Microprocessor Fundamentals

1. Microprocessors
Microcontroller
Fundamentals
Presented By-
Diwaker Pant
Assistant Professor
ECE Department
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2.  Introduction
 Evolution of Microprocessor
 Block diagram & Architecture of Microprocessor
 Microcontroller Fundamentals
 Applications of Microprocessor and Microcontroller
 Manufacturers of Microprocessor and Microcontrollers
 Questions in Competitive examinations
 Conclusion
 References
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3.  Microprocessor :
o It is a clock driven
o Register based digital device
o Which takes binary instructions from the memory
o Takes the data from memory or input devices
o Process the data according to the instructions
o Save the result into memory or give it to some output devices.
 It is a silicon chip which is used for performing arithmetic and logical
operations.
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4. In the late 1960’s, processors were built using discrete elements like
vacuum tubes
These devices performed the required operation, but were too large and too
slow
In the early 1970’s the microchip was invented
All of the components that made up the processor were now placed on a
single piece of silicon IC
The size became several thousand times smaller and the speed became
several hundred times faster
The Micro-Processor was “born”
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5.  Fairchild Semiconductors (founded in 1957) invented the first IC in 1959.
 In 1968, Robert Noyce, Gordan Moore, Andrew Grove resigned from
Fairchild Semiconductors.
 They founded their own company Intel (Integrated Electronics).
 Intel grown from 3 man start-up in 1968 to industrial giant by 1981.
 The first microprocessor was 4 bit microprocessor manufactured by Intel.
 It was Intel’s 4004, capable of performing simple operations.
 At the same time some other organizations like Motorola , Hitachi and
National semiconductors introduces their microprocessors.
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6. Fig.1. Evolution of Microprocessors
/ 8085/ 8086
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7.  Advanced Microprocessor like
o Dual Core
o Core 2 Duo (8500, E6850)
o Core 2 Quad
o Core 2 Extreme (X6800)
o Quad Core Processors
o I Series processors
o Octa Core Processors
o Microcontrollers / PIC / DSP Processors
o Embedded versions of Xeon and Multicore Xeon Processors
o Embedded Versions of Pentium Processors Family.
o Intel’s i960 processor family
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8. Fig.2. Block diagram of Microprocessor
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9.  CPU: A central processing unit (CPU), is the hardware within a computer system
which carries out the instructions of a computer program
 ALU: In computing, an arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit that
performs arithmetic and logical operations , also ALU is a fundamental building
block of the central processing unit of a computer, and even the simplest
microprocessors
 Memory: In computing, memory refers to the physical devices used to store
programs (sequences of instructions) or data (e.g. program state information) on a
temporary or permanent basis for use in a computer or other digital electronic
device
 When we hear the word “Microprocessor”, what comes in our mind is small
IC (Integrated Circuit) that processes data.
Fig.3. Integrated Circuit
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10. INPUT
OPERANDS
OUTPUT
OPERANDS
OPCODE
Fig.4. ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)
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11. Definitions
 Opcode: A binary code, that indicates the operation to be performed
 Operands: The data on which the operation is to be performed are termed as
operands
 Instruction: The combination of opcode and an operand, that can be used to
instruct a system, is called as an instruction
 Instruction Set: A list of all the instruction that can be issued to a system, is
called as instruction set of that system
 Program/Subroutine/Routine: A set of instruction written in a particular
sequence, so as to implement a given task, a subroutine in assembly
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12. Accumulator ALU Working Registers
Timing and
clock
Stack
Pointer
Program
Counter
Interrupt
Circuit
Fig.5. General Architecture of Microprocessor
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13.  Accumulator: In a computer's central processing unit (CPU), an
accumulator is a register in which intermediate arithmetic and logic
results are stored
 ALU: In computing, an arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) is a digital
circuit that performs integer arithmetic and logical operation
 Working Registers: In computer architecture, a register is a small amount
of storage available as part of a CPU or other digital processor
 Clock signal: In electronics and especially synchronous digital circuits, a
clock signal is a particular type of signal that oscillates between a high and
a low state, microprocessor speed depends on the clock
 Interrupt Circuit: This block accepts different interrupt request
inputs
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14.  Stack Pointer: In a microprocessor, the stack can be used for both user
data (such as local variables and passed parameters) and CPU data (such as
return addresses when calling subroutines)
 The stack pointer stores the address of the most recent entry that was
pushed onto the stack
 To push a value onto the stack, the stack pointer is incremented to point to
the next physical memory address, and the new value is copied to that
address in memory
 When a valid interrupt request is present it informs control logic to take
action in response to each signal
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15.  Address Bus :
 The bus over which the CPU sends out the address of memory location is
called as Address Bus
 The address may be consist of 16, 20, 24 or 32 parallel signal lines
 If there are N address lines, then it can directly address 2N memory
locations
 Data Bus :
 The data bus consists of 8, 16 or 32 parallel lines
 The data bus is a bi-directional bus , that means the data can get
transferred from CPU to memory and vice-versa
 The data bus also connects the I/O ports and CPU
 The number of data lines used in the data bus is equal to the size of data
word that can be written or read
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16.  Control Bus :
 It is used for sending control signals to memory and I/O devices
 Some of the control bus signals are as follows:
a. Memory read
b. Memory write
c. I/O read
d. I/O write
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17. Fig.6. Interfacing Buses & Computer System
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18. Fig.7. Types of Memories
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19.  Primary Memory :
 Primary memory is computer memory that is directly
accessible to the CPU of a computer without the use of
computer's input/output channels
 Primary storage is used to store data that is likely to be in
active use
 Examples are RAM, ROM.
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20.  Read-only memory (ROM) is a
class of storage media used in
computers
 Data stored in ROM cannot be
modified
 ROM is a non-volatile storage.
Data remains unchanged even
after switching off the computer.
(Wikipedia, 2007n)
E.g. EPROM, EEPROM
Fig.8. An EPROM
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21.  Random access memory (RAM)
is a type of data storage used in
computers
 It takes the form of integrated
circuits that allow the stored data
to be accessed in any order
(random)
 Data stored in RAM can be
modified
 RAM is a volatile storage. Data
will lose after switching off the
computer Fig.9. Two 512 MB RAM
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22.  Secondary memory is computer memory that is not directly accessible to
the CPU of a computer
 It is used to store data that is NOT in active use
 It is usually slower than primary storage but it always has higher storage
capacity
 It is non-volatile. Data remains unchanged even after switching off the
computer
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23. Fig.10. Secondary Memory
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24. Fig.11. Microcontroller Chip
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25. Fig.12. Microcontroller block diagram
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26.  PIC(Peripheral Interface Controller ) is family of low cost , high
performance CMOS , fully-static microcontroller
 They use Harvard Architecture which are high performance RISC
processors
Fig.13. Harvard Vs Von-Neumann architectures
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27. Fig.14. Types of Microcontroller
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28. Working
Register (W)
ALU
Status (Flag)
Register
Flash
ROM
Program
Memory
8192*14
bits
Program counter
Stack 13
bits*8
Levels
RAM File
Registers 368
* 8 Bits
Instruction Register
EEPROM 256 BytesInstruction Decode & CPU
Control
Ports , Timers,
ADC, Serial I/O
Timing Control
File Select Register
CLK Reset
Addr
Instructions File Addr
Prog Addr
Data
Bus
Fig. 15. PIC16F877 MCU Block Diagram
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29. They are used in industrial control applications , calculators, commercial
appliances
It is used in CPU of a computer for controlling I/P , O/P and other devices
of a computer
They are used for database management, storing information
They are used as controller for appliances and in automobiles
They are used in computers for railway, air-ticket reservations etc..
They are used to measure and control the temperature of a furnace, the
pressure of boiler etc…
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30.  Automotive air bag systems, Remote control, Handheld tools
 Appliances – coffee pot, mixer, stove, refrigerator, dish washer, dryer
 Major home systems heating/cooling, TV, DVD player/recorder, Sound
system
 Cordless phones and cell phones Security systems
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31.  Fairchild Semiconductors
 Freescale Semiconductors
 National Semiconductors, Hewlett-Packard
 Hitachi Corporations
 Intel
 Motorola Corporations
 LG, Samsung, IBM, Intersil, MIPS Technologies
 MOS technology, OpenCore, Renesas Electronics
 Texas Instuments, Zilog, Inmos Etc.
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35.  Microprocessor and Microcontrollers are brain of all modern electronic
system.
 Microprocessors are generally used for general purpose systems while
microcontrollers are used for applications specific systems.
 If anything is automatic it must have a part of microprocessor in it.
 Modern embedded systems have microcontroller in it.
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36.  Microprocessor Architecture, Programming, and Applications with the
8085 by R. Gaonkar.
 Microprocessors: Principles and Applications by A. Pal.
 The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems : Using Assembly and C
by Muhammad Ali Mazidi.
 Advanced Microprocessors and Peripherals by A.K.Ray and
K.M.Bhurchandi.
 Microprocessors and Microcontrollers images: Contents available at
akihil.jain.worlspress.com
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