3. The ecosystem which is found only on
landforms
The main factor which differentiates the
terrestrial ecosystems from the aquatic
ecosystems is the relative shortage of water in
the terrestrial ecosystems and as a result the
importance that water attains in these
ecosystems due to its limited availability.
4. The main types of terrestrial
ecosystems are:
the forest ecosystems
the desert ecosystems
the grassland ecosystems
and the mountain ecosystems.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. FOREST ECOSYSTEM
have an abundance of flora or plants and
hence in these ecosystems a large
number of organisms live in a small space.
have a high density of living organisms.
A small change in this ecosystem could
affect the whole balance, effectively
bringing down the whole ecosystem.
11. Tropical evergreen forest
Receive a mean rainfall of 80 for
every 400 inches annually.
Dense vegetation which
comprises tall trees at different
heights. Each level is shelter to
different types of animals.
12. Tropical deciduous forest
There, shrubs and dense bushes rule
along with a broad selection of trees.
Found in quite a few parts of the
world while a large variety of fauna
and flora are found there.
These forests grow in moderately
warm places where there is a lot of
rain.
13. Temperate evergreen forest
Those have quite a few number of
trees as mosses and ferns make up
for them.
Trees have developed spiked leaves
in order to minimize transpiration.
14. Temperate deciduous forest
The forest is located in the moist
temperate places that have sufficient
rainfall.
Summers and winters are clearly
defined and the trees shed the leaves
during the winter months.
15. Taiga
The taiga is defined by evergreen
conifers. As the temperature is below
zero for almost half a year, the
remainder of the months, it buzzes
with migratory birds and insects.
17. Desert Ecosystem
Located in regions that receive an
annual rainfall less than 25.
17 percent of all the land on our
planet.
insects, birds, camels, reptiles all of
which are adapted to the desert
(xeric) conditions.
18. Grassland Ecosystem
both the tropical and temperate
regions of the world though the
ecosystems vary slightly.
little number of trees and shrubs.
The main vegetation includes
grasses, plants and legumes that
belong to the composite family.
19. The two main kinds of grasslands
ecosystems are:
Savanna:
The tropical grasslands are dry
seasonally and have few individual
trees. They support a large
number of predators and grazers.
1.Prairies: It is temperate grassland, completely devoid of large shrubs and trees. Prairies could be categorized as mixed grass, tall grass and short g
20.
21. Prairies
It is temperate grassland,
completely devoid of large
shrubs and trees. Prairies
could be categorized as mixed
grass, tall grass and short
grass prairies.
22.
23. Mountain Ecosystem
Provides a scattered and diverse
array of habitats where a large
number of animals and plants can be
found.
At the higher altitudes, the harsh
environmental conditions normally
prevail, and only the treeless alpine
vegetation can survive.
24. Aquatic Ecosystems
The ecosystem found in a body of
water. It encompasses aquatic flora,
fauna and water properties, as well.
There are two main types of aquatic
ecosystem - Marine and Freshwater.
25.
26. Marine Ecosystem
The biggest ecosystems, which cover
around 71% of Earth's surface and
contain 97% of out planet's water.
Water in Marine ecosystems features
in high amounts minerals and salts
dissolved in them.
27.
28. Freshwater Ecosystem
The freshwater ecosystem covers
only 0.8% of Earth's surface and
contains 0.009% of the total water.
Most lakes and ponds are freshwater
ecosystems. The water in each of
these ecosystems does not move
much.
29.
30. Three basic kinds of freshwater
ecosystems exist:
Lentic: Slow-moving or till water like
pools, lakes or ponds.
Lotic: Fast-moving water such as
streams and rivers.
Wetlands: Places in which the soil is
inundated or saturated for some lenghty
period of time.
33. Mimicry
a similarity of one species to another
which protects one or both.
This similarity can be in appearance,
behaviour, sound, scent or location.
Mimics are found in the same areas
as their models.
34. Is related to camouflage, in which a
species resembles its surroundings or
is otherwise difficult to detect.
an animal will MIMIC another to
avoid predators. If it can trick its
enemy into thinking it is something
less tasty or more dangerous, it will
survive.
35. Classification
Batesian mimicry, where a harmless
mimic poses as harmful
Müllerian mimicry, where two or
more harmful species mutually advertise
themselves as harmful
Mertensian mimicry, where a deadly
mimic resembles a less harmful but
lesson-teaching model.
36. Vavilovian mimicry, where weeds
resemble crops, is important for several
reasons; and humans are the agent of
selection.
Aggressive mimicry describes preda
-tors which share the same characte -
ristics as a harmless species, allowing
them to avoid detection by their prey
Reproductive mimicry occurs when
the actions of the dupe directly aid in the
mimic's reproduction.
38. evolution of one species in response
to characteristics of another
Differs from other types of
evolution in two ways:
Species A evolves
an adaptation in
response to
species B
Species B evolves
in response to the
adaptation of
species A
39. Coevolution involves mutual
responses in the two species
predator species evolves to be
faster, allowing it to catch more
results in greater selection on speed
in the prey
for “regular” evolution, there isn’t any
response by the environment
40. Coevolution promotes diversity
of adaptations
evolution often converges on the
same solution for the same
problems
coevolution involves specific,
unique responses to specific
challenges
42. Neutralism
relationship between two species
that interact but do not affect
each other.
It describes interactions where
the health of one species has
absolutely no effect whatsoever
on that of the other.
43. Amensalism
An interaction where an
organism inflicts harm to another
organism without any costs or
benefits received by the other.
45. COMMENSALISM
One organism and the other
organism is neither benefited nor
harmed.
It occurs when one organism
takes benefits by interacting with
another organism by which the
host organism is not affected.
47. Symbiosis
The term symbiosis (Greek: living
together) can be used to describe various
degrees of close relationship between
organisms of different species.
an intimate relationship between different
species in which at least one species
depends upon the relationship to survive.
48. PARASITISM
In parasitism, one organism
benefits and the other is harmed.
The organism that benefits
is called the parasite
The organism that is
harmed is called the host
49. COMPETITION
occurs when two or more individuals
seek to utilize the same resource.
defined as an interaction between
organisms or species, in which the
fitness of one is lowered by the
presence of another.
50. Competition between species at
the same trophic level of an
ecosystem, who have common
predators, increases drastically if
the frequency of the common
predator in the community is
decreased by a large margin.
52. Mutualism
both organisms benefit from
one another.
Mutualism is an interaction
between two or more species,
where species derive a mutual
benefit
53. For example: A clownfish and a
sea anemone have a
mutualistic relationship.
The fish is protected by the
anemone and the anemone
receives scraps of food from the
clownfish.
54. Example of Mutualism
Acacia ants live in
acacia trees.
The tree provides
big hollow thorns
as a home for the
ants.
