seminar presentation on burns its introduction definition causes and risk factors of burn types of burn classification pathophysiology symptoms complications and diagnostic evaluation

2. SEMINARPRESENTATIONON-

3. INTRODUCTION
A burn occurs when some or all the layers of cells
in the skin are destroyed by a hot liquid (scald),
a hot solid(contact burns) or a flame (flame
burns). Burns pose a serious global public health
problem with over 195 000 death annually from
free related burns alone. Skin Injuries due UV
radiation, radioactivity, electricity or chemicals,
as well as respiratory damage resulting from
smoke inhalation, are also considered to be
burns.

4. DEFINITION
Damage to the skin or deeper tissues caused by
sun, hot liquids, fire, electricity or chemicals.
The degree of severity of most burns is based on
the size and depth of the sun. Electrical burns,
however, are more difficult to diagnose because
they’re capable of causing significance injury
beneath the skin without showing any signs of
damage on the surface.

5. CAUSES & RISK FACTORS OF BURNS
Causes -
• Fire
• Hot liquid or Stream
• Hot metal, glass or other objects.
• Electrical Currents
• Radiations – UV(Tanning Bed), X-Rays
• Chemicals such as strong acids, lye, paint thinner or gasoline
• Abuse
Risk Factors –
• In Children's, under the age of 5 years & the elderly over the age of 75 years.
• About 50 % of burns & scalds occur in the kitchen.

6. TYPES OF BURNS
• Thermal –
It is caused due to exposure to flame or any hot objects.
• Radiation –
It is caused due to radiant energy being transferred to
the body resulting in production of cellular toxins.
• Electrical –
It is a result of conversion of electrical energy into
heat.
• Chemical –
It is caused due to exposure to acid, alkali, organic
substances.

8. CLASSIFICATIONS OF BURNS
Burns are classified in three major points – Depth, Severity,
Location.
oDepth – Burns are classified as first-, second-, third-degree, or fourth-
degree depending on how deeply and severely they penetrate the skin's
surface.
➢ First-degree (superficial) burns. First-degree burns affect only the
outer layer of skin, the epidermis. The burn site is red, painful, dry, and
with no blisters. Mild sunburn is an example. Long-term tissue damage is
rare and often consists of an increase or decrease in the skin color.
➢ Second-degree (partial thickness) burns. Second-degree burns
involve the epidermis and part of the lower layer of skin, the dermis. The
burn site looks red, blistered, and may be swollen and painful.

9. ➢Third-degree (full thickness) burns. Third-degree burns
destroy the epidermis and dermis. They may go into the
innermost layer of skin, the subcutaneous tissue. The burn
site may look white or blackened and charred.
➢Fourth-degree burns. Fourth-degree burns go through
both layers of the skin and underlying tissue as well as deeper
tissue, possibly involving muscle and bone. There is no feeling
in the area since the nerve endings are destroyed.

11. SEVERITY – RULE OF NINE
In Infants In Elders

12. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY -

13. SYMPTOMS OF BURNS -
• Blisters
• Pain (The degree of pain is not related to the severity of
the burn, as the most serious burns can be painless.)
• Peeling skin
• Red skin
• Shock (Symptoms of shock may include pale and
clammy skin, weakness, bluish lips and fingernails, and a
drop in alertness)
• Swelling
• White or charred skin

14. COMPLICATION
➢Shock -
• After a serious injury, it's possible to go into shock. Shock is a life-
threatening condition that occurs when there's an insufficient supply of
oxygen to the body.
• It's possible to go into shock after a serious burn.
• Signs and symptoms of shock include: - a pale face, cold & Clammy skin, a
raid pulse, fast & shallow breathing, yawning, unconsciousness.
➢Heat exhaustion and heatstroke -
• Heat exhaustion and heatstroke are 2 heat-related health conditions that
happen when the temperature inside your body rises to 37 to 40C or above.
• Both heat exhaustion and heatstroke can be very serious. They're often
caused by being exposed to too much sunlight or heat.
• Symptoms of heat exhaustion and heatstroke include - extreme tiredness
and lack of energy, dizziness or fainting, feeling sick or vomiting, rapid
pulse, muscle pain, headache, irritability, etc

15. ➢Infection –
• Wounds can become infected if bacteria get into them. If your burn or scald
has a blister that's burst, it may become infected if it's not kept clean.
• Seek medical attention for any burn that causes a blister.
• Your wound may be infected if:
• it's uncomfortable, painful or smelly
• you have a high temperature of 38C or higher
• you have signs of cellulites, a bacterial infection that causes redness and
swelling of the skin
• Seek immediate medical attention if you think your burn has become
infected. An infection can usually be treated with antibiotics and painkilling
medication, if necessary.
• In rare cases, an infected burn can cause blood poisoning (sepsis)or toxic
shock syndrome. These serious conditions can be fatal if not treated.
• Signs of sepsis and toxic shock syndrome include: -a high temperature,
dizziness, vomiting

16. ➢Scarring –
• A scar is a patch or line of tissue that remains after a wound has healed. Most minor burns only leave
minimal scarring.
• You can try to reduce the risk of scarring after the wound's healed by:
• applying an emollient, such as aqueous cream or emulsifying ointment, 2 or 3 times a day
• using sunscreen with a high sun protection factor (SPF) to protect the healing area from the sun when
you're outside.
➢Psychological impact -
• Burns and scalds, especially severe ones, can cause long-lasting distress.
• After a burn or scald, some people report experiencing:
• feelings of anxiety and stress
• low mood and depression
• a lack of confidence and self-esteem
• Some people recovering from a burn may also develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which can
cause symptoms such as flashbacks, nightmares, and unwanted and intrusive thoughts.
• If you experience any of these emotional issues, you should speak to the staff at the burns care service.
• They can arrange an appointment with a psychologist with experience of treating people recovering from
burns and scalds.

17. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
• History Collection
• Physical Examination
• According to Depth & Severity(Rule of
Nine)