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2. Burns are a type of painful wound caused by
thermal, electrical, chemical, or electromagnetic
energy. Smoking and open flame are the leading
causes of burn injury for older adults. Scalding
is the leading cause of burn injury for children.
Both infants and the older adults are at the
greatest risk for burn injury.

3. There are many types of burns
caused by thermal, radiation,
chemical, or electrical contact.

4. The classifications of burns?
Burns are classified as first-, second-,
or third-degree, depending on how
deep and severely they penetrate the
skin's surface.

5. I. First-degree (superficial) burns
First-degree burns affect only the epidermis, or
outer layer of skin. The burn site is red, painful,
dry, and with no blisters. Mild sunburn is an
example. Long-term tissue damage is rare and
usually involves an increase or decrease in the
skin color.

6. II. Second-degree (partial thickness) burns
Second-degree burns involve the epidermis and
part of the dermis layer of skin. The burn site
appears red, blistered, and may be swollen and
painful.

7. III. Third-degree (full thickness) burns
Third-degree burns destroy the epidermis and
dermis. Third-degree burns may also damage the
underlying bones, muscles, and tendons. When
bones, muscles, or tendons are also burned, this may
be referred to as a fourth-degree burn. The burn site
appears white or charred. There is no feeling in the
area since the nerve endings are destroyed.

8. What are the signs of burns?
Burn symptoms vary depending on the severity or degree
of the burn. Symptoms are often worse during the first
few hours or days after the burn. Burn symptoms include:
1. Blisters.
2. Pain.
3. Swelling.
4. White or charred (black) skin.
5. Peeling skin.

9. Burns are assessed by how seriously your skin is damaged and
which layers of skin are affected. Your skin has 3 layers:
1.the epidermis – the outer layer of skin
2.the dermis – the layer of tissue just beneath, which contains
blood capillaries, nerve endings, sweat glands and hair
follicles
3.the subcutaneous fat, or subcutis – the deeper layer of fat and
tissue

10. Complications
Complications of deep or widespread burns can include:
1. Bacterial infection, which may lead to a bloodstream infection
(sepsis)
2. Fluid loss, including low blood volume (hypovolemia)
3. Dangerously low body temperature (hypothermia)
4. Breathing problems from the intake of hot air or smoke
5. Scars or ridged areas caused by an overgrowth of scar tissue (keloids)
6. Bone and joint problems, such as when scar tissue causes the
shortening and tightening of skin, muscles or tendons (contractures)

11. Nursing Interventions
Nursing care of a patient with burn injury needs to be precise and effective :
1. Promoting Gas Exchange and Airway Clearance
2. Restoring fluid and Electrolyte Balance
3. Maintaining Normal Body Temperature
4. Minimizing Pain and Anxiety
5. Monitoring and Managing Potential Complications
6. Restoring Normal fluid Balance
7. Preventing Infection
8. Monitor culture results and white blood cell counts.
9. Maintaining Adequate Nutrition
10. Promoting Skin Integrity
11. Relieving Pain and Discomfort
12. Encourage the patient to use analgesic medications before painful procedures.
13. Promoting Physical Mobility
14. Strengthening Coping Strategies
15. Supporting Patient and Family Processes
16. Promoting Activity Tolerance
17. Improving Body Image and Self-Concept
18. Teaching Self-care