2. 1. Group the class into 5 groups
2. Each group must appoint for a
leader and secretary.
3. Once you hear “what is your
score” the group must announce
their score.
4. The first group who announce
their score will get an additional
points.
5. Highest score gets 10pts- 8 pts- 6
17. Asia is the largest continent in the world.
God made the world in seven days.
Man has the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of
happiness.
China’s continued presence in the Spratlys is a violation
of international law.
A person must always consider the interests of his
family before his own happiness.
Citizens have the right to take up arms and overthrow an
oppressive government.
The President has done very little to upload
democracy and look after the interests of the Filipino people.
The sun is the center of the solar system
Put a check in the box of the statement that is true.
18. ANALYSIS
1. Were you able to judge easily the
truthfulness of the statements? Why?
2. Which of the statements are obviously
true?
3. Which of these statements may be true
for others but not true in the judgment?
4. Which of these statements do you
personally believe to be true but may be
disputed by other people?
20. In today’s society, we are often
bombarded with a lot of information.
Most of these are helpful, but there are
some that seem to mislead us or even
utterly false.
21.
22. These kind of information often have a
negative impact in our lives.
People have been mislead by claims of
“miracle drugs” which were eventually
proven to have a no significant effects
on health.
24. How do we know that
what they are telling is
true
25. TRUTH lies at the heart of any
inquiry.
Knowledge must be truthful to gain
validity and acceptance. But the
concept of truth remains a
controversial and much-discussed
topic among philosophers.
26. What is true, or even a
definition of truth, is tricky
concept in Philosophy.
Philosophers agree that
there is no absolute measure
of truth.
27. Concept of truth:
- Rooted in an ancient Greek
philosophy’s concept of
knowledge as “justified, true
belief”.
- This concept states that
something is true because you
believe it is be true, and there is
justification for such belief.
28. CORRESPONDENCE THEORY
states that something is true if it
corresponds to reality or the actual
state of affairs.
- This theory assumes a direct
relationship between an idea and
reality and that can be taken as
“fact”.
29. Example:
“A mammal is an animal which is warm-
blooded, has hair, and feed its young
with milk” is considered to be true.
“a dog barks” is also true
“ pigs can fly” however, is false since
in reality pigs do not have the capability
to fly.
34. RELATIVISM is a philosophical
concept which contends that there are
no absolute truths.
Abortion is
acceptable
practice for
Catholics.
35. CONSTRUCTIVIST THEORY holds
that knowledge is shaped by social
forces and influenced by culture and
history.
This is reflected
by laws and
traditions.
36. CONSENSUS THEORY views
knowledge as based on argument, and
that something is true if almost
everyone agrees that is true.
Pluto’s classification
into a “dwarf planet”
37. PRAGMATIC THEORY holds the view
that something is true if we can put it
into practice or is useful in real life. It
also believes that ideas should be
continually treated to confirm their
validity.
A related theory, verification, considers
that ideas must be verified using the
senses of experience.
39. Determining the truth of any statement
Ideas and claims are often presented in
the form of ARGUMENTS
These kinds of arguments are called
FALLACIES
40. 1. Ad hominem
2. Appeal to force
3. Appeal to emotion
3. Appeal to the popular
4. Appeal to tradition
5. Begging the question
6. cause-and-effect
7. Fallacy of composition
8. Fallacy of division
Fallacies:
42. One should also know the difference
between fact and opinion.
Facts are generally established truths,
easily verified, and do not easily
change from one situation to another.
Opinions on the other hand, are aware
of bias or personal views of the person
presenting it.
44. Biases are not necessarily errors in
reasoning, but refer to tendencies or
influences which affect the views of
people.
45. 1. Correspondence bias or attribution effect
2. Confirmation bias
3. Framing
4. Hindsight
5. Conflict of interest
6. Cultural bias
Biases:
46. CORRESPONDENCE BIAS OR ATTRIBUTION EFFECT
Tendency to judge a person’s personality
by his or her actions, without regard for
external factors on influence.
Ex:
These soldiers who fought in the war are
all bloodthirsty murderer.
47. CONFIRMATION BIAS
Tendency to look for and readily accept
information which fits with one’s own
beliefs or views and to reject ideas or views
that go against it.
Ex:
How can I accept his view that there is no
God? I am a Christian!
48. FRAMING
Focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while
ignoring other aspects.
Ex: Preliminary evidences have still not
pointed out the actual cause of the plane
crash, but investigators are currently focusing
on the possibility of pilot error.
49. HINDSIGHT
The tendency to see past events as
predictable, or to ascribe a pattern to
historical; events.
Ex: Magellan’s assault on Mactan Island
was a foolhardy venture, made by an
overconfident, careless man who
underestimated the valor of the native
Filipinos.
50. CONFLICT OF INTEREST
A person or group is connected to or has a
vested interest in the issue being
discussed.
Ex:
As the daughter of the accused, I believe I
have the right to express my opinion on the
issue of his alleged corrupt practices.
51. CULTURAL BIAS
Analyzing an event or issue based on
one’s cultural standards.
Ex:
I do not agree with this Western practice of
placing aged parents in retirement homes.
We Filipinos take care of ur family
members.
52. THEORY Something is
true if…
We can determine
truth if…
THINK
Compare the various theories on knowledge by
completing the table.
APPLICATION
53. 1. What are some of your personal
biases?
2. How do these biases affect the
way you deal with other people’s
views and opinions?
