Using The Data Of Solar Cell Using Lab View Software Essay

Using The Data Of Solar Cell Using Lab View Software Essay
ABSTRACT
The increasing demands of energy and oil, insecure energy resources and emission of hazardous
gases have attracted the attention of the whole world towards renewable energy. In the world, at this
time the future of energy is concentrated much amount on renewable energy sources as the fossil
fuels are decreasing and becoming costly day by day. This proposes very simple, low cost, high
reliable, photovoltaic monitoring system. Lab–view is a virtual programming code. So we can write
simple codes in programming them to do assigned task for it. The time taken for writing code in a
lab view is very less compared to the MATLAB and SIMULINK. In this project, we will monitor
the data of PV solar cell using Lab VIEW software. First of all, solar radiation will come on solar
cell. Next, charge will controlled by charge controller and also save the battery from overcharging.
Then, from the battery, given sensor will sense the parameter of solar cell. The sensed data will be
given to Lab–view software in this project.
Chapter–1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 PROBLEM SUMMARY AND INTRODCTION
1.1.1 Problem summary
India is the seventh largest nation with an area of 3.287 million km2. Moreover, it is a relatively rich
and rapidly developing country; for this reason demand for electricity is growing on significantly
average at around 5% annually. In addition, one of the most fascinating aspects of solar cells is their
ability to convert the most abundant and free forms of energy into electricity
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Using The Data Of Solar Cell Using Lab View Software Essay
ABSTRACT
The increasing demands of energy and oil, insecure energy resources and emission of hazardous
gases have attracted the attention of the whole world towards renewable energy. In the world, at this
time the future of energy is concentrated much amount on renewable energy sources as the fossil
fuels are decreasing and becoming costly day by day. This proposes very simple, low cost, high
reliable, photovoltaic monitoring system. Lab–view is a virtual programming code. So we can write
simple codes in programming them to do assigned task for it. The time taken for writing code in a
lab view is very less compared to the MATLAB and SIMULINK. In this project, we will monitor
the data of PV solar cell using Lab VIEW software. First of all, solar radiation will come on solar
cell. Next, charge will controlled by charge controller and also save the battery from overcharging.
Then, from the battery, given sensor will sense the parameter of solar cell. The sensed data will be
given to Lab–view software in this project.
Chapter–1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 PROBLEM SUMMARY AND INTRODCTION
1.1.1 Problem summary India is the seventh largest nation with an area of 3.287 million km2.
Moreover, it is a relatively rich and rapidly developing country; for this reason demand for
electricity is growing on significantly average at around 5% annually. In addition, one of the most
fascinating aspects of solar cells is their ability to convert the most abundant and free forms of
energy into electricity

Essay on Photovoltaic Cells as Sources of Clean Energy
Photovoltaic – A sources of Clean Energy Abstarct– The aim of this work is a comparison of the
merit and demerit of of different generation solar cells i.e. Single crystal silicon wafers (c–Si),
Amorphous silicon (a–Si), Polycrystalline silicon (poly–Si), Cadmium telluride (CdTe), Copper
indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) alloy, Nanocrystal solar cells, Photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells,
Polymer solar cells, Dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC), Hybrid – inorganic crystals. Solar cells are
becoming a mature technology. Solar cell provides clean energy. As it silently generates electricity
and produces no air pollution or hazardous waste. Since there have been rapid advances in the
efficiency and reliability of these cells, along with a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Solar cells, or photovoltaic cells, transform light, usually sunlight, into electric current. Few power–
generation technologies are as clean as photovoltaics (PV). Photovoltaic comes from the words
photo meaning light and volt, a measurement of electricity. Sometimes photovoltaic cells are called
PV cells or solar cells for short. As it silently generates electricity, PV produces no air pollution or
hazardous waste. It doesn't require liquid or gaseous fuels to be transported or combusted as sunlight
is free and abundant. Because PV systems burn no fuel and have no moving parts, they are clean and
silent, producing no atmospheric emissions or greenhouse gases to cause detrimental effects on our
water, air, and soil. Compared with electricity generated from fossil fuels, each PV–produced
kilowatt eliminates up to 830 pounds of nitrogen oxides, 1,500 pounds of sulfur dioxide, and
217,000 pounds of carbon dioxide, every year, according to National Renewable Energy Laboratory
(NREL) research. [1] In solar cells when photons of light fall on the cell, they transfer their energy
to the charge carriers. The electric field across the junction separates
II–TREDIIOAL SOLAR CELL PRINCIPAL
A photoelectric effect First observed in 1839 (> 180 years ago) by French physicist A. E. Becquerel,
(Becquerel effect : Ag ǁ Acid ǁ Pt) when sunlight was allowed to fall on one of two electrodes placed
in an electrolyte. Practical device – In 1954, at the Bell Telephone Laboratories

Advantage And Disadvantage Of Solar Cells
Photovoltaic (PV) cells are a great way to produce energy from the sun. A photovoltaic cell is a
semiconductor that converts light into a direct current. This energy can be used in calculators,
homes, street signs, stop lights, and many more everyday products. In 1839, Antoine–César
Becquerel discovered the photovoltaic effect. The photovoltaic effect is when light falls on an
electrode, producing voltage. Following Becquerel's discovery Charles Fritts constructed an
ultrathin semiconductor of gold in order to produce a current. Charles Fritts method was very
inefficient because it only converted less than 1% of the light intake to electricity. Even though gold
semiconductors is inefficient in today's technology it was a foreshadowing of a new renewable
source of energy. In 1927, copper oxide was used as a semiconductor while copper was used for the
casing of the semiconductor. This new material still only converted less than 1% of the light intake
into voltage. In 1941 the inefficiency problem was helped by Russell Ohl, who created the silicon
solar cell. The use of the silicon solar cell proved to be more productive as it raised converted 6% of
light intake. In 1980, solar cells fabricated out of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For each kw of installed capacity for PV cells the price ranges from $ 1700–2500. This disadvantage
does not help the people who need a cheap energy source, because it will be too expensive to buy.
Also they are highly inefficient because the good solar panels will only convert up to 45% of the
light intake into energy. This means that in order to increase productivity you will need to install
large areas of PV panels, which means spending more money. Another aspect that makes them
inefficient is that they won't function during the night because they need direct sunlight to convert
energy. Even though they cost little money for maintenance the PV panels are still very fragile and
can be broken very

Solar Cell And Its Industry
Solar Cell and Its Industry The conversion of the sunlight directly into electricity by using the
electronic properties of various suitable materials appears to be an attractive energy conversion
process and more or less an ideal alternative to available conventional energy sources. The solar cell
technology has developed enormously over the last four decades, initially for being used to provide
electrical power for spacecrafts and also more recently for various terrestrial applications. The main
reason for this technological development lies in the realization that traditional fossil energy
resources like coal, oil and gas are not just rapidly depleting, but they also contribute to
unpredictable and probably irreversible climate changes in the approaching future through the
extreme high emission levels of greenhouse gases (e.g. CO2, CO, SO2 and P2O5) and also due to
acidification. The photo voltaic source of energy that is solar irradiation, has the major advantage of
being widely distributed over the world. The solar irradiation falling on the earth's surface is not a
limiting factor and also supersedes our needs by far. Photovoltaic industry has leapfrogged the
barriers over the last three decades from merely being a conceptual industry to a full–fledged
commercial industry. Recent major investments and the on hand manufacturing facilities are only
mainly for silicon based technologies, with more than 93% market share, mainly due to its maturity,
growth and huge

The Solar Of Solar Cell
Solar cells are now being widely used all over the world. A solar cell is also known as a photovoltaic
cell. It is an electrical device that converts the energy of visible light directly into electricity by the
photovoltaic effect. The light that shines on the cell produces a current and a voltage to generate
electric power. Photovoltaic modules produce direct current (DC) while homes use alternating
current (AC). If a DC load is used you can use an inverter which changes DC electricity into AC.
This will be discussed in more detail later on.
The photoelectric effect was first noted by a French physicist, Edmund Bequerel, in 1839. While
conducting experiments with metal electrodes placed in liquids, Becquerel found that exposure to
sunlight amplified the flow of electrons. In 1876, British scientist William Grylls Adams discovered
that sunlight produced an electrical current within the mineral selenium. Seven years later, US
inventor Charles Fritts made the first solar cell. It was a coin sized wafer of selenium coated with a
transparent gold film. Fritts's solar cell converted approximately 1 percent of the sunlight hitting it
into electricity. It took 70 years for researchers to develop solar cells people could use for practical
purposes. In 1954 Daryl Chapin and Calvin Fuller refined Gerald Pearson's first silicon cell. They
created the first photovoltaic cell that produced enough electricity to power ordinary electrical
devices. In the 1960s, the space industry began to

Improving Nanowire Perovskite Solar Cells Via Material...
Improving Nanowire Perovskite Solar Cells via Material Substitution and Geometric Modification
Luis Umbarila, Kayla Ho EENG–489 Senior Design Project Proposal Dr. Azhar Ilyas December 9,
2016 Introduction The primary source of energy in the United States is fossil fuels – for heating,
power, and electricity generation – but we have a limited supply [1]. In addition to limited quantity,
the burning of fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming as well as
pollutants that cause asthma, acid rain, smog, and more [1]. Alternate sources of energy generation
have been studied – among them hydro, tidal, wind, biomass, geothermal, and of course solar energy
– to reduce dependency on fossil fuels, to have "clean" energy sources, and because they are all
unlimited resources [1]. Solar energy comes from the sun and is the most readily available source of
clean energy [2]. This energy is part of the solar electromagnetic spectrum, with wavelengths of 102
nm and higher actually penetrating the earth's atmosphere [3]. Of this spectrum, we have the
following: ultraviolet (UV) radiation (100–400 nm), visible light (400–700 nm), and infrared (IR)
(700–5 x 105 nm) [3]. However, most solar cells are not capable of absorbing light in the 600–1000
nm region – this region encompasses more than 70% of solar radiation – due to their large bandgaps
[4]. Despite the questions regarding economical costs, power conversion efficiency, and absorption

Sustainable Construction Of Sustainable Building
Sustainable building
Introduction
As concerns of climate change and global warming rises, reducing the impact on environment and
human health have became the priorities to consider before the construction of buildings. Therefore,
the concept of sustainable building (also known as green building, green construction)was brought
up, aiming to create structures which is environmentally responsible and source–efficient during its
lifespan. [1] Compared to conventional buildings, sustainable buildings are advantageous from
many aspects, such as durability, comfort, security, productivity and economy.
During the construction of sustainable building, the use of renewable energy can be a significant
issue. Compared to conventional energy, renewable energy can benefit from many aspects.
By utilization of renewable energy , more nature resources can be conserved and restored, such as
solar power, wind ,biomass, etc. The renewable generate much less or even no pollution to the
nature environment. For example, a solar powered air conditioning system generate no HCFCs, CFs
released by conventional air conditioning, causing depletion to ozone layer. Due to less energy
consumed, the operating cost can be reduced efficiently. Furthermore, occupant comfort and health
will be improved with a green and livable living/working place.
In next section, a building–integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) would be introduced systematically,
which make a good utilization of solar power in sustainable

The Ecology Of Design / Spring 2014
Melih Afacan
Kyle Moss
The Ecology of Design/Spring 2014
October 22, 2014
Alternate Energy Systems
Introduction
Photovoltaic systems use solar cells in the generation of electricity through conversion of solar
optical energy into electrical energy directly. Solar cells are made out of semi–conductor materials
such that they produce electricity when solar radiation is incident on them (Armentrout and Patricia
Armentrout).
Electrical power is generated by use of photovoltaics by converting sunlight into direct current and
this is achieved by making use of materials that are semiconducting and have the properties of
photovoltaic effect. Solar panels that have got several number of solar cells are used for photovoltaic
systems. Solar photovoltaic energy is considered as a sustainable and cleaner form of power and has
an advantage of making use of a renewable source which is the sun. The process of obtaining
electricity from the sun has the advantage of having no movement of objects and no environmental
emissions, a very clear and known study since for fifty years photovoltaic systems have been in use
specialized applications and also for more than twenty years grid connected systems have been put
into us (Armentrout and Patricia Armentrout).
From hydro and wind power solar photovoltaic forms the third most important form of renewable
energy source that is used in countries more than 100 considering a global installed capacity. The
photovoltaic installations can be achieved in

The Solar Of Solar Energy
The earth intercepts over 173 thousand terawatts of energy. Solar cells offer a means to harness this
energy by converting solar energy into electrical energy. While some may argue that solar energy is
an inconsistent energy source, research is being poured into creating more efficient solar cells so
that when light is incident on the solar cell, the solar cells operate at their highest possible efficiency
levels. Currently, the most efficient solar cells convert 34.5% of sunlight to energy. With innovations
like floating solar farms, such as the one pictured in Fig. 1 built in Tokyo Japan, and Tesla's new
solar roof, pictured in Fig. 2, the competitiveness and feasibility for solar energy continues to grow.
The question now becomes, can we power the world using solar energy? Figure 1. This floating
solar farm was built in Japan's YCamakura Dam reservoir near Tokyo. It can generate 15MW of
electricity, enough to power 4,700 households.
https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/japan–to–build–worlds–biggest–floating–solar–farm
Solar cells are commonly made from silicon. Silicon is the 2nd most abundant material on earth and
it has four valence electrons in its outer shell. The solar cell is created by starting with intrinsic
silicon. The intrinsic silicon is doped with boron atoms, for example, to create the p–type layer.
Boron has three atoms in its outer shell and therefore produces a free hole. The free hole is then able
to move around the silicon lattice. The

The Implementation Of A Pv Model Using Matlab / Simulink...
Abstract: – This paper represents the implementation of a PV Model using MATLAB/Simulink
software and also its hardware implementation. The PV system can be PV cell, module, and array
for most reliable Use on simulation based circuit. The proposed model is designed PV system from
the mathematical equations of Photo current and photovoltaic voltage by using user–friendly icon
and dialogue box from simulink block Libraries. That makes the mathematical PV model properly
simulated and analyzed with power electronics interference and maximum power point Tracking
control system. By considering the effect of sunlight irradiance and cell temperature, the output
current, voltage and power characteristics of PV model are simulated and optimized using the
proposed model. This emphasized the dynamics behavior of PV system to be easily simulated,
analyzed, and optimized. Keywords: – Mathematical model of photovoltaic cell; photovoltaic
module; array; boost converter; mppt algorithm; pwm; single phase inverter; three phase inverter;
MATLAB/simulink; gate pulse using 555 timer; voltage doubler circuit in hardware. 1.
INTRODUCTION Now a day's people are more concerned about the application of the renewable
energy source, like wind, tidal, biomass, ocean and solar radiation (photovoltaic) because of the
raising oil prices, fossil fuel deficit, global warming and negative impact of environment. Among all
the renewable energy sources the energy through photovoltaic (PV) can be most

How the Angle of a Solar Cell Effects the Voltage Produced
How the Angle of a Solar Cell effects the Voltage Produced
Introduction:
In this experiment, I will be experimenting the effect of adjusting the angle of a solar cell relative to
the direction of light and the voltage produced based on the angle change.
Factors:
Some of the possible factors that could affect my experiment are *
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
The angle of the solar cell. * –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
The distance of the solar cell from the light source. *
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
The intensity of the light source.
I will change the angle of the solar cell and use this as my independent variable, going up in 5
increments and measuring the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Preliminary work: * Taking the equipment and time I had at my disposal I decided to go up in 5˚
increments from 0˚ to 90˚ and repeating this three times.
* I then created a results table of the following format: Angle / ˚ | Voltage / V | | T1 | T2 | T3 |
Average | 0 | | | | | 5 | | | | | 10 | | | | | 15 | | | | | 20 | | | | | 25 | | | | | 30 | | | | | 35 | | | | | 40 | | | | | 45 | | | | | 50 | |
| | | 55 | | | | | 60 | | | | | 65 | | | | | 70 | | | | | 75 | | | | | 80 | | | | | 85 | | | | | 90 | | | | |
Method: 1. I started by gathering all my equipment and setting it up as follows: * I used a clamp and
a clamp stand to hold the solar cell in place. * Then I used another clamp and clamp stand to hold a
protractor level with the solar cell and parallel to it so I could read the angle of the solar cell. * Next
I used leads to connect the solar cell to the multimeter. * I then plugged the light box into the socket
and placed it exactly 0.2m away from the solar cell. 2. I then turned the main lights of the room off
and covered all sources of unintentional light, such as light from windows. 3. Next I turned on the
light box and noted the voltage value

Photosynthesis and Semiconductor-Based Solar Cells
Photosynthesis and semiconductor–based solar cells Over time plants have come up with possibly
the most proficient power supply in the world. This power supply is known as photosynthesis. This
is the transfer of sunlight, carbon dioxide and water into utilizable power, giving off oxygen along
the way. When it comes to plants, usable fuel comes in the form of proteins, fats and carbohydrates.
People, alternatively, are looking for liquid power in order to run things like cars and refrigerators.
Scientists believe that trying to artificially recreate photosynthesis can be a way to solve the
expensive and dwindling energy issues that society faces today (Layton, 2012). "For years, scientists
have been trying to come up with a way to use the same energy system that plants do but with an
altered end output. Using nothing but sunlight as the energy input, plants execute massive energy
conversions, turning billions of CO2 into energy for animals in the form of food, every year, using
only 3% percent of the sunlight that reaches Earth" (Layton, 2012). The power that is accessible in
sunlight is an under used source that has only just lately started to truly be assessed. Present
photovoltaic–cell technology, which is characteristically a semiconductor–based system, is very
pricey, not very adept, and only does direct alterations to electricity from sunlight. There problem is
that is that there is currently no way for the energy output to be stored for later use. One way to

Nanotechnology For Enhanced Solar Conversion
Egbo Kingsley O. PhD in Nanostructures for Enhanced Solar Conversion Research Proposal
Abstract The possibilities of employing a nanoscale metal topography that will employ surface
plasmon excitation phenomena towards improving the light absorption efficiency of organic solar
cells will be investigated. This goal is achievable by analytically designing and producing optically
active nanostructures which are used to excite surface plasmons at the wavelengths range dictated
by the sun in order to support the confinement of light beyond the diffraction limit, thus leading to
high weighted enhancements over a wider range of the solar spectrum. This can be achieved by
employing nanostructured materials with unique properties tailored for the materials characteristics
of II–VI nanorod systems across the solar spectrum capable of creating significant enhancements
while preventing unwanted thermal losses. Also external quantum efficiency measurements on the
nanostructured cells will be made, this is expected to demonstrate a substantial photon absorption
enhancement across the solar spectrum. Finally, key insights into light absorption and trapping
mechanisms in these plasmon enhanced cells through a combination of three–dimensional finite–
difference time–domain simulations, optical absorption, and external quantum efficiency
measurements will be obtained Introduction The increasing population of the world is making
demands on the availability of energy supply and research has

The Degradation Of Solar Cell
Solar Cell Degradation in Space Abstract:
This paper will present the degradation of solar cell performance when exposed to solar wind in
space, particularly in the Van Allen belt region. Also, solar cell theory is mathematically modeled
and described using Matlab simulation software accompanied by the SRIM software to generate the
targeting data. Follow with the degradation modeling of Si, InGaP/GaAs/Ge triple–junction space
solar cells when are exposed to high energy charged particles, especially protons and electrons in the
Mega–electron–Volt range. In this model, carrier removal rate of the base layer and damage
coefficient of minority carrier diffusion length in each sub–cell are considered as radiation
degradation parameters. In addition, this paper will present the status of high radiation–resistant
solar cells made from Si, InGaP/GaAs/Ge for space application to guarantee the successful
operation of the satellite.
Acknowledgement:
This Project had been smoothly carried out and implemented at the California State University of
Long Beach. Initially, I would like to thank to Dr. Chu Chow Long for his supervision and support
for this research project.
List of the Figure:
Figure 1: Standard Solar Spectra
Figure 2: Cross–section of the typical solar cell.
Figure 3: Plot of I_sc and V_oc and the power for 100 〖cm〗^2 cell area.
Figure 4: Solar photon effect
Figure 5: A solar panel array of the International Space Station
Figure 6: High

The Sun Is One Of The Most Significant Sources Of...
The Sun is one of the most significant sources of renewable energy. In one hour the Earth receives
enough energy from the Sun to meet its needs for nearly a year. A Photovoltaic (PV) cell is a
semiconductor device that directly converts the energy of solar radiation into electric energy. In
general, an element that converts sunlight into electricity is called a PV device. The fundamental PV
device is the PV cell, while a set of connected cells form a panel or module. As an array either a
module or a set of modules can be considered cite{Breza2013}. The purpose of this chapter is to
provide an introduction into the photovoltaic solar energy and to present the fundamental
knowledges on the behavior and the functioning of the PV devices. Furthermore, the different PV
models are discussed. section{Solar Energy Conversion} The basic element of a photovoltaic
system (PV) is solar cells which convert the sunlight energy directly to direct current by means of
the photovoltaic effect. Thus, It is crucial to understand the basic of a PV cell construction and its
relationship with the incidence of the light. subsection{Photovoltaic Cell Construction } In a typical
photovoltaic cell, two layers of doped silicon semiconductor are tightly bonded together
cite{Chin2015}– cite{Villalva2009}– cite{Ma2013a}. One layer is modified to have excess free
electrons (a n–layer), while the other layer is treated to have an excess of electron holes or vacancies
(a p–layer). When the two dissimilar

Brief History Of Of Solar Cells Essay
Brief History of Solar cells
The history of solar cells goes back to the 19th century. Edmond Becquerel was first to notice the
effect of light on a certain molecule; in 1839 he found that two different brass plates immersed in a
liquid produced a continuous current when illuminated with sunlight. We now believe that he had
made a coppercuprous oxide thin–film solar cell. (Fraas, 2016) this property is called the
photoelectric effect, and could be harnessed. An article made by the Union of Concerned Scientist
said, "The first photovoltaic (PV) cells, made of selenium, were created in the late 1800s. In the
1950s, scientists at Bell Labs revisited the technology and, using silicon, produced PV cells that
could convert four percent of the energy in sunlight directly to electricity." (How Solar Panels Work,
2015) Nowadays, researchers and scientist are trying to come up with new ways to develop solar
cells.
Location
The recommended location to install the solar system is on top of DOW building. The cause to
choosing this location is because it is not close to any trees or building, that will affects the output of
the system by shading effect.
Figure 1 these pictures taken by me using Google map for DOW building the left from the sky and
right side picture was taken from the side
How Solar cell Works Solar cells are basically a two element that acts as a semiconductor. However,
semiconductors have the property of electron mobility and gap between the energy states

Advantage And Disadvantage Of Solar Cell
The electricity Requirements are increasing day by day at a huge alarming rate,due to generation of
electricity by conventional methods ,the fossil fuels are depleted at a rate greater rather than the
expected rate , and also due to risk factors involved in power generation using Nuclear Reactors we
are forced to move to newer types of energy generation but also in terms of a clean energy ,Solar
energy is one among such in terms of clean energy which has witnessed a great revolution in energy
generation along past two decades. This Module deals with the Organic Solar Cells in other words
Polymer solar cells. It comprises of Introduction to Organic solar cells,its production,cost involved
etc. KEYWORDS: Renewable energy, Organic Solar ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Solar cells are categorized into three major generations , First generation solar cells are based on
silicon wafers and have an efficiency of 15–20%, The major advantage of first generation solar cells
is their stability ,However due to heavier production costs ,large amount of energy is involved
during their production that makes their large scale production uneconomic and unaffordable . The
second generation Solar cells are based on amorphous silicon,CIGS,CdTe where typical
performance is in the range of 10–15% efficiency,Second generation solar cells does not use silicon
wafer and have a lesser materials consumption which reduces its production costs. The Production
of second generation cells invloves vaccum and temperature processes hence it decreases the
efficiency and also it increases the production costs,most of the materials used in second generation
are scarce in nature hence their production costs are very high but less in comparison with first
generation solar

The Need to Renewable Sources of Energy
1.1 INTRODUCTION Energy is vital for human survival and development. Most of today's energy
comes fossil fuels and Biomass. However these types of fuels are deplitable and emit green house
gases e.g. CO2which leads to global warming. (See Fig 1.1).On the other hand, renewable energy is
inexhaustible and does not any produce green house gases that can pollute the environment.
Therefore there is need to shift to renewable sources of energy. Figure 1.1: A graph showing energy
consumption and development between 1965 and 2010 (https://www.google.com). For example, in
Kenya here is a large geographical imbalance in electricity demand and supply. For instance
electrification rates ranges from 15–20% nationally and at rural it ranges from 5–10%. Electricity
only accounts for 10% of the total final energy consumption. 60% of all electricity is consumed by
commercial and industrial sectors. Only 24% is consumed by households. The demand is rapidly
increasing and there is need to incorporate renewable energy in the energy sector in order to make
Vision 2030 a reality. Renewable energy is the energy that comes from sources that are continually
replenished. This include: solar energy, wind energy, hydropower, ocean energy, geothermal energy.
One of the promising renewable sources of energy is solar energy. Solar renewable energy has many
advantages and these include: Plenty of resource: The sunlight reaching the Earth's surface is
abundant approximately 8000 (120000 TW/Hr) times

Evaluating The Performance Of Organic Solar Cell ( Osc )...
The main and most important index of evaluating the performance of organic solar cell (OSC) is the
power conversion efficiency (PCE), η. It is based on three other parameters, they are open circuit
voltage Voc, short circuit current density Jsc, and fill factor FF.
The power conversion efficiency is evaluated with respect to standard reporting conditions (SRC)
defined by temperature, spectral irradiance, and total irradiance. 23 The SRC for rating the
performance of terrestrial PV cells are the following: 1000 W∙m–2 irradiance, AM 1.5 (AM: air
mass) global reference spectrum, and 25 °C cell temperature. 24–28 The PCE (η) of a PV cell is
given as30
Where Pmax is the measured peak power of the cell, A is the effective device area, and Etot is the
total incident irradiance. For equation (1) to give a unique efficiency, Etot must be given with
respect to a reference spectral irradiance. The current reference spectrum adopted by the
international terrestrial photovoltaics community is given in international electrotechnical
commission (IEC) Standard 60904–3 and American society for testing and materials (ASTM)
Standard G173.28, 29
As a simplification of equation (1), PCE can also be calculated by the following equation, η=
(V_oc×J_sc×FF)/P_in (2) of which，Voc represent for open circuit voltage, Jsc means short circuit
current density, and FF means fill factor. Pin is the input energy, typically radiated by the sun.
The followings

Essay On Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
In 1991, a major breakthrough has come in the field of solar photovoltaic known as dye–sensitized
solar cells (DSSCs) [1]. This kind of solar cells possess low–cost and simple functioning together
with their advantageous characteristics such as lightweight, flexible, low toxicity and good
performance in diverse light conditions [2]. Usually DSSC's consists of dye–adsorbed
nanostructured metal oxide film serving as a photoanode, a Pt–coated counter electrode and liquid
electrolyte injected between them [3]. Light irradiate on the nanostructured metal oxide film causes
photo–excitation of the dye molecules by exciting electrons which are then injected into the
conduction band of the semiconductor and fast transferred to the external circuit ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, numbers of articles devoted to ZnO photoelectrode with the aim to enhance efficiency by
reducing the charge carrier recombination, and improving electrical/optical performance [9–12]. In
this regard, doping is the most advantageous approach to modify ZnO structures. Different kind of
metals such as lanthanum [13], aluminum [14], tin [15], magnesium [16] and titanium [17] has been
widely investigated as effective dopants in ZnO photoelectrode for improving the performance.
Moreover, earlier reports on the DSSC have proven that the active area is directly proportional to the
power conversion efficiency [18]. Therefore, we attempted to incorporate indium into ZnO to
improve above cited aspects with an ideal working area (0.25cm2) of photoanode in DSSC. Indium
(In3+) was chosen as dopant, because it has a noteworthy contribution in transparent conducting
oxide materials and much work devoted in indium doped ZnO as a transparent conducting oxide
film [19–20]. Owing to their remarkable properties such as high electronegativity, minute native
lattice distortion with preferable chemical stability make indium as suitable donor than other
elements for finding high quality ZnO based transparent conducting oxide with an excellent
conductivity in DSSCs [21]. Rama Krishna Chava et al. used In doped ZnO nanoparticles as
photoanode material and reports carrier

Lab Report : Manufacturing Of Solar Cells
"MANUFACTURING OF SOLAR CELLS"
Summer Intern Project–2014,
BHEL ASSCP, Gurgaon.
Submitted to:–
Dr. Abhishek Verma
Amity Institute of Renewable and Alternative Energy
Amity University Uttar Pradesh (Noida Campus)
Submitted By:–
Nitin Pal
A6429711009
Amity Institute of Renewable and Alternative Energy
Amity University Uttar Pradesh (Noida Campus)
Preface
This report documents the work done during Summer internship at BHEL ASSCP(Amorphous
Silicon Solar Cell Plant). The report shall give an overview of the following:–
 Plasma Enhanced Vapour deposition machine operation.
 Working Of Hetrojunction solar cells.
 Screen Printing Process and Etch Back process.
I have tried to keep the report simple yet technically correct. I hope I succeed in my attempt.
NITIN PAL
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I'm very thankful to Dr A.K. Saxena, AGM & Head BHEL ASSCP, Gurgaon for providing me the
opportunity to work at the research facility. I'm also greatly thankful to Dr. S.P. Singh, AGM, Project
Coordinator and finally my project mentor Mr Vinayan Bhardwaj, Engineer for their persistent
support in making me extend my horizons of science
Deepest gratitude is also due to Dr. Abhishek Verma, without whose knowledge and assistance this

study would not have been possible.
Special thanks to my family and friends for their invaluable assistance. I am grateful to Wikipedia
for explaining complicated things in the simplest of manners to me.

Science Search Using The Rit Ieeexplore On Solar Cells And...
Q1) Perform the literature search using the RIT IEEEXplore on solar cells and photovoltaics. Read
[1–3] and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_solar_cells ; The voltage generated by single PV
cell is low so we connect single PV cells in series when we need high voltage and in parallel when
we need high current and thus we can get the high power or desired output. We generally use a
series connection and this arrangement is called as Photovoltaic module or PV module. PV module
generally consists of front side, back side and encapsulated PV cell. The front side of the material is
made up of tempered glass and low iron. Efficiency is less in PV module because some of the
radiation is reflected by glass cover. Basic PV cell can be seen below Hierarchy of Photo Voltaic
cells can be seen below Photovoltaic array is a photovoltaic system which is a interconnection PV
modules. Sometimes the power generated by single PV module does not meet the requirements of
commercial usage.so PV modules are connected to form PV array. To get high or increased voltage
we connect the PV modules in series and to get high or increased current. We connected PV
modules in parallel. To convert DC (Direct current) power to AC (Alternating Current) which runs
motors, loads etc. an inverter is used. Working of PV Cell. PV cell works on the principle of
photoelectric current. When the light strikes the surface of a semiconductor material, some of the
energy is absorbed by semiconductor material

The Solar Of Solar Cell
A solar cell is a device which produces electricity through the conversion of light energy, through
the photovoltaic effect. The photovoltaic effect is a chemical and physical phenomenon, and relates
to the creation of electrical current within a material when it is exposed to light. Solar cells are
considered to be photovoltaic, despite whether the source of light is produced artificially, or is from
the sun.
History of a Solar Cell
It was in 1839 when the photovoltaic effect was first discovered, by Alexandre Edmond Becquerel, a
French physicist. His experiment involved illuminating, using a couple of different types of light,
two electrodes. Light sensitive materials, AgCl or AgBr, coated the electrodes, and the experiment
was undertaken inside a black box which was surrounded by a solution of acid. When the intensity
of the light increased, so did the electricity output. Originally, despite extended research,
photovoltaic electricity was very inefficient and the main purpose of solar cells during this period
was to measure light.
In 1905, Albert Einstein claimed that light contained quanta of energy, which we refer to as photons
today. He suggested that the energy only varies with its frequency. Although a simple theory, it was
considered to be revolutionary at the time, and explained how the frequency of the light affected the
absorption of the photons.
It was in 1941 when Russell Ohl invented the solar cell.
In 1954, three researches at Bell Laboratories named

The Pros And Cons Of Solar Cells
Near infrared (NIR) light has attracted much attention owing to its widespread applications in
energy conversion, (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) 1–3 (–– removed HTML ––)
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––) 5–7 (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) In particular, to solve the energy problem
all over the world, efficient utilization of natural energy is strongly required. Si solar cells (SCs) are
the most widespread energy conversion devices used to harvest solar energy. However, Si SCs do
not respond to NIR light of over 1200 nm in wavelength in the solar spectrum owing to their ...
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doped ZnO (GZO and AZO), with high carrier densities are predicted to be light absorptive
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in the

The Conversion Of Solar ( Pv ) Energy Into Hydrogen Gas...
Name: Institution: Course: Instructor: Date: The Conversion of Solar (PV) Energy into Hydrogen
Gas for Fuel Cells. Introduction Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems convert sunlight into direct
current. For this to be achieved, semi–conducting materials would be required to induce the
photovoltaic effect. A photovoltaic system comprises solar panels, each fitted with a number of solar
cells that supply solar energy to the system. In the absence of sunlight, solar power would be
available for household or commercial lighting applications (Ratlamwala 86). This paper examines
the feasibility of converting solar PV electricity into hydrogen for fuel cells based on: cost of
hydrogen production (per kilogram), the quantity of solar power required to generate hydrogen (per
kilogram), the feasibility of the technology in the UAE amid the costs and efficiencies of the system
components. Question 1 Just like the rest of the world, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the
Middle East have intensified efforts to curb the global warming menace. Several independent
studies (e.g. Harder 790 & Radhi 18) have pointed out that overdependence on fossil fuels tends to
heighten global warming. At a glance, hydrogen can be considered as an ideal substitute to fossil
fuels. Hydrogen provides about three times of renewable energy harnessed from natural gas. When
hydrogen is used in energy production, pure water is emitted as the sole by–product of the process
(Radhi 12).

How Solar Power Has Many Different Applications For All...
Solar power has many different applications for all nations around the world. As you 've read before
it can be used to create electricity for homes, businesses, etc. or in order to power different
machines, facilities, and household items that we use every day. For our project we will be looking
at using it in order to help the nation of Somalia, more specifically we will be looking at Mogadishu
which is the capital of Somalia. The area is on the Horn of Africa and to the west of the Indian
Ocean. The area is made of mostly plains and highlands giving it a lot of potential to create solar
energy. In this area on average on a clear day it will produce about 7 Kilowatts of energy making it a
very good place for solar panels to be able to create electricity to run things. Somali has recently
come under much political unrest forcing a lot of people to flee from the country and a lot more to
have to stay and suffer from it. By creating something that is regenerative and cannot be limited
because of lack of resources in order for politicians to try to keep in charge it 's giving a needed
break the Somalians who were unable to escape the country. Edmond Becquerel discovered that
certain materials sparked when hit by sunlight in France in 1839. After further research by scientists
Smith, Adams, and Day, it was discovered that this property, which is known as the photoelectric
effect, could be manipulated to convert light into electricity. Thus, the first "photovoltaic cells",

Essay On Solar Cells
Similar structures are implanted inaccurate modeling of solar cells. This modeling also offers
accurate modeling of a structure when it contains multiple layers as shown in Figure 2 9. The model
parameters of the solar cell, i.e., permittivity, dark conductive and exposed light conductivity highly
influence the operating frequency band [23]. It is worth mentioning that, anti–reflective material
properties along with silicon impurities affect the higher frequency bands. Figure 2 9. Layout of
antenna placing above a solar cell [26].
The specific material is modeling in only reliable for in–house applications instead of commercial. A
complete solar cell information is usually provided by the manufacturer which leads design
challenges in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2.9.3 Reflector Array Incorporating Solar Cells
Reflector arrays are the flat passive version of parabolic reflectors. The primary concern in
designing such configuration is a blocking effect that reduces solar cell efficiency as reported in
[30].
Chapter 3
Design and Analysis of Reference Solar Antenna and Configurations
Design and analysis of reference solar antenna along with simulation scenarios are presented in this
chapter. This chapter also explains simulations and the results of the reference solar antenna
mentioned in [26].
3.1 Integration of Antennas with Solar Cell
Significant reduction in overall size of the system is observed when solar cell based ground planes
are deployed in microstrip patch antennas. However, fluctuation in radiation efficiency is observed
due to variable/ nonspecific material properties of a solar cell. This limitation may undermine the
overall radiation performance of an antenna.
3.2 Design Configuration of Reference Antenna with Solar Cell
The design configuration of the reference MPA is presented in Figure 3–1. This design is realized on
h= 1.52 mm thick low–profile FR–4 laminate. This laminate has relative ε_r=4.3 and dielectric loss
tangent of tanδ=0.025. The inset–feeding mechanism is adapted to avoid any structural damage to
the solar cell. The design layout of the proposed antenna is kept minimum to prevent the shadowing
effect. The SMA connecting port is placed on a ground plane on the

The Fundamental Time For Clean Renewable Energy Essay
The fundamental time for clean renewable energy is of the essence. Clean Energy or Renewable
Energy by definition is energy that is collected from resources which are naturally replenished on a
human timescale. This includes wind, rain, tides, geothermal heat, waves, and most relevant to the
project, sunlight. Non–renewable Energy is the exact opposite and are natural things such as crude
oil, coal, natural gas, and tar sands that take thousands of years to replenish. These energies are the
main source of human energy use for technology.
They provide many advantages and supply a cheap price for such energy. The problem with this is
the depletion of Earth's natural resources and its harm to the environment. Clean Energy is how we
can fix such things. For the generations beyond, the people of earth need to focus on the technology
to make a clean energy future a reality. If there is no change, the future, will surely and quickly turn
to peril. So now, entering the stage, is the solar cell.
Solar cells or Photovoltaic cells capture the energy from the sun and convert it to electrical energy
(Singh and Ravindra 2012). They come in all different sizes. They can be small like a phone or large
like a house. Each has a different output and efficiency levels. Yet, what things increase or decrease
such efficiency levels?
This project tests the efficiency of solar cells based on temperature, light intensity, and color
variation. Each different variable will be tested together and

Solar Cell Lab
Dye Sensitized Solar Cell Purpose: Make a new type of solar cell that, in theory, could be used in
solar panels. This new solar is more environmentally friendly and safer to use. Introduction: The
tradition solar cells have many faults and are dangerous to the environment. The TSC gives out a lot
of pollution through its waste such as silicon tetrachloride. Also, when the reactors need to be
cleaned several harmful greenhouse gases are used. The eye sensitized solar cells that are being
designed in this lab are much cleaner for the environment. No waste is produced and no harmful
gases are need to clean them. Procedure: Place the blackberry in the aluminum pan. Using a knife,
crush the blackberry to extract the juices. Push the solid ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Safety: This lab did not require any safety equipment. Data: Calculations: First convert voltage of
the sunlight from millivolts to volts, which becomes 0.3552 V. Then figure out homy many J/s the
sunlight has by using the formula 1ev = 1.602 x 10^–19 J, which was 5.690 x 10^–20 J/s. Then
since 1 watt = 1 J/s, take the number of watts per house hold item and divide them by 1.690 x 10^–
20 J/s to get the number of DSSC that would be need. Results: The voltage that the sunlight gives
the DSSC was greater than any other light source. The DSSC do not absorbs much energy, so in
order to power some of the smaller house hold items it would take a very large amount. Conclusion:
The lab's purpose was to design a new cleaner and more environmentally friendly solar cell than the
old one, which gives off a lot of waste and uses harmful gases to clean. This new cell that was
designed does not produce any waste and is easy to maintain. The most effective light source for this
DSSC is the sunlight, but this still produces a very small amount of energy. Therefore, it would take
an extremely large amount of solar cells to power the house hold

Grapefruit Solar Cells And Blackberry Solar Cell Lab Report
Titanium dioxide has mesoporous structure that act like a pathway for the electrons crossing through
the cell. After dye absorbs light, it will release electrons and these electrons need to travel from
cathode to anode, titanium dioxide is a conductor that helps electrons move. If we don't use any
metal, these electrons can't travel through thus they can't produce current. the higher the wavelength,
the lower the frequency thus the lower the energy the dye will absorb to release an electron. We also
know that grapefruit absorbs green, so we see red color, and blackberry absorbs yellow and we see
purple color. Grapefruit's color is lighter than blackberry, so the wavelength of grapefruit is smaller
than the wavelength of blackberry, and energy grapefruit is required to release an electron is higher
than blackberry's. We shine the same light (same energy) on both grapefruit solar cell and blackberry
solar cell, blackberry will produce higher current, thus the reading on multimeter will be higher. If
we use a juice that is darker than blackberry, than the reading of blackberry solar cell will be lower.
(Q3) The purpose of washing the plate with water followed by ethanol is to remove unabsorbed dye
and any other residues.
(Q4) From this part of experiment, we don't get any constant continuous reading on the multimeter.
There are a few readings flash on the screen, but we don't consider them as experiment data. Solar
cell should act as a battery, and the current should be

Design Of Parabolic Point Focused Type Solar Cells
Design of Parabolic Point Focusing type Solar cells in Solar Hybrid Vehicle M.C.Gobinath, II Year
Automobile Engineering, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India.
gobinathmc98@gmail.com S.Jeevanantham, II Year Mechanical Engineering, Ramakrishna
Engineering College, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India jeevasmvs@gmail.com Abstract– In earth
nowadays, the naturally formed fuels in the world are depleting. Within the limit of fifty years or
more, all the fuels found in the earth will be vanished. The main reason for this depletion is due to
increase in population and the production of vehicles. We the Engineers can overcome this by
developing a new generation vehicle called Solar Hybrid Vehicle. This vehicle can run through solar
energy as well as electricity. So only this is called as Solar Hybrid Vehicle. In last years, as a
consequence of the diffusion of Hybrid Electric Vehicles and to the growing recourse to renewable
sources, increasing attention is being given to the integration of these vehicles with photovoltaic
panels. Hybrid Solar Vehicles might represent a valuable solution to face both energy saving and
environmental issues, particularly in case of intermittent use in urban conditions, but relatively little
research effort has been spent in this direction. Here it is proposed to have a parabolic point focusing
type solar collector to receive the energy. This paper mainly aims at the usage of

Solar Cells And Its Effects On Earth
Photovoltaic Cells
There are many resources that can be used to provide energy for life on earth. Some of those
resources are better than others in terms of their environmental effect. An example of one of these
"better" resources is the photovoltaic cell. A photovoltaic cell or solar cell converts light energy into
electricity. This electricity in turn, can be used to power many aspects of human life such as; turning
on lights or a television, charging a phone or driving a car. Photovoltaic cells also involve a great
deal of chemistry from how they convert light energy to chemical energy, down to its own structural
components. The basic process of energy conversion involves a semiconductor cell made of Silicon
interacting with photons and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The electrodes were also in an acidic solution and separated by a thin membrane (Bowden). His
results showed that when light interacted with the electrode a voltage was formed. (Early Solar
History). His experimental setup can be seen in the image below (Honsberg).
In 1877, W.G Adams and R.E. Day furthered Becquerel's work by experimenting with a Selenium
electrode. Selenium was used because it is a semi–conductor. In one of their experiments it was
determined that solar energy can be converted directly into electricity. In their experiment a candle
was lit, but its light was shielded from the Selenium. This was done so that it could be determined
whether or not heat was what caused this flow of energy. But, when the flame was covered, no
electricity was generated so it could be ruled out that thermal energy participated in this photovoltaic
effect (Early Solar History).
Next came Charles Fritts. In 1883 he created the first solar cell. His solar cell was composed of
selenium, copper, and gold. Even though his experiments had only 1% efficiency, he was able to
determine that various forms of light such as, "dim daylight" can be used to generate electricity
(Early Solar) History).
Around 1905 in a famous paper written by Einstein, it was stated that light comes in discrete packets
called photons. This meant that wavelengths of light carry a different amount of energy with shorter

Traditional Solar Cells Advantage And Applications
Traditional solar cells–advantage and applications Solar cells technology, as a clean power source of
new generation, has been great developed in the past 35 years. The market needed for this for the
solar cells technology is also greatly increased while module cost is decreased.
However, around 80 percent of all the solar panels sold around the world is traditional solar cells,
because of their efficiency for residential use. The applications for traditional solar cells are still
dominant in the area. And here are some main types of traditional solar cells and their applications.
Monocrystalline silicon cells Mono crystalline silicon cell technology is the oldest solar cell
technology, but it's still the most popular and efficient solar cell technology nowadays. The
monocrystalline silicon module is made from a single silicon crystal; it is usually complex and huge.
And its color is usually blue or black. As the earliest solar cell technology, it has a lot of advantages
that's make it still popular in the area. One of the most important one is its longevity, some websites
indicate that the single crystalline solar panels can last up to 50 years, until 2015, some panels are
still doing their duties after 40 years. Even though the panel will suffer an efficiency drop as time
goes by, it is still a very reliable in the long run. Its efficiency is another big advantage; single
crystalline cells can convert the highest amount of

What Are Solar Panels Really?
Paul Kent, Jason Gao How Viable are Solar Panels Really? (Working Title) Abstract We analyzed
that solar panels may or may not be a viable source of energy. There are many factors that contribute
to the energy output, but one of the most important factor is the quality of the panels to generate
electricity. Solar energy is quite unique from other dominating energy sources since the energy
doesn't deplete. But weather and other obstacles could prevent the collection temporarily. Two
researchers mixed titanium dioxide with photoanodes by sinter–ing them. Then they added
Ruthenium N749 dye to assemble into a completed solar panel. A team of researchers used carbon
rather than silicon to build the solar cells. They spinned the pan–els while spraying carbon
nanotubes across it. Another team of researchers applied organic dyes to panels where all layers
could harvest photons. The experiments analyzed found that solar panels using the concepts
analyzed converted no more than 5% of absorbed energy into electricity. The tested organic cell film
had 1.5–2% ef–ficiency, though organic cells are inefficient but cheap anyway. Carbon cells were
estimated to have no more than 5% efficiency. Experimental data found cells sensitized with dye
and TiO2 achieve 4–4.5% efficiency if constructed correctly. Each US square meter gets about 1–2
thou–sand kilowatt–hours sunlight per year, which means the maximum power from a solar panel is
about 110 kilowatt–hours per square meter per year. Since

Solar Cell Advantages And Disadvantages
F. Hybrid solar cells
Hybrid solar cells are the combination of two different compunds, where amorphous silicon cells
combine with nano crystalline cells or with materials such as CIGS.These form the Hetrostructure
between amorphous Si:H layer and C:Si wafer. Its efficiency is found to be around 21%.
G. PREFERENCE OF CRYSTALLINE OVER AMORPHOUS
Crystalline is more preferred since amorphous silicon cells suffers from the various inherent defects
in the lattice. The doping of amorphous Si:H which increases the concentration which further causes
reduce in life of the cells. Therefore, the stability of crystalline silicon is more as compared to
amorphous silicon cells. If the amorphous silicon cells are projected in continuous light then they
undergo light dependent degradation due to which its efficiency reduces. On the commercial basis
its efficiency is found to be 10%.
II. HYBRID POWER SYSTEM
Hybrid means combination of two or more than two. A device that combines a silicon solar cell with
a triboelectric generator that can harvest wind energy is known as Hybrid Power System. Basically
these devices are powered by the renewable energy sources like sun and wind. . Solar energy enters
from the rooftops and fom the windows. However, a large amount of wind still gets wasted in cities–
normal wind turbines are not suited to urban areas because of their size.
Instead of depending on the wind to spin a rotor, the device makes use of the triboelectric effect, the
same

Solar Energy is not a Solution to the American Energy Crisis
Solar Energy is not a Solution to America's Energy Crisis
With the growing cost of fuel for cars and the rolling blackouts of last summer, the need for an
alternative, cost–effective, environment friendly energy source is escalating. Many possible
solutions have been presented, such as nuclear power, wind power, and hydrogen fuel cells;
prevalent among these is solar power.
Solar cells directly convert photons from the sun into electricity (Wikipedia). Solar cells that convert
both solar and non–solar light are called photovoltaic cells (Wikipedia 2006). They are made of semi
conducting materials, most often silicon (Aldous 2006). The simplest photovoltaic cells power
watches and calculators while larger, more complex systems can add ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Boron only has three electrons in the outer tier, so instead of having extra electrons it has holes.
These holes are just the absence of electrons so they have a positive charge and can move about
similarly to electrons. (Aldous 2006)
An electric field forms when N–type and P–type silicon are put in contact. The free electrons on the
N side see the holes in the P side and try to fill them in. All the free electrons of the N–type silicon
do not how ever fill up all the free holes in the P–type silicon. At the junction between the two sides
the electrons and holes mix and form an electric field as a barrier. This causes the electrons to be
able to flow from the P side to the N side but not in the other. (Aldous 2006)
When light hits the solar cell, the energy frees the electron/hole pairs. Each photon will free one
electron and create one hole. When this happens close to the electron field or if a hole and an
electron wander into the field's range of
Solar Energy 4 influence, the field sends the electron to the N side and the hole to the P side.
(Aldous 2006)
If an external current path is provided then electrons flow to their original side (P) doing work on
the way. The electron flow provides current and the electrical field creates voltage, and with voltage
and current there is power. (Aldous 2006)
Is Solar Power Efficient

The Effect Of Solar Energy On Silicon Solar Cell Technology
Solar energy is widely believed to be the most promising renewable energy source to fulfill the
ever–increasing energy demand from human society now and into the future. Dye–sensitized solar
cells (DSSCs) have been explored as a potentially low–cost alternative to silicon solar cell
technology due to their lower fabrication costs compared to crystalline semiconductor photovoltaics.
However, the optimized efficiency for DSSCs has not been achieved yet, and the chemical stability
between dye and semiconductor has also not been addressed completely. In this research, we applied
the following four main strategies to prepare photoanodes used in DSSCs with the aim of improving
stability and efficiency: 1) utilizing surface chemistry to modify the porous semiconductor films, 2)
linking covalently [Di–tetrabutylammoniumcis–bis (isothiocyanato) bis (2, 2'–bipyridyl–4,
4'dicarboxy–lato) ruthenium (II), N719] dye on the surface of semiconductor films, and study the
charge injection dynamics by ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy, 3) doping the
semiconductor films with micro–sized neodymium oxide (Nd2O3) particles, and (4) incorporating
metal nanoparticles through molecular linkers to the semiconductor films. The objectives of this
work are to address the limitations of chemical stability existing between TiO2/N719 dye systems,
to explore the charge dynamics in TiO2/N719 system for a better understanding of the fundamental
mechanisms of DSSCs, and to prepare high efficiency

A Brief Note On Solar And Alternative Energy
Nathan Arenas Myles Denholtz Period 1 Mrs. Hampton 21 November 14 Literature Review
Literature Review Introduction Switching to solar and alternative energy is a clean efficient way to
save money and it could even raise the value of your home. The group is researching what converts
sunlight to electricity and how it converts the radiation to flowing electricity. Selenium, a
photovoltaic cell, was found to convert sunlight to electricity flowing into wires. The importance of
this helpful technology, is solar energy is an alternative and will help provide electricity without
harming the ecosystem and economy like paying for an electric bill would. After investing in solar
panels, it would provide free electricity for years to come on your business or home. The research
group's experiment is to test if cold weather and clouds will negatively or affect the energy a solar
panel would create compared to being on sunny and warm days. Since solar panels use silicon in
photovoltaic cells to convert heat and light radiation to electricity, then the research groups predicts
that there would be a higher voltage on warm sunny days, rather than cloudy or overcast days. The
research group will measure the energy collected for three days in each type of weather for a more
accurate answer and more accurate data points. Entity History of Solar Energy On 1839, Alexandre
Edmond Becquerel, discovered that certain materials produced small amounts of electric current
when exposed to light.

Using The Data Of Solar Cell Using Lab View Software Essay

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