlorine is used in everyday cleaning products like water purifiers, like pools so common in
the American backyard, and bleach. Chlorine is used in things like swimming pools and bleach
because of how powerful of an element it is. In pools it is used to clean out any unnatural
unnecessary objects in the water like algae. Its immense amount of strength is why it is such an
important element in bleach as like the pool, it kills nearly everything. Nearly 20% of all Chlorine
that is mined is used to create PVC, which is used in the production of things like window frames,
car interiors, water pipes, blood bags, electrical wiring, and vinyl

The Effect Of Salt For Deicing
Living in a place that snows a lot in the winter, after snowing, the cold temperature created ice on
the roads and sidewalks. The ice makes the road slippery and it can be very dangerous for people
when they are both driving and walking. The ice must be cleaned as fast as possible to make the
road passable and to prevent accidents. This is where de–icing chemicals come to work. Transport
and road management governments would send trucks go around the roads and spread a mixture of
salt and sand so that the ice would melt quickly than usual. People would also use deicers for the
same reasons at their home and their neighborhoods. In 2008, U.S. consumption of salt for deicing
was 22.6 Mt, which was about 9% more than that of 2007. It required more rock salt usage because
of the greater winter precipitation in late 2008. The United States produced more salts than any other
countries in the world until the year of 2005, when China surpassed the United States to become the
leading producing nation (Kostick, 2010). Chemicals using for deicing have physical and chemical
properties; their melting capacities have great differences due to their properties. Some common de–
icing chemicals are sodium chloride and calcium chloride; however, they are sometime replaced by
sodium bicarbonate, magnesium chloride considering the environmental effects on plants and
animals. "Concerns about the extent and severity of environmental impacts of road deicing salt have
concerned environmental

Descriptive Essay: The College Park In Toronto
Imagine the city of Toronto residing on a complex urban structure, which contains the sophistication
and complication of any gigantic city. Toronto is made of strict gridline system, interconnected and
repeated but hundreds of feet in height. Imagine it comprising of a density of massive volume,
seeking space for balanced perspectives of users and visual openings for nature to sneak in. The city
will be appreciated for its capacity to include transportation systems, parks, open spaces, retails,
public squares, theaters, and public activities, all in height. The location of any one of these is of
course governed by the stability of the global structure, which allows every single element to exist
individually and yet within the system.
But the idea does not just end here. As architects we can and will take this even further. Imagine an
additional volume to this gigantic structure never defined before. Imagine this volume to be defined
as layers, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Its foundation is strong enough to support hundreds of feet high structure.
Inspired by nature specifically forming process of Halite rock salt; as well as taking an advantage of
existing supporting structure of College Park, we can provide a new set of layers to the existing
urban fabric of downtown Toronto.
Each volume is made of a series of layers; and "plugged–in" to the main structural core supporting
structural loads and providing space for circulation and linkage to each space. Since the concept is
based on main core as a platform with several plugged–in volumes, it offers the opportunity of
customization. This will give the city–dwellers the capability to resize their living space, reform it,
or edit the number of amenities. Compare such level of freedom to design your own space as a
resident to what is happening today in the repetitive apartment building

Confucius Beliefs
Who is Confucius and what did he believe?
Confucius was a Chinese politician, teacher, editor, and philosopher during the spring and autumn
part of Chinese history. He was born in Lu, China during the year 551 B.C., his parents named him
Kong Qiu. He was the founder of Confucianism, a central and eastern Asian religion. Some Basic
Beliefs:
Humans are naturally good.
Education is strongly emphasized.
You should respect and follow your elders (This is taken to the point of stupidity.)
Being polite to others is extremely important. Smile and be kind. If you have a bad thought change
your mind.
Your ancestors should be worshiped. They provide you with guidance and good luck.
Yin and Yang represent a balance of forces (male and female) that ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Kiangsu is now a province holding the name Jiangsu. It is an eastern coastal province of the Peoples
Republic of China. Jiangsu is the fifth most populated province, but is the second smallest province
in China. It is the most densely populated province in China. It has a coastline of over 620 miles
(1000 kilometers). It is named after two of the cities Jiangning, now known as Nanjing, and Suzhou.
Since the Tang and Sui dynasties this province has become one of the nation's economic and
commercial centers, partially because of the construction of the Grand Canal. It is widely viewed as
the most developed province. It is one of the world's leading export centers for textiles, electronic
equipment, and chemicals. Jiangsu is a very flat and low lying area. Plains cover sixty–eight percent
of the total area, with water covering another eighteen percent. Most of the province is not more
than one hundred sixty–four feet (fifty meters) above sea level. It has an amazing irrigation system
for farming and manufacturing in the southern half of the province. Suzhou is crisscrossed with
canals earning it the name "Venice of the East," after the canals in Venice, Italy. The irrigation
system supports agriculture, primarily based on rice and wheat, followed by sorghum and maize, or
corn. Jiangsu has petroleum, natural gas, and coal deposits, but the most significant mineral products
are non–metals minerals such as

Food Intake Day One Essay
1. Define Mineral: Any naturally occurring inorganic solid that possesses an orderly crystalline
structure and can be represented by a chemical formula. 2. Use the geologic definition of a mineral
to determine which of the items listed in Figure 1.1 (p.3 lab book) are minerals and which are not
minerals. Put an "X" in the appropriate box. Yes | No | Mineral | Yes | No | Mineral | | X | Rock
Candy | | X | Obsidian | X | | Quartz | | X | Cubic zirconia | | X | Motor oil | | X | Hydrogen | X | |
Emerald | | X | Rain water | | X | Vitamin D | X | | Halite | Figure 1.1 (p. 3 lab book) 3. Examine the
luster of the minerals in Figure 1.2 (p. 4 lab book). Place the letter A, B, C, D, or E in ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Calcite – White b. Graphite – Dark Grey c. Hematite– Grey
8. To some observers, the mineral shown in Figure 1.6 (p. 5 lab book) exhibits a metallic luster,
while others describe its luster as nonmetallic. Based on the streak of this sample, how would you
describe its luster? Luster: nonmetallic
9. Select one of the following terms to describe the crystal shape, or habit, or each specimen shown
in Figure 1.8 (p. 6 lab book): cubic crystals, hexagonal crystals, fibrous habit, banded habit, blocky
habit, bladed habit, tabular habit.
Specimen A: bladed habit
Specimen B: hexagonal crystals
Specimen C: fiborous habit
Specimen D: cubic crystals 10. The minerals shown in Figure 1.12 (p. 7 lab book) are fluorite and
topaz that have been tested for hardness. Use the Mohs scale in Figure 1.11 (p. 7 lab book) to
identify which is fluorite and which is topaz.
MINERAL NAME
Specimen A: Topaz
Specimen B: Fluorite 11. Perform the Mohs hardness test on all of the samples in your set;
determine which is the hardest and softest. a. Hardest= Diamond b. Softest= Talc
12. Describe the cleavage of the mineral shown in Figure 1.14A (p. 8 lab book).
13. Refer to the photograph in Figure 1.14B (p. 8 lab book), which shows a mineral that has several
smooth, flat cleavage surfaces, to complete the following.
a. How many cleavage planes or surfaces are present on the specimen? Number of cleavage planes:
7
b. How many

Chapter 2 Outline. Matter And Minerals. 1.Minerals: Building
Chapter 2 Outline
Matter and Minerals
1. Minerals: Building Blocks of Rock
Mineralogy literally means the study of minerals. Humans use minerals and rocks in many ways,
from jewelry, weapons, health and wellbeing. Mining of gold, silver and copper dates back to 3700
B.C. Mining means taking something out of the ground.
A. Defining a Mineral
A mineral is an organic solid that has a crystal structure and a chemical composition that is definite.
There are several ways that you can classify minerals. The characteristics include: naturally
occurring, generally inorganic, solid substance, orderly crystalline structure, or definite chemical
composition that varies.
B. What is a Rock
Rocks are different from minerals and are defined as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ionic compounds, molecules, and metallic substances are some examples of bonded atoms. The
electrical charge that holds the atoms together will determine the stability of a compound.
Compounds are more stable than free atoms.
A. The Octet Rule and Chemical Bonds
Atoms have a tendency to either lose, gain, or share electrons until the atoms is surrounded by eight
valence electrons. For an atom to have a full valence shell of electrons a chemical bond will share or
transfer electrons in order for this to happen. The three types of transfer between electrons and
elements are ionic, covalent, or metallic.
B. Ionic Bonds: Electrons Transferred
An ion is an atom that is both has a positive and negative charge. The attraction of oppositely
charged ions to one another is an ionic bond. Table salt is a very good example of an ionic bond.
C. Covalent Bonds: Electron Sharing
A covalent bond is the sharing of paired electrons between atoms. For example, if two hydrogen
atoms meet their electron configuration changes. Then both of the electrons will occupy the space
between the atoms.

D. Metallic Bonds: Electrons Free to Move
When metal atoms pack together in a specific and orderly fashion metals such as gold, silver, and
copper are produced. Each metallic atom gave up its valence electron to form a common pool of
electrons in the entire structure. The freedom of valence electrons to

Science
Name: __Huram–abi ________________________ Date: 9/20/2012______________________
Student Exploration: Mineral Identification
Vocabulary: crystal, density, hardness, homogeneous, luster, mass, mineral, streak, volume
Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.)
1. Suppose you find a yellow piece of metal in a stream. How could you tell if it is real gold?
_To tell if it's real gold check out it's density, find it's mass and volume, see if it's luster
And how hard it is.__________________________________________________________
2. In the city a street peddler offers to sell you a diamond ring for thirty bucks. How could you test if
the rock in the ring is a real diamond?
_To ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On your own: Continue to practice identifying minerals. (There are 26 samples in the Gizmo – A
through Z.) Record your findings in your notebook or on separate sheets of paper.
3. Form a conclusion: Which properties were most useful for identifying minerals? Why?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Mineral Key
Use the following steps to identify a mineral:
1. Decide if the mineral is metallic or non–metallic based on its luster and streak.
2. If the mineral is non–metallic, decide if it is light or dark in color.
3. Find a mineral in the list with the same density and hardness as your sample.

Archie Equation Petrophysics
INTRODUCTION
Archie Unleashed is an attempt to put the basic log analysis methodology for computing water
saturation into a readable reference document. The beginning log analyst or petrophysicist should
have little difficulty with the terms and concepts utilized in this paper, however, most terms are
redefined in appendix A.
The basic outline of this document closely follows a previous work written for the casual interpeter
in log analysis. Archie Unleashed is meant to carry that work one step further. Basic concepts are
explained along with more detailed examples and explanations.
The personal computer has revolutionized the way we work and play. The kind and amount of data
we work with in petrophysics can be easily handled in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mark intervals selected for quantitative analysis on this log. Depth. correlate the other surveys to
this reference log or the Gamma ray curve from this log.
4. Select intervals with at least four feet of constant response whenever possible. Use a single
representative value from the center of the zone for each porosity and resistivity measurement. This
procedure minimizes thin bed and bed boundary effects on the logs.
5. Consider how to keep the interpretation simple. Analyse the most clear–cut cases first. Look for:
The obvious mineral markers (salt, anhydrite). The cleanest, most porous, intervals. The cleanest,
water–bearing, intervals. The cleanest, hydrocarbon–bearing, intervals. The fluid contacts: gas/oil,
oil/water. The transition zones.
6. Tackle one unknown at a time. For example, when deriving an Rw value from logs, choose a
water–bearing zone as nearly identical as possible to the hydrocarbon zone of interest. This means
the two zones have the same lithology, have the same or very similar porosity values, have the same
type of pore structure (do not compare a zone with moldic porosity to one with granular or fracture
porosity for instance), have the same formation water chemistry, etc. Ideally, the two zones are
identical except for hydrocarbon content.
Bear in mind what G. E. Archie said about his equations. "It should be remembered that the
equations given are not precise and represent only approximate relationships.

Sodium Research Paper
Sodium has a soft sort of silvery outer layer. Once sodium is cut the surface of the sodium will then
air out into a dull kind of oxide coating. Sodium is a very reactive chemical element that is found in
the planet's crust. 2.6% of the earth's crust is sodium, and the reason that we can't find any sort or
sodium on the ground is because sodium is reactive to any sort of the earth's moisture can and will
have a chemical reaction with the piece of sodium and will explode. Although that sodium is one of
the sixth most abundant materials we have to dig into the earth to get a hold of the chemical product
called sodium. The chemical symbol of sodium is Na and this symbole Na used to represent sodium
and which came (from latin natrium). Sodiums ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But what can happen is an electron can be two small and will not be added into the calculation or
equation. The element Sodium has an atomic mass of 22.989769 u ± 2 × 10^–8 u. Sodiums state and
appearance at seventy degrees fahrenheit or as we know as a general room temperature the sodium
will then start to sizzle and pop like a cap gun when it is ignited. But when you put a piece of
sodium in water it will then sizzle and catch fire and explode. Once the piece of sodium is in the
water the sodium will explode with a great fiery sort of sparky firework like explosion, but that is
mainly for the smaller pieces. With the bigger piece of sodium it will have a more intense explosion
sending water everywhere. If you put a piece of sodium in ethanal the sodium will then have a very
very slow reaction but eventually the sodium will float to the top of whatever container you have it
in. Now if you put a piece of sodium in glycerol the sodium will have a chemical reaction with the
glycerol and then lights up and catches fire and creates hydrogen and sodium glycerin, and sodium
glycerin has a brown almost popcorn kernel sort of look. Also if you put sodium in 30% acetic acid
the sodium will have a chemical reaction making the sodium light up for a split second and then
have the same reaction as water. Sodium is a very dense metal and can be

A Short Note On The Salinity Crisis And Its Effects On The...
The Messinian Salinity Crisis, most commonly referred to as MSC, is considered to be one of the
most dramatic events to occur in the geology of the world in about twenty million years. The
Messinian Salinity Crisis is essentially when the Mediterranean Sea dried up completely. The sea
began to dry up approximately 6 million years ago and ended around 5.3 million years ago. Prior to
the drying of the sea, the sea level in the oceans had dropped about 70 meters because of global
cooling which led to the glaciers and icebergs. Because of this, the connection between the Atlantic
Ocean and Mediterranean Sea had become nonexistent and the Mediterranean could not depend on
the Atlantic for the source of water. With the Mediterranean Sea being ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The two types of salts that were deposited on the floor were Halite and Gypsum. Some of the salt
deposits were as deep as 800 meters which is equivalent to 2,500 feet. The scientists were baffled by
this discovery, thus leading to numerous investigations about where these salt deposits came from.
Some of the scientists believe that environmental changes like the Mediterranean Salinity Crisis,
could quite possibly have a larger affect than what is assumed. Scientist believe that it could having
an impact on the global level.
The Mediterranean Salinity Crisis is said to have occurred in three stages. The first stage was when
the, "evaporites precipitated in shallow sub–basins." Basically, this is when natural salt build us in
the sub–basin after the evaporation of a body of water. During the second stage, "evaporite
precipitation is shifted to the deepest depocentres." Essentially all of the salts moved to the bottom
of the basin. This is what the oil drillers were drilling into when they discovered the large salt
deposits at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. The third stage is considered to be the "large–scale
environmental fluctuations in the Mediterranean transformed into brackish water lake." The idea
behind this stage is that it basically the erosion that occurred after all of the water was gone. This
erosion then led to the breaking of the barrier between the basin and the Atlantic Ocean. The

Suresh
Examining Minerals and Rocks
What is a mineral?
A mineral is homogenous, naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that
has a characteristic chemical composition, a highly ordered atomic structure and speciﬁc physical
properties.
Physical properties citrine rose quartz
prasiolite 1. COLOR agate
milky quartz
amethyst
smoky quartz
jasper
Physical properties
The color of a mineral when it is powdered is called the streak of the mineral.
Physical properties metallic adamantine
glassy The luster of a mineral is the way its surface reflects light. pearly dull
waxy
Hardness–Mohs scale
1 talc
2 gypsum

3 calcite
4 fluorite
5 apatite
6 feldspar
7 quartz
8 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
mafic rock, with predominance of maﬁc minerals pyroxenes, olivines and calcic plagioclase; these
rocks (example, basalt) are usually dark colored, but not always, and have a higher density than
felsic rocks. ultramafic rock, with more than 90% of maﬁc minerals (e.g., dunite)
Sedimentary rocks
Sedimentary rocks are classified by the source of their sediments, and are produced by one or more
processes that follow:
Sedimentary rocks
Clastic sedimentary rocks are composed of fragments of older rocks that have been deposited and
consolidated boulders greater than 25.6 cm cobbles 6.4 to 25.6 cm pebbles 2 mm to 6.4 cm sand
1/16 mm to 2 mm silt 1/256 mm to 1/16 mm clay less than 1/256 mm
Sedimentary rocks
Chemical sedimentary rocks form when minerals precipitate from a solution, usually sea water.
Halite and gypsum are examples of minerals that precipitate from aqueous solutions to form
chemical sedimentary rocks.
Biochemical sedimentary rocks are composed of accumulations of organic debris. Coal and some
limestones are examples of biological sedimentary rocks.
Metamorphic rocks
Metamorphic rocks are the result of the transformation of a pre–existing rock type, the protolith, in a
process called metamorphism, which means "change in

Plot The Estimated Actual Fracture Gradient Curve
Plot the estimated actual fracture gradient curve and the designed fracture gradient curve, which is
the estimated actual fracture gradient, less allowance for well control, surge, or ECD. Plot offset
mud weight and LOT (or Formation Integrity Test) data to provide a check of the pore pressure
predictions. Start from the bottom on the mud weight curve (Point A); draw vertical line up to the
designed fracture gradient curve (Point B). Point B is the initial estimated intermediate casing
setting depth. The interval between Point A and Point B is the initial estimated production casing or
liner interval. Move cross to Point C from Point B at the same depth to identify the mud weight
required for the depth. Move up to Point D (must stay under the designed fracture gradient curve) to
determine the surface (or intermediate casing in some offshore areas term) casing setting depth.
Move cross to Point E from Point D at the same depth to identify the mud weight required for that
depth. In the case shown in the figure, there would be no requirement for casing above this depth.
However, a conductor casing (or surface casing in some offshore areas term) is required to prevent
wash out of shallow formation and to provide support for subsequent wellhead and to enable
diverters to be installed. Certain factors apart from the pore pressure and fracture gradient are also
involved in the casing depth selection process and they are: Underground supply drinking water
zones

Organic Chemistry
Running head: Organic Chemistry
Tamanna Ashraf
Palm Beach State College
Principle of Chemistry
Ceravolo, Joseph
MW 11:00am–12:15pm
February 6th, 2011
We all are living in a science world. Everything has some kind of reaction going on in our living
area. It is just we do not get to see or realize that where n how we having our life much easier than it
used to be. In these writing assignments, the topic is about the organic chemistry. In organic
chemistry, we all have different kinds of compounds. In addition, alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are
the parts of the organic and inorganic compounds. We also can learn about the structural formula
they all have in different form. Polymerization is another type of chemical reaction that we get to ...
Above n=17 they are solids at room temperature. Although alkanes with higher values of n are
found in diesel fuel, fuel oil, petroleum jelly, motor oils. The fossil fuel resource from which we
obtain the alkanes is much valuable to burn it all as a motor fuel. Alkanes derivatives are used in
hundreds of products such as plastics, paints, drugs, cosmetics, detergent, etc. (R, N. n.d.).
Alkenes are an unsaturated chemical compound containing at least one carbon–to–carbon double
bond. The simple alkenes have only one double bond and no other functional groups. For example,
(C=C). The boiling points of each alkene are very similar to that of the alkane with the same number
of carbon atoms. In this case, the alkenes have a boiling point which is a small number of degrees
lower than the alkane. Each alkene has 2 fewer electrons than the alkane with the same number of
carbons. (Clark, J. 2003).
Hydrocarbons that contain carbon–carbon triple bonds. The triple bond adds two elements of
unsaturation. For example, (CC). They are insoluble in water. In addition, their boiling points
show the usual increase with increasing carbon number. The unsaturated nature of alkynes means
that most of their reactions will be similar to those of alkenes.
The difference between these groups is in the bond types between carbons. Alkanes form only single
bonds, alkenes form double bonds, and in alkynes, there is one triple bond. The structural formulas
for each of

The Importance Of Natural Resources In China
Resources
Chinas natural resources include its vast farmland, water supply, mineral deposits, and plant and
animal biodiversity. The country is rich with natural resources and utilizes them for tourism and
exporting. China is a large country with much of its land dedicated to farming. Approximately ten
percent of its rich soils is farmland. The country produces wheat, corn, rice and many other cash
crops for exportation. Water is another vast resource in the country. China is ranked sixth in the
world in total water supply, which it utilizes to produce electricity via the hydropower industry. The
country is also rich with mineral deposits. In total, there are 150 minerals found in China. The
country is even ranked number one in the world for having the most deposits of 12 different
minerals. It is considered one of the only countries in the world with such a large variety of
minerals. China has ample biodiversity in its plant and animal life. Many of its plants and animals
are very rare throughout the world. To protect its plant and animal resources, the people of China
have built many nature reserves. The country also has a rich supply of oceanic resources, utilized for
aquaculture, and exports many of its seafood goods.
It is lender in mining gold, zinc, lead, molybdenum, iron ore, coal, tin, tungsten, rare earths, graphic,
vanadium, antimony and phosphate. She holds second place in mine production of copper, silver,
cobalt, bauxite/alumina, manganese.
China has a vast

Chlorine
Chlorine
Zachary Grindle
Chemistry 1301
Professor Bott
June 24, 2010
Chlorine has an atomic mass of 35.453, atomic number 17, is a member of the halogen family
(VIIA), and its symbol is "Cl". Chlorine contains 17 protons and 18 neutrons in is nucleus. There are
two isotopes for chlorine as well; Cl–35 and Cl–37. Chlorine was discovered in 1774 by Swedish
chemist Carl Wilhelm Sheele. Sheele came upon chlorine when he put a few drops of hydrochloric
acid (HCl), then known as muriatic acid, onto a piece of manganese dioxide (MnO2). This caused a
reaction where the pricduct was a yellowish–green gas that would later be named chlorine. At this
point Sheele thought that this gas contained oxygen and was some sort of oxygen compound, ...
Ferric chloride's physical state is an orange to brown–black solid.
Hydrogen Gold Chloride (HAuCl2)
Hydrogen gold chloride is formed again from volcanic reactions. Volcanoes release gases that
include steam, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen, hydrochloric acid, and hydrogen sulfide.
The magma that come from volcanoes contains gold and when this magma and the gases react
together, one of the compounds formed is hydrogen gold chloride. The physical state is red crystals.
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
At room temperature hydrochloric acid is a colorless gas. HCl is the compound known as
hydrochloric acid, much like H2O is the compound known as water. Hydrochloric acid is produced
naturally from the earth, with volcanic eruptions being one outlet.
Titanium Tetrachloride (TiCl4)
Titanium Tetrachloride is made by a chemical reaction involving titanium dioxide, chlorine gas, and
carbon at 1,000 degrees Celsius. When mixed together titanium tetrachloride and carbon dioxide gas
are formed. Here is how the reaction looks: TiO2 + 2Cl2 + C –––––– TiCl4 + CO2. The physical
state of titanium tetrachloride is a yellow liquid.

Trichlorosilane (HSiCl3)
In the process of getting pure silicon, trichlorosilane is used as an intermediate compound. First
silicon must be separated from oxygen where it is found naturally as SiO2. This reaction

What Is The Salar De Uyuni Salt Flats
The Salar de Uyuni salt flats are located in Daniel Campos Province Potosí, Bolivia, they have
become Bolivia's largest mineral resource. The resources that they are known for producing are salt,
magnesium, potassium, and boron. The Salar are remnants of many lakes that use to occupy
Bolivian Altiplano in the Late Pleistocene(Orris). Salar de Uyuni has become the world's largest salt
plan. The Salar serves as a major transport route across the Bolivian Altiplano and serves as major
breeding ground for many species(Mason). The formation of Salar de Uyuni flats started from a
large drainage system. Which then has to become an enclosed basin that does not drain to the sea
and will wash away salt and arid climate where evaporation exceeds precition leaving behind
salt(Orris). This has caused an extraordinary flatness to the entire Salar salt flats.
The main minerals for salt flats are halite and gypsum(Orris). Halite is the mineral name but
everyone knows the substance as "salt". Halite will form in arid climates where ocean water
evaporates. Some classifications of halite are: the streak color is white, luster is vitreous, the
cleavage has perfect cubic squares(Calhoun). The use of halite is seen on treatment for winter roads,
source sodium ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Playa lakes are dry lakebeds located at the bottom of arid basin or valleys. When water evaporated
from a lake the water evaporated, and leaves behind minerals(Orris). Salt flats are a type of playa
lake because the material that falls away fills the bottom of the indentations and keeps the salt lake
shallow and flat(Orris). This results in a bloom of vegetation. The size of playas can vary. Many
overlook the benefits of playa lakes but these hold plant communities, valuable for farming, and
livestock production and wildlife(Mason). Even if the playa lakes are wet or dry playas help support
more than 246 species of wildlife waterfowl and other birds, mammals, amphibians and

Compared To The Meled Age Of Earth
APSC 151 MIDTERM FALL 2017 1) Compared to the age of the Universe of about 14 billion
years, the currently accepted age of Earth is about ________ years as determined by using
radioactivity for dating rocks and minerals. A) 4.6 thousand B) 4.6 billion C) 5.4 million D) 13.7
billion 2) The ________ division of the geologic time scale is an era of the Phanerozoic Eon. A)
Paleocene B) Paleozoic C) Permian D) Proterozoic 3) The Earth's core was formed from ________.
A) a massive nickel iron asteroid that was the nucleus upon which Earth condensed B) high density
radioactive carbon C) the left over nickel and iron that would not fit into the earlier formed crust and
mantle D) molten iron and nickel that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A) along a mid–ocean ridge B) along the length of a deep mantle plume C) along a transform fault
D) along a subduction zone 11) Deep ocean trenches are surficial evidence for ________. A) rifting
beneath a continental plate and the beginning of continental drift B) sinking of oceanic lithosphere
into the mantle at subduction zones C) rising of hot asthenosphere from deep in the mantle D)
transform faulting between an oceanic plate and a continental plate 12) Plates are sliding past one
another horizontally along a ________ plate boundary. A) Transform B) convergent C) divergent D)
subduction 13) The true colour of a mineral as seen in its powdered form is called it's ________. A)
Birefringence B) chatoyancy C) iridescence D) streak
14) Which one of the following minerals has the greatest hardness on the Mohs hardness scale? A)
Feldspar B) calcite C) gypsum D) topaz 15) Which of the following best defines a mineral and a
rock? A) A rock has an orderly, repetitive, geometric, internal arrangement of minerals; a mineral is
a lithified or consolidated aggregate of rocks. B) A mineral consists of its constituent atoms arranged
in a geometrically repetitive structure; in a rock, the atoms are randomly bonded without any
geometric pattern. C) In a mineral the constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal
structure; a rock is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of minerals. D) A rock consists of atoms
bonded in a regular,

Southern North Sea Basin Essay
Introduction The Southern North Sea basin is located between the UK and The Netherlands, being
the main gas fields in the UK, with production coming from Permian reservoirs, which are sealed by
the upper Permian salt. The development of this basin is resulted of the subsidence, which has been
punctuated by discrete events of uplift and predominant erosion in several periods such as Late
Carboniferous, Late Cretaceous, as well as at several times during the mid–Cenozoic (Cameron et
al. 1992, cited in Balson et al. 2001, p.10). Some of the episodes are not completely clear when they
occur, for instant, extensional events with different stress orientations in the Upper Jurassic. Thus,
the aim of this report is to analyse the structural and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1992). In the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic subsidence in the Sole Pit Basin was connected to
reactivation of Variscan basement faults and these movements stemmed from the earliest mid–
Triassic halokinesis of the Upper Permian salts (Balson et al. 2002). However, In the early– mid
Jurassic times, differential subsidence of the Sole Pit Basin was more prominent by the development
of growth faults along the western margin of the North Sea, being that this faults account for the
major thickness and facies changes of the Lower and Middle Jurassic sediments between the Sole
Pit Basin and the East Midlands Shelf (Balson et al. 2002). Moreover, during the Jurassic times the
Sole Pit Trough and the Cleveland Basin were the principal depocenters, accumulating high
thickness of marine mudstones with subsidiary sandstones and limestones before undergoing
erosion at the end of this period, which followed by post Jurassic inversion (Cameron et al. 1992).
Nevertheless, cretaceous sediments are dominantly argillaceous and are more 800 thick adjacent to
contemporary growth fault in the Dowsing Fault Zone. On the other hand, in the Upper Cretaceous
pelagic carbonates of the chalk sea are located more than 1000 thick, and following their deposition
there was widespread uplift and regression prior to the deposition of up to 800 m of mainly
argillaceous marine sediments during the

Salt Gases Essay
for the inclusion of gases in salt deposits are outlined shortly in the following. Fig. 2–16 shows
schematically the geological conditions in marginal areas of the Zechstein basin which provided the
prerequisites for the inclusion of gases: tectonic events created passage ways (fissures) through the
salt sequence, allowing gases and brines to escape from their host formations below the consolidated
– and therefore impermeable – salt sequences. When contacting potash beds, the brines caused
alterations of the potash beds, dissolving the most soluble potash minerals and precipitating less
soluble salts; as the result, carnallite was replaced by sylvite and halite. In cases where such
processes extended laterally into potash beds, sylvite was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Although gas inclusions in salt rocks are extremely important in some salt and potash mining
districts for their effects on mining operations, they received little attention in textbooks which are
now available in English translations, e.g., Borchert and Muir (1964) and Braitsch (1971). This may
be due to the fact that, at the time when the German originals were written, these matters were still
under controversial discussion; see Gimm and Pforr (1964) with contributions by Obert, Ignatieff,
Panek, Baar. More recent publications (e.g., Gimm, 1968) indicate that the views expressed by Baar
(1954d, 1958,1962) have been generally accepted. As the formation of gas inclusions in salt rocks
requires special conditions, as outlined, such inclusions are rare in salt sequences without potash
salts, as no reaction salts could form. This is the reason why the salt domes of the Gulf Coast are
free from gas inclusions, with the exception of some cases where gases were occluded in
recrystallizing halite, or secondary halite which may have crystallized from migrating solutions due
to cooling. In contrast, the salt domes of northern Europe are loaded with pockets of salt rocks with
abundant gas inclusions; as a matter of fact, several potash mines were abandoned at the beginning
of this century because of the problems caused by gas outbursts (Gimm, 1968, p. 553). To date, no
gas inclusions have been encountered in the Prairie Evaporites, in spite of

History Of Water: The Great Lakes Of Michigan
Water: How it shapes the Land
Michigan is well–known for the amazing Great Lakes that create its breath taking shoreline. The
lakes contain about 23,000 km3 of water, covering a total area of 244,000 km2. The Great Lakes are
a series of interconnecting fresh water lakes that hold 18 percent of the world's fresh water supply,
and 90 percent of the United States fresh water supply. The Great Lakes are made up by Superior,
Michigan, Huron, Erie and Ontario. Superior, right off the coast of Marquette, is the biggest, deepest
and coldest out of them all. The Great lakes didn't just appear in the land on their own. They were
formed by weathering, erosion, and deposition over ten–thousands of years ago, one–thousand years
ago and hundreds of years ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Deposition is when rocks, sand and sediment are deposited by erosion. Numerous causes affect
when and where deposition occurs once the sediments of the land have been eroded. The speed of
the wind and water is the main importance because wind and water slows heavier sediments, that
and then dropped out of the soulution and deposited. The mass and size of sediment also affects the
rate of deposition because larger, more heavier particles are deposited by wind and water before
smaller, less heavy particles. The shape of sediment also has an effect on how sediments are
depositioned. Round pieces of sediment settle more quickly than flat pieces (Deposition Facts for

Geography And Climate : Natural Resources And Industries
New York Laiba Shehzad 5th Grade Ms.Whaley May 6, 2016 Table of Contents Introduction
History Geography and Climate Natural Resources and Industries Conclusion Work Cited
Introduction The state of New York is located in the Northeast part of the United States. It is next to
the Atlantic Ocean and shares borders with Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsylvania
and Vermont. New york became a state in July 26, 1788 and as of 2012 New York has 19.570.02
people, with the capital being, Albany. Technology and Healthcare are very major parts in New
York. New York is a place for adults, kids and teens to enjoy and have fun. With many tourist
attractions, like The Statue of LIberty and Time Square. History New York became the 11th state on
July 26,1788. The first explorer to reach New York was a European explorer named Henry Hudson.
Henry Hudson was a man who explored the Hudson river the river named after him. Major New
York Indian tribes were the Iroquois and the Algonquin people. Originally New York was named
New Amsterdam and the English vested the city and colony and renamed it New York. Around 1892
and 1954, immigrants arrived in New York Harbor through Ellis Island to become U.S citizens
during the American Revolution. Geography and Climate New York is the 27th largest

Essay on Minearls Found around the World
Minerals are found in many areas of the world and some are more easily available than others. The
Earth provides natural resources as necessary minerals that can be used for construction, decoration,
gemstones, and many other important physical uses that improve the quality of life. There are
minerals that can be found and mined in natural solid form in small or large quantities and some that
are found in a mixed environment and must be refined. Much time and research has shown that
some minerals may be hazardous and many minerals are crucial to a greater life on earth.
Chalcopyrite, copper, and malachite are the three main minerals used to make copper. Copper is one
of the most important natural resources and an important ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Copper, Cu, is the natural solid form of copper with an Isometric crystal system. It is found as
copper red on a fresh surface, dull brown or green on a tarnished surface with metallic luster and
metallic copper red streak. The natural copper is soft and malleable at 2.3–3 on moh's mineral scale.
Copper nuggets in pure state have been found in Arizona, abundant in Keweenaw Peninsula in
northern Michigan, and also found in Canada, Australia, China, Namibia, Bolivia, and Russia.
Copper is mined or extracted as copper sulfide in an open pit mine. Taken in large equipment to be
cleaned in steam and melted dried and cooled in molds to solidify and then sent off to be used as
copper products. (Understanding Minerals and Mining through Education). Malachite, (Cu2(CO3)
(OH)2, is a carbonate (minor ore of copper) with a monoclinic crystal system that can be found in
Democratic Republic of Congo, Australia, France, Russia, and Arizona. It is found in different
shades of green color with green streak and vitreous to adamantine in luster. Larger specimens are
found to be dull and earthy and smaller specimens are silky. The hardness mineral moh's level is 3.5
to 4. Malachite is mined by digging for veins in either open pit or underground mining. Malachite is
a minor ore of copper and can be reduced and refined for the use of copper but malachite is a
beautiful gem that is used as a decorative stone. The stone is cut and polished and used as a semi–
precious gem

The Hanseatic League
For more than three centuries The Hanseatic League was an extremely dominant force in Europe,
until the rise of competing mercantile trade from Denmark, Sweden, and Italy, along with a loss of
independence from the German nobility cause the slow decline and implosion of the organization.
The final Halite monopoly to be discussed will be that of the British Empire in colonial India in the
late 19th century and early 20th century. This policy imposed on the Indian people was so harsh it
caused food shortages almost every year along with populist uprising with the same frequency. The
most famous of these uprisings would be one of nonviolence and massive civil disobedience. This
revolt was led by Mohandas Gandhi in March of 1930. Gandhi

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