Monera
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Monera is a kingdom that contains unicellular organisms with no nucleus, such as bacteria. It was first proposed as a phylum in 1866 and later elevated to kingdom status in 1925. The last major taxonomy to include the kingdom Monera was the five-kingdom system established in 1969. Protists are a diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms belonging to the kingdom Protista. There have been attempts to remove this kingdom from taxonomy but it remains in use. Molecular evidence has redefined protists as diverse, unrelated phyla with different life cycles, trophic levels, and cellular structures rather than having much in common. They are unicellular or multicellular without specialized tissues.
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![Protists/ˈproʊ tɨ st/ are a large and diverse group of eukaryoticmicroorganisms, which belong to the
kingdom Protista. There have been attempts to remove the kingdom from the taxonomy but it is still very much in
use.[1][2][3]
The use of Protoctista is also preferred by various organisations and institutions.[4][5][6]
Molecular
information has been used to redefine this group in modern taxonomy as diverse and often distantly related phyla.
The group of protists is now considered to mean diverse phyla that are not closely related through evolution and
have different life cycles, trophic levels, modes of locomotion and cellular structures.[7][8]
Besides their relatively
simple levels of organization, the protists do not have much in common.[9]
They are unicellular, or they are
multicellular without specialized tissues, and this simple cellular organization distinguishes the protists from other
eukaryotes, such as fungi, animals and plants.](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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Level of classification
1) Early biologists like Aristotle did not classify microscopic organisms and grouped all life into two kingdoms: plants and animals.
2) In the 1700s, Linnaeus developed the system of binomial nomenclature and established the modern classification groups like kingdom, phylum, and class, but single-celled organisms remained unclassified.
3) In the 1800s, Haeckel proposed a third kingdom, Protista, to include single-celled organisms, and later scientists established separate kingdoms for Monera (bacteria), Fungi, and Archaea based on unique cellular structures and metabolic processes.
NEET Biology-Class 11 Biological Classification Study Material pdf download
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Below are the crucial notes for the chapter "Class 11 Biological Classification" as per the NEET Biology syllabus. These notes are beneficial for NEET aspirants and other exam preparations during last-minute revisions. They encompass all the essential topics and concepts necessary for the exam. For comprehensive study materials, refer to VAVA CLASSES. Additionally, practice solving NEET Biology MCQs to assess your understanding of the subject thoroughly.
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1) The document discusses the evolution of classification systems for living things from Linnaeus's original two kingdoms to the current three domain system.
2) Originally, organisms were classified as animals or plants, but new information led to five kingdoms being recognized - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
3) Further genetic analysis resulted in the current three domain system of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, which better reflects evolutionary relationships between organisms.
Five kingdom Classification System
This is a presentation about the five kingdom system given by Robert Whittaker in 1969. The 5 kingdoms are :- Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.
Classification of organisms
Robert Harding Whittaker was an American plant ecologist active from the 1950s to 1970s who established a five-kingdom classification system for life in 1969 that included Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Carl Woese later introduced a three-domain system in 1977 that divided Monera into Archaea and Bacteria based on evolutionary relationships. Rhizopus is a genus of common fungi found on various organic substrates that can cause opportunistic infections in humans. It reproduces asexually via sporangiospores inside spherical sporangia on stalked sporangiophores and sexually via dark zygospores formed by the fusion of compatible mycelia.
Level of classification
The document summarizes the evolution of classification systems for life forms over time. It started with Aristotle classifying organisms as plant or animal. Later systems introduced binomial nomenclature, additional kingdoms including Protista and Monera, and separated organisms into prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The modern system proposes three domains - Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya - based on ribonucleic acid types. This reflects the increasingly precise understanding of evolutionary relationships between organisms gained from nucleic acid studies.
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The document discusses the classification of microorganisms. It outlines the early classification systems developed by Aristotle and Linnaeus that categorized organisms as plants or animals. Later systems introduced the kingdom Protista for unicellular organisms. In 1940, organisms were divided into prokaryotes and eukaryotes based on differences in cellular structure. Whittaker's five kingdom system from 1969 placed organisms into kingdoms Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia and Plantae based on cellular organization and nutrition. The document also discusses classification of bacteria, actinomycetes, viruses and rickettsia.
Classification of microorganism & their taxonomy
The document discusses the classification of microorganisms. It outlines the early classification systems developed by Aristotle and Linnaeus that grouped organisms as plants or animals. Later, Hackel introduced the kingdom Protista for unicellular microbes. In 1940, it was discovered that bacteria lack a nucleus, dividing organisms into prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Whittaker then proposed the five kingdom system of Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia and Plantae based on cellular structure and nutrition. The document also discusses the classification of bacteria in Bergey's Manual and the characteristics of actinomycetes, bacteria, rickettsia and viruses.
Quizlet
1. There are 3 domains that living things are divided into: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Eukarya has 4 kingdoms: Animals, Plants, Fungi, and Protists.
2. There are 8 levels in the classification system: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. Carolus Linnaeus developed the classification system used today in the 1800s.
3. Classification is the grouping of living things based on similar characteristics, and taxonomy is the science of classification.
DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS.pptx
Biologists have developed a hierarchical system to classify the diversity of life forms on Earth. The system categorizes organisms into five kingdoms - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Each kingdom is defined by distinct characteristics. For example, Monera contains bacteria and cyanobacteria that lack nuclei and organelles, while Plantae includes multicellular autotrophs like plants that perform photosynthesis and have cell walls. This classification system provides a framework for understanding the variety of life across Earth's different geographic regions and environments.
Chapter 2 biological classification
This document discusses the evolution of biological classification systems from early attempts based on use and morphology to more modern scientific approaches. It describes how Aristotle initially classified organisms based on simple morphological characteristics, while Linnaeus developed a two kingdom system of Plantae and Animalia. However, this did not adequately distinguish key differences and many organisms did not fit into either category. The five kingdom system proposed by Whittaker in 1969 introduced the kingdoms of Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia based on criteria like cell structure, body organization, nutrition and phylogeny. This system attempted to group organisms more scientifically based on evolutionary relationships rather than just morphology.
The five kingdom system
The document outlines R.H. Whittaker's five kingdom system of classification, which divides organisms into Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia based on cell structure, body organization, nutrition, and phylogeny. Key points include that Monera includes prokaryotes, Protista includes unicellular eukaryotes, Fungi are heterotrophic eukaryotes, Plantae are multicellular autotrophs, and Animalia includes invertebrate and vertebrate animals. The system helped group once inconsistent classifications but also had limitations due to diversity within kingdoms.
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The document discusses the hierarchical classification of microbes and their position in the tree of life. It describes Whittaker's five kingdom system and Woese's three domain system. The three domain system divided all life into Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya based on rRNA sequences. This system helped reclassify microbes and changed perceptions of their evolutionary relationships.
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Fungi can never be classified in the kingdoms Plantae or Animalia because:
- Fungi are non-motile (lack mobility) unlike animals which are motile.
- Fungi reproduce via spores unlike plants which reproduce via seeds and animals which reproduce sexually.
- Fungi are heterotrophs that absorb nutrients externally from their environment unlike plants which produce their own food via photosynthesis. Animals obtain nutrients internally through ingestion and digestion.
- Fungi lack chloroplasts and chlorophyll for photosynthesis unlike plants. They also lack organized tissues like plants.
- Fungi are more similar to protists in their nutrition and some reproductive characteristics. But they
18 3 Powerpoint[1]
The document discusses the three domain system and six kingdom system of classification. The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic and unicellular, while Eukarya includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals which are eukaryotic. The six kingdoms are further divided within these domains.
18 3 Powerpoint Bio
The document discusses the classification of life into domains and kingdoms. It describes the three domain system of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic and unicellular, while Eukarya includes the kingdoms of Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia whose cells have nuclei. The kingdoms are then characterized, with Protista being unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes, Fungi being heterotrophic decomposers, Plantae being photosynthetic and nonmotile, and Animalia being motile and heterotrophic.
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The document provides information about taxonomy and the classification of organisms into domains and kingdoms. It defines key terms like prokaryote, eukaryote, heterotroph, autotroph, unicellular, and multicellular. It describes the six kingdoms - Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia - and provides examples and characteristics of organisms from each kingdom. The document also discusses how classification is an evolving field as new discoveries are made.
The Five Kingdom of Classifications in Pharmacy
The document summarizes R.H. Whittaker's five kingdom classification system which divides organisms into five kingdoms - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. It describes the key features of each kingdom, including that Monera contains prokaryotes like bacteria, Protista contains unicellular eukaryotes, Fungi contains multicellular organisms like mushrooms that reproduce via spores, Plantae contains photosynthetic eukaryotes, and Animalia contains multicellular heterotrophs. The five kingdom system improved upon earlier two kingdom classifications by accounting for important differences in cell structure, nutrition, and other traits.
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D
EPED
C
O
PY
357
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Monera
- 1. Monera Monera (/məˈnɪ ərə/mə-NEER-ə) is a kingdom that contains unicellular organisms with a prokaryoticcell organization, (having no nucleus), such as bacteria. The taxon Monera was first proposed as a phylum by Ernst Haeckel in 1866. Subsequently, the phylum was elevated to the rank of kingdom in 1925 by ÉdouardChatton. The last commonly accepted mega-classification with the taxon Monera was the five-kingdom classification system established by Robert Whittaker in 1969. Protist
- 2. Protists/ˈproʊ tɨ st/ are a large and diverse group of eukaryoticmicroorganisms, which belong to the kingdom Protista. There have been attempts to remove the kingdom from the taxonomy but it is still very much in use.[1][2][3] The use of Protoctista is also preferred by various organisations and institutions.[4][5][6] Molecular information has been used to redefine this group in modern taxonomy as diverse and often distantly related phyla. The group of protists is now considered to mean diverse phyla that are not closely related through evolution and have different life cycles, trophic levels, modes of locomotion and cellular structures.[7][8] Besides their relatively simple levels of organization, the protists do not have much in common.[9] They are unicellular, or they are multicellular without specialized tissues, and this simple cellular organization distinguishes the protists from other eukaryotes, such as fungi, animals and plants.