Stone Henge and Megalithic Sites

Stone Henge
It seems that the human race is infatuated with stones. Stones are used for jewelry, architecture,1
statues, tombstones, and even printing. Printing on stone is called lithography. Even the word stone
has many uses in the english language: a criminal can be stoned to death, and the British unit of
weight is known as a "stone." Going back to prehistoric times, specifically the Neolithic period, may
provide some answers of why we as a species are so drawn to stone and its many uses. Relics from
the Neolithic period are large man–made stone formations, known as megaliths, that were built from
10,000 – 2,000 BCE. Some evolutionary step happened in this time period where humans started to
manipulate colossal stones into markers, alignments, fanes, ... Show more content on
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A lot of these stone circles no longer stand, like the ones at Carnac. Stone Henge, the most famous
of the megaliths, is located in Wiltshire, England, and was built around 3000 – 2000 BC. The
biggest stones at Stone Henge are the sarsen stones, averaging height about 30 feet and weight 25
tons. The sarsen stones make up the posts and lintels at the site, meaning that upright stones hold the
flat stones on top of them. Smaller stones, known as bluestones, make up the inner circle of Stone
Henge, usually weighing around 4 tons. Stone Henge's architecture lines up with astronomical
events, like the Summer Solstice. On the Summer Solstice, the sun rises behind a marker stone,
known as the Heel Stone. The sun's rays shine through the posts that align perfectly with the Heel
Stone, creating a powerfully aligned image. A ditch surrounding the megalithic site contains human
remains, some of which have been identified as humans from other places, not just people native to
the area. There are remains of a metal worker that4 lived in Germany around 3000 BCE and a little
boy from the Mediterranean that was buried around 5000 BCE. This suggests that people may have
pilgrimaged here as a place for burial. It seems that the neolithic people that built Stone Henge had a
vast knowledge of astronomy, architecture, and engineering. It is largely believed that this colossal
site was primarily used for religious ceremonies that took taking place with astronomical
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Sacred Places Research Paper
The archives found in the area depicts that the people of the Ur district worshiped many Gods.
However, it can be deduced that the major God that the people of Ur worshiped was the Nanna or
the Moon God. As mentioned above, the city of Ur was divided into two areas, namely, common
district and the sacred place. The sacred place has a large monument or massive brickwork which is
called the temple of Sin or the god of the moon. This monument was erected by the king of Ur about
4000 years ago. The temple was made in a series of platforms, one platform on top of another. The
people of Ur assumed that the God lived at the third platform. In the common district, there were a
large number of marketplaces, schools, libraries, homes and conveniences. ... Show more content on
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In this massive destruction, a large number of inhabitants ran away, and several buildings were
destructed. Therefore, there is evidence available regarding the living of the people in the traditional
Ur city. The archaeologists have used the little information from which the plans of streets, houses
and shops have been drawn. The artifacts and the archeological findings show that in a typical
townhouse, street door opened into a small lobby. The entrance of the house contained a jar of water
which is provided to the arriving people to wash their feet. On another side of the lobby, there is
another courtyard. Surrounding the courtyard were various rooms like store–rooms, lavatory and
kitchen. The kitchen includes a table built with brick, grinding stones and oven for cooking. The
people in the ancient city also used pots and pan for cooking. The typical houses in Ur city
contained a long room in the center called reception room. The modern Arab houses also follow the
same pattern. In addition to it, the houses of Ur had a well–constructed staircase at the other side of
the house courtyard. Generally, the houses do not have an upper floor; however, there is evidence
that implies that the houses have one or more upper rooms. The houses in the Ur city also contained
the domestic chapel, altar and the family burial vault (Nelson,

Stonehenge Essay
Stonehenge Behind every great structure in the world, there are the people who made them, and who
took the time and effort to design them. Those who made Stonehenge succeeded in creating an
incredibly complex and mysterious structure that lived on long after its creators were dead. The
many aspects of Stonehenge and the processes by which it was built reveal much about the
intelligence and sophistication of the civilizations that designed and built the monument, despite the
fact that it is difficult to find out who exactly these people were. They have left very little evidence
behind with which we could get a better idea of their everyday lives, their culture, their
surroundings, and their affairs with other peoples. The technology ... Show more content on
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These single burials were in the form of round barrows. The Beaker people were well organized,
active, and powerful, and also probably more territorial (Hawkins, 36). They practiced commerce
with other cultures, and their graves give an impression of there being an aristocracy in the society
(Niel, 84).
The last major group to put time into the construction of Stonehenge was the Wessex culture group.
They arrived on Salisbury plain around 1400 BC, and were involved in building the most prominent
part of Stonehenge– the great stone circles (Niel, 86). These people were well organized, and
probably less aggressive than their predecessors, while more industrious. The people of Wessex
were less concerned with war than they were with art, peace, and trade. In the graves of their
chieftains (the only members of society who were preserved for afterlife), were goods such as
daggers, bows, and various other ornaments. Their access to such treasures can perhaps be attributed
to their great international traders who probably traded with people from the Mediterranean Sea area
(Hawkins, 37). They built the final phase of Stonehenge, and perhaps brought about many cultural
changes to the monument such as giving the monument visual magnificence and more astronomical
precision (Service + Bradbery, 255).
It is necessary, in order to understand the complexity involved in the assembling of Stonehenge, to
know the process by which

Palenque: The Temple Of The Inscriptions
Mayan architecture developed in cities like Palenque, Uxmal, and Chichén Itzá between the seventh
and tenth centuries. Palenque was a town on the outskirts of the Maya region that grew to a capital
city during the mid–seventh century. Hanab Pakal, the ruler of Palenque, built a palace complex and
a tomb at the edges of the city's plaza. The palace complex was built up on berms, with its central
buildings arranged in a pinwheel configuration. The Temple of the Inscriptions is a stepped pyramid
adjacent to the palace that contains Hanab Pakal's burial chamber. Corbelled vaults are a main
architectural element in both of these designs. The last great Maya cities, Uxmal and Chichén Itzá,
developed in the Yucatán Peninsula between the eighth and

Sannai-Maruyama
Sannai– Maruyama was a long–term settlement located in Aomori Prefecture in northern Japan. The
site is made up of over 500 pit–dwellings measuring around 3–4 meters in diameter, adult burial
pits, child burial jars, and pits for storage and clay mining. The pits are significant because they
showed archaeologists that the inhabitants were not yet sedentary and used these pits to hide food
before leaving the area. There is also roads and artifacts including pottery, clay figurines, digging
sticks, tools and woven baskets and clothing (1) which is evidence to archaeologists that the area
was later settled and inhabited. The site is dated to around 3,900 BC, in the Middle of the Jomon
Period, a period where Japan was primarily occupied

How Did Native Americans Build The Mounds?
The Indian mounds built of earth are very impressive landmarks and important remains of native
people. There are many reasons why Native Indians build the mounds. One of them was a platform
for villages, and place for seasonal gathering, or political gathering. It was also place to bury the
important members of the local tribal groups (like Boys, Pharr, and Byum). Mounds were also used
as location of major regional trade festivals. There is also theory that the mounds were used as a
conventional temples and location of important religious rituals, or as the houses of important
leaders. All these theories seem to be probably but the purpose of the mounds really depend on the
time, location, and the tribes who created them. In my opinion

Architecture, Belief Systems, And Societal Structure
Culture is a very important aspect of human life; it defines the way people live, grow, and evolve.
Anthropologists study cultures throughout the world and throughout different time periods. They
study the different aspects of culture including architecture, belief systems, and societal structure.
Egypt is a country ripe with history and rich culture, from their towering pyramids to their modern
day society. Intricately crafted obelisks and tombs decorate the landscape, but how much of that is
being preserved? The study and preservation of past culture can heavily influence and educate the
present. It is important to learn about the past in order to evolve and create a better future. While
change can be beneficial, it is important not to neglect ancient culture.
When a person thinks of Ancient Egypt, she might first picture the pyramids, the Sphinx, and even
the towering statues and obelisks. Architecture has been a defining point throughout Egypt's history.
Some structures, such as the temples of Karnak and Luxor built along the Nile River, were created
to honor the dead and worship the Egyptian gods (Temples, n.d.). Ancient Egypt was full of temples
which were built to house the Gods and separate them from the rest of the world. According to a
creation legend, the first temple was built on a large mound that had risen from the primeval sea
known as Nun. In one version of the legend, a lotus flower grew upon this mound and humans were
created soon after in an event known

Green Cemetery Persuasive Speech
Thank you for your question and your commitment towards green burials. One of the big needs in
Minnesota is to have more green cemeteries that are committed to our ecology – and to help
promote the green burial concept.
On a high level, a green funeral and burial is:
So, basically, to create a "green" cemetery you need to follow these steps::
Establish a cemetery, following the local rules and regulations for creating a cemetery.
Make the cemetery "green" in accordance with green burial regulations and certification guidelines
And, for an extra measure, get your green cemetery certified.
Create a cemetery
A green cemetery needs to abide by the laws and regulations of traditional cemeteries. Towards that,
the Start Up Tips for Green Burial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You will only find laws that are clearly what you cannot do, or are so vague as to make you think
you cannot do something."
And, in line with that advice, note that there are no specific laws for green cemeteries in Minnesota.
The few "green burial" laws for Minnesota are:
Embalming
The body does not need to be embalmed to be buried. However, Minnesota laws require that a non–
embalmed body must be buried or cremated within 72 hours of release from the place of death or
from the coroner or the medical examiner.
Burial
A body must be buried in a legally recognized

The Stonehenge Thesis Statement
Thesis Statement: The Stonehenge is a complex work of art; as it has been built over different
periods of time representing wide range of ideas and thoughts. It is a monument that encapsulates
the identity of a collective society of an era. It portrays the belief and value system, status, faith,
relationship with the supreme being (god), and technological knowledge of the citizens of a society
that is associated with the making of the Stonehenge. The large span of time and ambiguity of the
society related to the Stonehenge has made most archeological surveys uncertain and thus, creating
a mystery about, why was a monument containing, just stones weighing thousands of tones, in a
relatively isolated area built? What was the motivations and purpose behind building it? And, how
all these elements give an account of the civilization existing around the area.
Bibliography:
1. Stover, Leon E., and Bruce Kraig. Stonehenge: The Indo–European Heritage. Chicago: Nelson–
Hall, 1978. Print. The book explores various theories associated with the purpose of the:
Stonehenge. The author has brought forward many theories, amongst which one is that the
Stonehenge was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Castlenden explores areas such the beginning of the structure, the techniques, the structural layout,
how the development of the structure took place over the large span of time. The topic that holds
most relevance and significance and links them to the previous sources is the chapter in the book
"The meaning of the Stonehenge" that brings forth the notion of "the magic circle" that is believed
to be one of the reasons behind the building of the monument and it's use as a 'cult center'. The
magic circle not only has religious implications but also highlights the significance of the society
bringing forth the cultural practices, beliefs and values of the natives through carvings on the stones
and the Saresen

Edifices to the Gods and Social Perception of A Nation
Edifices to the Gods and Social Perception of A Nation
Extraordinary constructions of monuments seem to have been the staple for the ancient
Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilization yet their purposes proved somewhat different. For the
Sumerian civilization, the construction of the ancient monuments served a multiple purpose as
social, economic and religious centers and in the latter half of the third millennium B.C.E. the Ur–
based civilization focused on building schemes for their administrative, economic and agricultural
benefits. In contrast, the Egyptian civilization during the peak of the Fourth Dynasty's power during
the reign of the first three rulers of the dynasty: Cheops, Khufu and Menkuare] focused on building
projects aimed at edifying the political and religious power of the civilization (Wake 29). Indeed,
one needs only consider the fact that while the pyramids of Egypt served as funereal complexes for
their rulers the ziggurats of ancient Mesopotamia served as cultural museums and offices for their
people.
The period between 2112 B.C.E. and 2004 B.C.E. were the peak in Sumerian civilization's
development and were stereotyped by the construction of public monuments such as the sanctuary
complex for Nanna between 2112 B.C.E. and 2047 B.C.E. While historians note that the monument
edified Ur–Nammu, the dynastic patriarch of the Ur–based civilization, the monument served as a
palatial complex, store–room for grain and wines, and a temple complex housing the

The Effect Of Pyramids On Ancient Egyptian Life
Introduction
Pyramids, which were built over 4000 years ago, are impressive structures built by ancient
Egyptians. Building pyramids had to do with religion. Also, building them had an effect on ancient
Egyptians lives. We can learn many things about ancient Egyptians from their pyramids. Pyramids,
the result of Ancient Egyptians hard work, were built as tombs for their rulers, and can help us learn
about this ancient civilization.
What Was the Purpose of a Pyramid? Pyramids served as tombs for the ancient Egyptian pharaohs
and queens. According to Ducksters.com, "The pyramids were built as burial places and monuments
to the pharaohs." Within the pyramid were the tombs, holding the pharaoh. Technology Student.com
states, " The Egyptian pyramids ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First of all, Egyptians were hard workers and they were devoted to their pharaohs. According to
Naomi Millburn, "The construction of pyramids in ancient Egypt affected many people's lives in
their exhaustive construction." Ancient Egyptians worked hard for their pharaohs. We can learn that
they were devoted to their pharaohs, and hard workers by looking at the pyramids. Pyramids also
tell us that the ancient Egyptians were skilled in architecture. According to History.com, "Built
during a time when Egypt was one of the richest and most powerful civilizations in the world, the
pyramids, especially the Great pyramids of Giza– are some of the most magnificent man–made
structures in history. Their massive scale reflects the unique role that the pharaoh, or king, played in
ancient Egyptian society." Pyramids are admired by people around the world. Also, it is still a
mystery how they constructed pyramids. (Naomi Millburn) Egyptians were dedicated to their
religion, and as stated before, pyramids were built as tombs for pharaohs/queens. According to
Ducksters.com, "Deep inside the pyramid the pharaoh would be buried with all sorts of items and
treasure that he may need to survive in the afterlife." Afterlife was a part of ancient Egyptian
religion. Therefore Egyptians would work hard to build pyramids and tombs for their pharaohs.
Conclusion
There was a big effect on ancient Egyptians from pyramids because it was exhausting building
them. However, pyramids help us learn that ancient Egyptians were hard workers, devoted to their
pharaohs, they were skilled in architecture, and ancient Egyptians were dedicated to their religion.
Ancient Egypt's pyramids have left a legacy of impression, wonder, mystery, bewilderment, and

Importance Of Monuments Placed In Public Monuments
AP English Free Response Answer #1 Monuments placed in public spaces such as parks and
museums give people the ability to be transported to the past, able to witness and experience events
that have had large effects on the course of history. In the creation of a memorial or monument, a
variety of factors and options must be taken into account in order for the monument to achieve its
intended purpose. One must determine whether the monument is placed in a desirable location, is
historically accurate, is aesthetically pleasing, and – perhaps most importantly– is able to
successfully convey its intended meaning. These factors, and many more, play large roles in
defining the success or failure of a memorial. Every memorial's intended purpose is to have a lasting
impact on those who visit it and to draw the viewer's attention to a particular person, historical
period, or event. Monuments are particularly intended to evoke emotion and to pay homage to a
previous event or person. Even though this may be the case, there are not any specific restrictions
placed on the location or time in which a monument can be erected. The location for the Lincoln
Memorial famously did not exist while the U.S. President was alive, and lacks any sort of actual
relic relating to him (Source A). Though the memorial may serve to celebrate the work of a very
important and influential American figure, Kirk Savage claims that the monument is a "pure
representation" of the figure's power and legacy and

Stonehenge Research Paper
What is this mysterious structure of stones that sit in a green grassy field? Stonehenge is a
prehistoric monument in Wiltshire, England, west of Amesbury and north of Salisbury.
Through many decades there has only been speculations and theories no one understands how this
grand structure arrived to its location. I will show you the best way to show you how
Stonehenge was created, how it was built, and its purpose.
Stonehenge's ring of standing stones are set within earthworks in the middle of the most dense
complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in England, including several hundred burial
mounds.Through many decades there has only been speculations and theories no one understands
how this grand structure arrived to its location. I ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Three of the posts were in an eastwest alignment which may have had ritual significance; The
University of Buckingham's
Humanities Research Institute believes that the community who built Stonehenge lived here over a
period of several millennia making it potentially "one of the pivotal places in the history of the
Stonehenge landscape."Stonehenge 1
The first monument consisted of a circular bank and ditch enclosure made of Late
Cretaceous Seaford Chalk, measuring about in diameter, with a large entrance to the north east and a
smaller one to the south. It stood in open grassland on a slightly sloping spot. If this were the case, it
would advance the earliest known stone structure at the monument by some
500 years. A small outer bank beyond the ditch could also date to this period.These remains had
originally been buried individually in the Aubrey holes, exhumed during a previous excavation
conducted by William Hawley in 1920, been considered unimportant by him, and subsequently
reinterred together in one hole, Aubrey Hole 7, in 1935. Physical and chemical analysis of the
remains has shown that the cremated were almost equally men and women, and included some
children.
Stonehenge

Compare And Contrast Ancient River Valley Civilizations
Ancient river civilizations are agricultural civilizations that grew along rivers as the name suggests.
Such civilizations benefited much from the benefits provided by the river which included drinking
water supply, fish for food, transportation of people and goods as well as fertile land for the growth
of crops. Ancient Egypt is an example of one of these early river valley civilizations, as it developed
as a result of the Nile River. These river valley civilizations shared a quite a number of similarities,
one of the being the construction of large structures as a show of wealth or way of appeasing gods
and the development of unique building strategies.
Out of the development of Ancient Egypt, the key features that arose from its civilization

Celts: People Of The Iron Age Of Medieval Times
Celts were people of the Iron Age of medieval times. The exact locations of where the Celts were
hard to find at the time. They were a cult that had different spots throughout the country. The Celtic
language was not known very well through a wide spread. The language was difficult and only
spoken with the other cult members. Later on the Celts were invaded and they lost the place they
lived in and those who they loved. The cities and people they lost was in high numbers. Even though
the Celts were a tribe, they didn't really care for battle. Although, they still fought. Celts were
mainly spread through the Asia and Europe. The main land for them was in those two countries. The
Celts made a wagon for transportation, goods, food, and a bunch

What Is The Rostra Of Diocletian?
Standing on the portico of the Temple of the Deified Julius Caesar facing towards the Temple you
can see the large columns that are made in the Ionic order. Facing away from the entrance you will
see the Rostra of Diocletian. The Rostra of Diocletian was a large platform that sat 12 meters by 30
meters in size. Speakers would stand on the Rostra and would deliver their speech to those present.
Behind the Rostra of Diocletian, you see the city's center known as the Forum Romanum or the
Roman Forum. The Forum Romanum was the Romans center for their public life, this site held
many public speeches, criminal trials, markets, religious cults, and entertainment. Some of the focal
features of the Forum Romanum were the temples of many gods and goddesses. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
A monument that pays tribute to legendary events of early Roman history. There are three other
monuments that are in the Forum Romanum. The first monument known as the Milliarium Aureum
was built by Emperor Caesar Augustus near the Temple of Saturn. It symbolizes the starting of a
road system that connects Rome to their imperial possessions, it is said that all roads were
considered to begin at this monument. The second monument is known as the Niger Lapis or
Sepulchrum Romuli, which is an ancient shrine or burial spot for perhaps an early Roman king or
someone from the royal family. The third monument is Umbilicus Romae or Umbilicus Urbis. It is
located near the Arch of Septiumius Severus which is the symbolic center of the city. The monument
is compared to a Greek

Human Elements Of Contradictions In Egyptian Religion
Humanity
In terms of the article's academic content, its strength is the inclusion of the 'regular' Egyptians
approach to mortuary monuments, which show the human elements of religion. Such elements are
not unique to Egyptian religion, but they can explain its contradictions, which are seen across
polytheistic and monotheistic cultures.
One such human element is the multiplicity and symbolism shown by contradictions in Egyptian
religion. The authors themselves comment on this human similarity saying, "attitudes to death and
the dead were as contradictory as in many societies"3. Part of this multiplicity is the use of magic
and symbolism which provided extra layers of protection in mortuary contexts. These elements of
Egyptian mortuary culture ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This answer is based on archeological evidence that shows the changes of mortuary practices and
necropolis locations over the long history of Egyptian religion. They suggest that "the
discontinuities in location created by these patterns must have discouraged people from identifying
with anything other than the most recent structures"7. Human disconnect occurs over time as society
and its social structures change; in this case this is made visible by archeology in the design of
cemeteries. The long span of Egypt's history is filled with evolution of mortuary culture. From one
dynasty or period, the previous monuments may have seemed completely detached. This disconnect
allowed for the destruction, reuse, and robbery of tombs, because of limited land, resources, or even
time. Baines and Lacovara see this in excavations from the "Old–Middle Kingdom cemetery at
Elephantine, where tombs were not encroached upon until a few generations after they were
constructed"8. Disconnection from the dead over time is not unique to ancient Egypt. Specifically
referencing Catholic European burial, the authors say, this disconnect "is symptomatic of how
almost all the more remote deceased must fade from awareness, and from the responsibility of the
living, if the burden of the dead is not to become intolerable"9. By making this connection Baines
and Lacovara add to the accessibility of this text, finding human connection in more recent
European history and, monotheistic

Kush Archeological Sites
Archeological Sites of the Island of Meroe The Island of Meroe was the capital of the Kush
Kingdom, a predominant power in Africa between the 8th century BCE and the fourth century CE.
The Archaeological Sites of the Island of Meroe contain some of the best preserved artifacts from
the Kingdom of Kush. These include pyramids, temples and palaces. Meroe was also a religious
center. It is important to preserve the history of Meroe because of the influence the Kush Kingdom
had over Sub–Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean. The Kush peoples trade
routes brought new art, languages and religions to the region. The best preserved artifacts of the
Kingdom of Kush are located in Meroe. The remnants of their society provide opportunities

Ancient Greek Trabeated System
The trabeated system, otherwise known as post–and–lintel, was one of the most important
systematic principles used by ancient Greek architects. The way the structures were designed was by
two vertical columns or posts holding up an horizontal architrave. Architects used this technique to
support the weight of the architrave above openings. The trabeated system, not only used in ancient
Greece, was also seen throughout prehistoric architecture as far back as the stone age.
Stonehenge, assumed to be finished in 1500 B.C., is one of the most iconic architectural structures
in the history of the world. Built in the Stone age, this monumental structure was advanced for its
time. It was assumed to be a burial site for the Aristocrats of the time.

The Mystery of Ancient Civilization's Buidling of Massive...
Have you ever wondered how ancient civilization built massive structures? Many ancient
civilizations built things that served a multitude of purposes. Most of the purposes of these
structures are already known but, there still may be unknown uses for the thing these ancient
civilizations built. There also many different ancient civilizations like the Greeks, Romans, Chinese,
Egyptian, Mayans, and Aztecs. Many of the things built in ancient times influenced the things that
we build today. For example, the coliseum influenced the basic designs of modern football stadiums.
Also the designs made by these ancient civilizations helped to change the way other civilizations
made there monuments. For example, when the romans started to different types of columns and
arches the style was adopted, modified, and used in the designs of cathedrals in Europe .There are
many parts of these ancient buildings still undiscovered. For example there could still be sealed
rooms in the pyramids of Giza. Usually when people start to research architecture made by ancient
civilizations, they have to answer how were they built, and what were they built for.
There were many things built in the period of ancient Greece that had many different uses. Ancient
Greeks were the first to build lighthouses. The first one was originally one of the Seven Wonders of
the World and was used to guide ships to shore. It used wicker lamps as a light source so the light
could only be seen from a few miles away. The

Afterlife: A Symbols Used In Ancient Egyptian Culture
Ancient Egyptians are known as devotees of countless monuments and statues to honor and glorify
the kings whom they called Pharaohs. They constructed and furnished magnificent tombs that
served as their god–kings eternal homes in the afterlife. Yet, remains of tombs, burials, and other
artifacts demonstrate the existence of the Egyptian culture around 3500 BCE. The Egyptian culture
has been more than historic, they have an abundance of monuments that apprise more about their
lives than simply symbols with words. Therefore, the Egyptian mastaba tombs have a symbolism of
the mummified bodies and offerings to the deceased.
Eventually, we might be curious about the way burials were made and materials used in those
precious tombs and burials that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The tombs were used to rest the dead body in peace and then the temples would serve a ceremony to
the deceased to prepare the spirit for the eternal life. All these ceremonies and rituals, as a result,
were symbolic to the Egyptians and the religious ancients. With their interest in finding a place for
the dead body we are now informed of the importance in resting a dead body, and somehow, we may
continuously follow their tradition to honor the deceased.
Moreover, Mariette Auguste was the one who discovered the Egyptian New Kingdom and the King
Sety I's tomb. The Sety's tomb is one of the most enormous and adorned of all within the Valley of
the Kings. The Sety's tomb includes complete presentations of ceremonies from Opening the Mouth
that was mostly presented in a royal tomb. These ceremony scenes were exclusive in the Egyptian
art as important to understand the ancient rituals. This discovery can also be used as an example of
tombs symbolism and how in the Valley of the Kings in the New Kingdom were presenting rituals
and ceremonies to respect the

Dakota Access Pipeline
Tom Carnesciali, T05
314–640–0826
Proposal Argument
Standing with Standing Rock
Citizens of the U.S. must petition and call public officials to urge the Obama administration to
declare Standing Rock Indian Reservation a National Monument, thereby halting the development
of the Dakota Access Pipeline, to accomplish the following priorities: prevent the contamination of a
vital U.S. water source and its surrounding ecosystems, stop the human rights violations and abuse
at Standing Rock, and avert the desecration of sacred native burial grounds. Stopping the pipeline
would additionally benefit the planet and all its inhabitants by assisting the transition away from
reliance on fossil fuels, and toward more sustainable energy sources, a vital ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Another possible solution to the harmful consequences I've outlined is organizing a group of
military veterans to camp at the reservation, and stand with the protesters in defiance of the
construction. This act by a group of national heroes would garner both worldwide attention, and
political support. Over 2,000 veterans are already organized and poised to arrive at the several
encampments, and historic and symbolic act of reverence to the Sioux Nation is unprecedented.
Perhaps this act in conjunction with the National Monument Status would have the most impact, and
could give so much press to the issue of the pipeline that the project could be halted

The San Vitale in Ravenna and The Dome of the Rock in...
Monuments such as the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and San Vitale in Ravenna, perform a great
importance in Byzantine and Islamic architecture. Both of these structures did not exclusively
represent the main place of worship, but most importantly as a symbol of achievement and growth
within the current times of construction. Starting in 524, under the influence of Orthodox bishop
Ecclesius, the development of San Vitale was to represent the achievements of the emperor
Justinian. Julius Argentarius was the sponsor for this structure and it was dedicated by Bishop
Maximian in 547. The Dome of the Rock is built on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem in 692 with the
help of Abd al–Malik with the suspected intention to symbolize Islams influence in ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the lower half is an organization of geometric forms. However, the most important mosaic is the
representation of Emperor Justinian and Emprise Theodora. Justinian is presented holding a bowl of
Eucharistic bread as Theodora carries a chalice or vessel of Eucharistic wine. Due to the orientation
of these figures and the ones that surrounds them, it could be suggested that they represent bringing
Eucharistic elements into the church. Perhaps even as an offering to christ which is reinforced by the
three magi bearing gifts on Theodora's rob. The Dome of the Rock is constructed with a wood
structure encased with marble and stone mosaics. The octagonal plan has a large central space which
is separated with two surrounding ambulatories. Supporting the tall cylindrical dome is four
masonry piers and twelve Corinthian columns. With tie beams separating columns from their
capitals, is twenty–four Corinthian columns and piers in an alternating pattern mimicking the central
circle support. The interior of this space is embellished lavishly with veined marble, gilded glass,
and coloured stone. On lower half of the arcades are fitted marble with intricate patterns as above is
decorative with mosaics of trees, plants, fruits, jewels (such as breast plates and necklaces), chalices
and crowns. The gold gilded wood dome is decorated with red and gold floral

Mycenaeans: The Importance Of Religion In Ancient Greek Art
One way that surviving objects and monuments created by and for Mycenaean kings embodied their
power was the way in which they were buried. In the textbook, it is stated, "six deep shafts served as
tombs for kings and their families. The excavation of the royal shaft graves yielded many gold
artifacts," for example, the gold Mycenaean mask of a bearded man that was discovered in a royal
grave. The way in which they were buried embodies their power in that it shows that they were
royalty. A normal Mycenaean may not have been buried the same way as a royal Mycenaean would
have been. By being buried with gold and other riches, a Mycenaean was sure to be differentiated as
royalty and it would also show the power they possessed as a noble by being ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The architecture is beautiful and "reveals an order, compactness, and symmetry." This shows the
thought that was put into the architecture of temples to exemplify the importance that they place on
religion. The textbook also states, "The Greek temple was the house of the God or the Goddess, not
of his or her followers." This emphasizes the importance that is placed on Greek Gods and
Goddesses in everyday life in Ancient Greece. Another type of Greek art would be Terra Cotta
figurines. These figurines were made for many purposes in the everyday life of Ancient Greece,
such as being a religious offering or even toys that were given to children. This shows that people in
Ancient Greece put emphasis on making offerings to the Gods, and it also shows that even back
then, kids were given toys. A third type of Greek art that tells us about everyday life in Ancient
Greece would be the pieces they made using pottery techniques. "The most common forms of
pottery were amphorae, for storing wine, large kraters for mixing wine with water...kylixes or
stemmed cups with horizontal handles for drinking...or deep bowls..." These types of pottery tell us
about everyday life in Ancient Greece, in that it shows us how people in Ancient Greece made these
cups, bowls and other pieces to complete the everyday activities. A fourth example would be art that
depicted Athletics, such as the Attic Black Figure by Lekythos that depicts two runners. Athletics
became more and more popular in Ancient Greece and led to the Olympic Games. A fifth example
would be portraying war through the use of warriors in fight scenes or scenes that would show the
warrior taking leave. In those times, there was a war being fought, so these scenes depicted through
art were very

Research Paper On Snefru Pharaoh
The Pharaoh of Snefru
The Pharaoh of Snefru is one of the pharaohs that was famous. Snefru had made two pyramids that
were the red pyramid and the maidum pyramid. He had made the pyramids in the far north part of
Egypt. Snefru had passed away in 2536 but still was also very famous for what he did before he
died. He had an exciting past but it had to end. But there will always be something that people will
go back to to see what nice things Snefru had created. He had created the maidum pyramid out of
stone and bricks its came out a yellowish color and was built 20 stories high. He also made the red
pyramid it was constructed 40 stories high but it was destroyed because they had a war in egypt so it
was destroyed but he rebuilt it with bricks and it became the red pyramid and was built ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He liked to construct things like the pyramids he was planning on making a new one but he had died
and someone else had made it he was gonna make that one the Snefru pyramid. To enable Snefru to
undertake such massive building projects, he would have had to secure an extensive store of labour
and materials. The satellite pyramid complementing Snefru's bent pyramid introduces more change
in the architecture of the time, when the passage way is built ascending westward (as opposed to the
conventionally descending northward direction of the passages of previously build pyramids)
towards the burial chambers. Upon first glance , one way may be disappointed seeing that the
construction of the red pyramid seemingly is simpler than its prodecessor hence snefru's reigns
would be a minimum of 28 years. The most well known monuments from snefru's reigns are the
three pyramids he is considered to have built in Dahshur, the bent pyramid, the red pyramid, and the
maidum pyramid. The first of snefru's massive undertaking in the pyramid at meidum. Nonehteless,
the pyramid is a remarkable example of the progression of technology and ideology

The Architecture of Ancient Egypt: The Great Pyramid Essay
This essay focuses on two different types of pyramids; the Step pyramid which was the first pyramid
and the Great pyramid, which was the largest pyramid built in Egypt. The essay investigates the
meaning of the selected forms for the Egyptian culture and explains their dialog with the cosmos.
The architecture of ancient Egypt is one of the most significant civilizations throughout history,
which developed of different structures and great architectural monuments along the River Nile.
The pyramids were built as a tomb for the pharaoh. Their belief was that the top point of the
pyramid was the gate for the soul to travel to the afterlife and return to earth if chosen. These tombs
were built which line up with certain stars and planets. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each part of the pyramid between two steps is referred to as a mastaba. Each accreditation wall or
layer formed one step of the step pyramid and defined the base of the next mastaba by reducing the
height of the wall layer by layer. (Arnold 1991, p 159)
Intended to hold his mummified body, Pharaoh Djoser's Step Pyramid at Saqqara began as a
traditional, flat–roofed mastaba. But by the end of his 19–year reign, in 2611 B.C.E, it had risen to
six stepped layers and stood 62 meters high. It was the largest building of its time. Extensive use of
stone, wood, reeds, or other softer materials made the tomb more durable than its mud–brick
forebears. Such pioneering techniques led many ancient historians to credit the chief architect,
Imhotep, with inventing stone architecture. The Step Pyramid complex was enclosed by a 10 meters
wall and included courtyards, temples, and chapels covering nearly 40 acres (16 hectares) the size of
a large town in the third millennium B.C. As in earlier mastaba tombs, the Step Pyramid's burial
chambers are underground, hidden in a maze of tunnels, probably to discourage grave robbers. The
tomb was nevertheless plundered, and all that remains of Djoser, the third king of Egypt's 3rd
dynasty, is his mummified left foot. It consists of internal passageways and chambers. It is known
that this pyramid has the most

Sphinx Of Giza Essay
A lot of people become amazed when they see how majestic the pyramids of Giza and the Sphinx
are. Have people ever thought of how or why those huge monuments were built? These structures,
which had an important role in history, now become a great form of tourism for Egypt. There are a
lot of mysteries regarding the pyramids and the Sphinx, and many humans may not understand some
of these things. Why is the peak of the Pyramid of Giza not completed? Or why isn't Khufu's body
in his burial chamber? Not all of those questions have a correct answer. The Great Sphinx and the
pyramids of Egypt have existed since thousands of years ago and were built by Ancient Egyptian
Kings mostly to honor and symbolize themselves. Or do others believe someone else built them and
for another reason? The Great Sphinx of Giza, believed to be a national symbol of Egypt, was built
to honor and symbolize Egypt's King during those times. It was built in the Old Kingdom near Cairo
in Egypt, during King Khafre's reign. The people believe that the Sphinx's head contains their King's
face, Khafre's. Still other theories suggest that King Khufu might have been the one to build the
Sphinx with his face on its head. This fierce–looking creature is really a combination of the head of
a woman and a lion's body. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was built with around two and a half million limestone blocks, being able to reach a weight of
seventy tons. The pyramid was built northern to the Giza Plateau, ten miles from Cairo. Khufu
began the construction of the pyramid, which was meant to be his tomb. A lot of underground
passages are found inside, with the King's burial chamber found in the middle. Khufu's sarcophagus
was supposed to be found in his tomb, but it was robbed a long time ago. The pyramid was not
finished since the peak is flat and not pointed. No one knows why, it remains a

Burial Practices In British Essay
Societal ideologies and beliefs are constantly evolving, changing and then returning to past views;
growing and receding like the tide. The same is true for burial practices within Scotland. A typical
Neolithic burial over time was converted into monuments for the dead. Those same Neolithic
monuments were changed into Early Bronze Age cists, which restricted accessibility, since the
burials were usually covered by a cairn to mark the position of internment. Changes in burial
practices in Scotland from the Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age illuminate the splintering of
society into smaller factions. This correlates directly to the later emergence of a closer identification
between particular groups within Scotland. During the Neolithic, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It is more closely related to a funerary structure than a tomb; it was designed for ancestor worship
rather than housing the dead. The architecture of the early monuments did not allow for easy access
to the remains of the dead. However, with the development of larger chambers, the dead became
more accessible. This could be explained by the increasing importance of ancestry and increasing
utilization of the remains of the dead in rituals. Cairnholy is the site of two Neolithic chamber tombs
located in the Clyde region. The more elaborate of the two tombs is known as Cairnholy I. Access to
the mortuary area in the primary monument would have required the removal of a heavy covering
slab. Later in the Neolithic, chamber tombs were enlarged and new chambers were added; this
marked a significant increase in the capacity of these monuments. More dead bodies could be
deposited and the increased chamber area and height would allow the sorting and manipulation of
human remains, which explains why around this time bodies were beginning to be disarticulated.
With the addition of arenas for public display, rituals associated with the dead were becoming
progressively a more important part of Neolithic life (Noble, 2006, p. 133). During the Early Bronze
Age, individuals began to be displayed in elaborate burials within sites that were formerly used by
the wider community, which suggests that positions of power were increasingly symbolized in more
concrete forms. People

Loughcrew Research Paper
Did you know, that Loughcrew crains is one of the best secrets in archaeological Ireland? The lovely
Mrs.Sparr is taking a trip to Ireland and wants some ideas of grand places to go to.
I believe, that Loughcrew is a splendid place to visit while Mrs.Sparr is in Ireland. To start with, the
land Loughcrew is a very beautiful place to visit in Ireland. If you haven't heard, Loughcrew is
enormous land with tons of crains, or just call them monuments. Also, when it's close to the sun
going down, look up at the sky and see how phenomenal it looks. On top of that, at certain times it
looks like there is fog on the ground. Now that's zany, don't you think!? Secondly, the startling land
Loughcrew is owned by plenty of miraculous people. In addition,

Archaeological Synthesis Of Stonehenge And Ale's Stones Site
Kelsi–Aryn Mascola Dr. Kaiser 0552074 Monday December 6th 2015 A Current Comparative
Archaeological Synthesis of Stonehenge and Ale's Stones Site The Bronze age of Scandinavia,
taking place from 1750–500 BC, is characterized by the start of bedrock carvings of huge ships, the
large sudden spread of amber in Mycenaean graves, and appearance of bronze (Morner and Lind
2015). The early Scandinavian and Baltic region practiced an early burial structure that was shaped
as a ship, or ship setting, using large monumental rocks (Sparavigina 2012). This burial structure,
seen as the outline of a ship from aerial views, surrounds graves, using either tight or loose large
stones (Sparavigninal 2012). While these ship settings can vary in size, the archaeological ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This monument measured up to 360ft in diameter, consisting of one larger entrance facing the
northeast and one smaller entrance facing the south, built on a sloping landscape in an open
grassland (Lawson 1997). The bottom of the ditch contained worked flint tools as well as deer and
oxen bones (Lawson 1997). Prior to the burial of the bones, it is evident that they were well taken
care of and considerably older than the antlers used to construct the ditch (Nils–Axel 2012). While
the ditch was continuous, it was dug with antler picks in sections (similar to the discovered ditches
of the earlier dated causewayed enclosures near the site) (Lawson 1997). The unearthed chalk was
used to make the banks of the ditch and date this first stage of monumental construction to
approximately 3100 BC. The outer edge of the enclosure area consists of a circle of 56 pits, each
measuring roughly 3ft 3inch in diameter, and named Aubrey Holes due to the 17th century
discoverer (Lawson 1997). It is plausible that these pits may have held free standing timber (creating
a timber circle) but not enough archaeological/excavated material remains to say for sure. A recent
archaeological excavation proposes that these holes originally could have been used by the builders
to erect a singular bluestone

What Is The Similarities Of The Fourknocks In Co. Meath
This essay aims to compare and contrast the nature of the rituals that would have taken place at any
two of the sites that we encountered on our fieldtrip. The two megalithic sites that will be compared
and contrasted in this essay will be the passage tomb known as Fourknocks in Co. Meath and the
Proleek wedge tomb in Co. Louth. Both of these megalithic tombs characterise the majority of the
Irish landscape and are of great importance to archaeologists as they give us an insight to the
lifestyles and social structures of the societies that would have constructed these wonderful
megalithic sites.
Megalithic sites like Fourknocks and the Proleek wedge tomb are at the centre of controversy within
the archaeological profession. There is little or no doubt that these large stone structures were
erected in order to hold the remains of the dead but archaeologists would also like to believe that
there is more to these large stone structures then just having a funerary orientated purpose (Brown,
1979). Other purposes that could be related to these monuments include, links to the spirit world,
astronomical, directional or calendrical purposes (Brown, 1979).
Before we discuss the two megalithic sites already mentioned above we must first understand what a
megalithic site is and why they are so important for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fourknocks 1 is a type of passage grave known as a cruciform passage grave with a low kerb of
drystone surrounding it (Hartnett, 1957). What was very unusual about this passage tomb was that
there was no exterior kerb. At the centre of the tomb there is a post hole which may suggest that
there was a pole placed here either to support the roof or it was used as a marker to indicate where
the tomb was to be built (Cooney, 1997). The main burial chamber is very spacious. When you enter
this amazing monument you feel you cross into another

Essay On North American Myths
Myth of the Mound Builders The construction of the great earthworks of North American antiquity
were shrouded in mystery as the first European explores who discovered them were astonished.
They were not just astonished at the sight of the massive mounds that were of monument proportion,
but at the thought of who created these great feats of human ingenuity. Who could construct such
monuments in an area of the world that was secluded from the known world for thousands of years?
There are many myths surrounding the construction of the mounds of North America, but none are
more troubling and perplexing than the idea that Natives of the Americas were incapable of such
feats of ingenuity. I will focus on the myths surrounding the builders of the great mounds of North
America, and the research that archeology has used to clarify some of these myths in the search for
the true nature of the builders. The earliest myths surrounding the construction of the mounds
excluded Natives North American and any insight they had about the mounds. The contemporary
idea of the 18th century was that an advanced civilization built the mounds that had didn't have any
connection with Native North American groups of the Northwest. The civilization that was
considered ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Trigger 20) Throughout much of the nineteenth century, the image that was portrayed of the
American native was skewed to resemble barbarism, and at best the noble savage. This image came
from the writings that had an objectified, ahistorical, and normative description on the manners and
customs of natives. (Mann 4) The influence that this had on American archaeology lasted throughout
the nineteenth century, and the portrayal of natives as "inferior to civilized man" had a lasting effect
on land seizures by European settlers. (Trigger

Landscape Perspective
Landscape Perspectives on Death Landscapes have been modified by humans since ancient times
and continue to be today. Whether for intensive agricultural purposes or mortuary practices, it is part
of everyday life. Modification of a landscape for mortuary practices is to connect the living and
ancestors through physical bonds, but placing the dead with mapping out tombs is for the living. The
landscape perspective varies between groups but by integrating the dead into an environment,
through monuments, burials into natural features, or offerings and shrines, the relationship between
the dead and the landscape is a key factor is relations with ancestors creating traditions that are still
around today.
Funerary rites and practices show the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It becomes part of everyday life and the living are always aware of it and those buried among it.
But, despite the tombs or monuments being visible within the landscape there is still this separation
between the dead and the living. Examples of such tombs can be found from Neolithic monuments
in Europe. There are three types of monuments, the first being a dolmen where communal burials
occurred, and the site was covered with rough boulders and one flat one on top. These dolmens
evolved with the settlements and were engineered throughout time but they stayed the center of
ritual landscape. The second is menhir, the standing stone which had ritual and astronomic relations,
as it is lined up with the horizon. Last of the monuments are henges, which are a circle of usually
wood uprights that have ditches and embankments around them, along with notches that point to
other henge sites (Fisher, DATE). The most well–known being Stone Henge. It was used for a vast
period of time and continues to be used for rituals today. It was rare for henges to be created with
stones, and in this case the stones were not local and had to be transported to the area. Representing
the importance of this ritual and burial site, as they represent the collective ancestors (Pearson, 131).
Stone Henge was a multi–functional monuments and burial ground, for several hundred barrows that
circle the

Stonehenge Research Paper
The Origin and Meaning of Stonehenge Stonehenge is a monument of Wiltshire, England. The
structure is spoken of around the entire world. It is known for it's mysterious origin. Today people
still question the actual purpose of stonehenge. Ideas are from healing, to being an oversized
calendar, to being a burial ground. The building of stonehenge is estimated to have started between
2950–2900 BC. The people did not have the technology that is available today, but they still
managed to transport and stand up the rocks of stonehenge. There are many different theories about
who built Stonehenge, but people believe the Druids contributed the most. The Druids have also
used Stonehenge as a ground for religious ceremonies. Stonehenge is a monument built over the
course of a thousand years. Today, people try to preserve Stonehenge as much as possible.
Stonehenge has been turned into a popular tourist site, so it is important to keep it maintained for
future generations. People have often been caught in acts of disrespect to the monument such as
carving it to take home a chunk of the rock to things such as graffiti. With the current system people
try to prevent this as much as possible. Through the years ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
William Stukeley believed Stonehenge was a druid temple built by pagans as a place for worship
(History, Why Was Stonehenge Built?). Druids are part of the Celtic religion, originating in Europe
likely during the iron age. Druids are split into monotheist and polytheist, some believe in one god
and some believe in multiple. Druids do not believe in any form of text like the Bible. Some of them
follow it as a religion while others simply see it as a way of life. They believe that after you die you
travel to a place called the Otherworld. According to the Romans, Druids practiced human
sacrifices. Which may have taken place at stonehenge. Stukeley studied the Druids very deeply and
ended up converting to one

The Stonehenge Artifact
Just like objects and structures, Humanity and Culture are also an artifact ( Brigham Young
University. , 2014) because they vary in different periods and are rich in understanding the history of
human in that geological period. In different eras physical appearance, economic activities, cultural
practices, and political organization are different in different generations. Each generation had the
unique physical appearance and cultural practices. Stonehenge The Stonehenge is a distinctive
monumental stone that appeared in the late Neolithic period. It is located in Salisbury, White shire,
England. The artifact is believed to have been built between 3000 and 1500 BCE. The artifact has
artificially shaped stones arranged in a post and lintel

Essay about Egyptian Pyramids Architecture
CONTENTS:
– INTRODUCTION
– BACKGROUND OF ANCIENT EGYPT & PYRAMIDS
– THE STEP PYRAMID of Pharaoh Djoser
– THE GREAT PYRAMID of Pharaoh Khufu
– CONCLUSION
– BIBLIOGRAPHY & FOOTNOTES
This essay focuses on two different types of pyramids; the Step pyramid which was the first pyramid
and the Great pyramid, which was the largest pyramid built in Egypt. The essay investigates the
meaning of the selected forms for the Egyptian culture and explains their dialog with the cosmos.
The architecture of ancient Egypt is one of the most important civilizations in history, which
developed of different structures and great architectural monuments along the River Nile.
The Egypt pyramids were constructed for the pharaoh, as a tomb. Their ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Then he achieved building the first pyramid by placing large series of stone on top of each other.
Arnold states, ''From the earliest 3rd dynasty step pyramids in Egypt that they were built with
accreditation walls or layers''. [3] ''The accreditation layers were sloped inside at an angle. It was
probably done to provide structural durability. Each part of the pyramid between two steps is
referred to as a mastaba. Each accreditation wall or layer shaped one step of the step pyramid and
defined the base of the next mastaba by reducing the height of the wall layer by layer.'' [3]
Intended to hold his mummified body, Pharaoh Djoser's Step Pyramid at Saqqara began as a
traditional, flat–roofed mastaba. But by the end of his 19–year reign, in 2611 B.C.E, it had risen to
six stepped layers and stood 62 meters high. It was the largest building of its time. Extensive use of
stone, wood, reeds, or other materials made the tomb more durable than its mud–brick structure. The
Step Pyramid complex was enclosed by a 10 meters wall and included courtyards, temples, and
chapels covering nearly 40 acres (16 hectares) the size of a large town in the third millennium B.C.
As in earlier mastaba tombs, the Step Pyramid's burial chambers were underground, hidden in a
maze of tunnels. However the tomb was stolen, and only left from the third king of Egypt's 3rd
dynasty, Djoser is his mummified left foot.
The Step

Funerary Art Research Paper
Throughout the history of art, funerary art has served as a repository for the dead. Funerary art has
provided many cultural functions. Funerary art has played a large role in burial and celebrating the
journey and accomplishments of the dead. The funerary monuments of the Greeks and the Romans
were elaborate and provided a relic for the dead to ensure them safe travels to the afterlife. Greek
concepts of burials consisted of the belief that when one died they went to the kingdom of Hades
and Persephone. Women performed the burial rituals, and it involved laying out the body (prothesis)
and the funeral procession (ekphora). The Romans performed a burial, where it would end in a
columbarium (underground chamber). In the columbarium, is where the Romans preserved the ashes
of the dead. The columbarium sometimes could be elaborate and the sarcophagi told insight into
Roman values. Typical Roman funerary art includes tombstones, death masks, and sculptural reliefs.
A comparison of the two funerary monuments, The Stele of Hegeso and the Tomb relief of the
Publius Gessius, will offer the audience insight into the funerary techniques and styles of the Greeks
and Romans. Thus, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This Low–relief, high classical funerary monument was originally found in the Dipylon Cemetery in
Athens in 1870. This monument displays a maidservant standing in a fairly relaxed pose, wearing
slippers, a long unbelted tunic, her hair wrapped in a Sakkos, holding an unopened box on the knees
of an older, mature woman, seated in profile on the left klismos. Her feet rest on a footstool and her
himation (outer garment), which covers her head, is clustered on her lap, which mostly covers her
undergarment or chiton. She holds the box with one hand, and then she raises her right hand slightly,
possibly holding a jewel, at which she

Anglo Saxon Reuse Of Prehistoric Monumentss
3.2 Early Medieval Monument Reuse The idea of medieval peoples building on the sites of
prehistoric remains in order to create a sense of continuity is not a new one. It has been suggested
that prehistoric monuments may have been used in early medieval times as a political tool,
incorporating them into newly built sites of power (Bradley 1987, 4–5). While the specific uses of
these prehistoric monuments vary regionally, there appears to be an interest in creating associations
with the past throughout early medieval Britain. In his influential work on monument reuse, Richard
Bradley points to Yeavering as an example: a prehistoric site abandoned and then reused as a burial
site in the post–Roman period. He argues that, during a time of "conflict ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
She found that funerary reuse was connected to the emergence of elite groups, appropriating older
monuments to create legitimacy (Semple 2009, 33–36). She has, however, also suggested that this
may be too simplistic a view, arguing that the reuse of such monuments was to do with the creation
of an identity, on a group or family level, creating a common narrative of ancestry (Semple 2013,
60). Semple has also noted the reuse of prehistoric remains in some settlement contexts, albeit
briefly (Semple 2003, 164–5). For a systematic study of Anglo–Saxon reuse of older sites in a
settlement context, we must look at the work of Vicky

The Temple Of Hatshepsut At Deir El Bahri
Ceremonies and rituals are integral parts of any civilization, both current and ancient; among the
ancient civilizations, Egypt is renowned for its religious societal rituals and afterlife beliefs. From
pharaohs and luxurious burials, to lavish processions; ancient Egypt is among the most fascinating
and curious cultures. Egyptian architecture is also extremely interesting in terms of location, scale,
purpose, and potentially most important how Egyptian architecture can dictate movement through
the space.
The majority of ancient Egyptian structures studied by architectural historians and planners alike,
were erected to honor a pharaoh or as a grand tomb for their journey through to the afterlife.
Whether the structure was in the form of a temple, tomb or statue, the ritual and spiritual influence is
unquestionable. The location, scale, and materials used to construct these monuments are all
defining factors of how the space is used and functions.
While there are several notable Egyptian temples, monuments, and tombs; this paper will focus on
the analysis and evaluation of the Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut at Deir el–Bahri, C. 1458
BC. First and foremost, it is important to identify the historical figure who influenced this
construction of this temple. Queen Hatshepsut ascended to the throne of Egypt after her son's
passing and was the first and only female pharaoh in about 1473 BC; nearly a thousand years after
the construction of the Pyramids at Giza. The

Stone Henge and Megalithic Sites

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