3. What are the functions of
circulatory system?
• Distributes nutrients and oxygen to the
cells
• Removes the waste products from the
cells
• Protects the body from diseases
4. What are the major components of
circulatory system?
• Blood
• Blood vessels
• Heart
7. THE FUNCTIONS OF
HAEMOLYMPH
Haemolymph transports water,
inorganic salts and organic
compound throughout the
haemocoel
It does not transport respiratory
gases
13. It consists of:-
Water
Ions – sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, chloride and
bicarbonate ions
Plasma proteins :- Albumin , Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulins
Hormones
Dissolved substances: glucose, amino acid, urea respiratory gases
14.
15. Biconcave shape
Very small – large surface area to volume ratio
Elastic membrane; so that it can squeeze into the blood capillaries
Contain haemoglobin
Manufactured in the bone marrow and destroyed in the liver and
spleen
16.
17. Colourless, have nuclei and mitochondria
Irregular in shape and larger than erythrocyte
Made by the stem cells in bone marrow
Important in fighting infections
21. CHARACTERIS
TICS
NEUTROPHIL EOSINOPHIL BASOPHIL LYMPHOCYTE MONOCYTE
Presence of
granules in the
cytoplasm
Yes Yes Yes No No
Nucleus Lobed nucleus /
Multilobes
Multilobes
/bilobes
Multilobes/
bilobes/
trilobes
Large sperical Kidney shaped
Location formed Bone marrow Bone marrow Bone marrow Lymph nodes Bone marrow
Function Engulf bacteria
through
phagocytosis
Regulating
allergic
reaction
Produce
heparin and
prevent blood
clotting
Producing
antibodies to
protect against
diseases
Engulf bacteria
through
phagocytosis
Diagram
38. THE CIRCULATION OF BLOOD IN
HUMANS
THE PUMPING OF THE HEART
• The heart is made up of a strong muscle called cardiac muscle.
• The cells of the cardiac muscle are interconnected; therefore
allowing electrical impulses to spread rapidly through the heart
as well as stimulating the cardiac muscle cells to contract.
• The cardiac muscle is myogenic – it contracts and relaxes
without the need of nerve impulses
• The contractions of the heart are initiated and coordinated by a
pacemaker located in the wall of the right atrium . The
pacemaker is called as the sinoatrial (SA) node
39.
40.
41.
42. • The pacemaker is controlled by the nervous system
and the endocrine system
• The two nerves are :-
– The parasympathetic nerves – slow it down
– The sympathetic nerves – speed it up
• The endocrine system involved is the hormone
adrenaline which increases the heartbeats during
fear, excitement or danger
43. THE CIRCULATION OF BLOOD IN
HUMANS
THE CONTRACTIONS OF THE SKELETAL
MUSCLES AROUND VEINS
• When the blood reach the veins, pressure
become low to force blood back to the heart.
• The blood is sent to the heart with the help of the
contractions of the skeletal muscles through the
veins
44. THE CIRCULATION OF BLOOD IN
HUMANS
THE CONTRACTIONS OF THE SKELETAL
MUSCLES AROUND VEINS
• When skeletal muscles
contract, the veins
constrict and blood is
pushed along the veins.
• The presence of valves
in the veins allow blood
to flow in one direction
to the heart
45.
46. HOW BLOOD PRESSURE IS
REGULATED
• When blood flows along a vessel, it exerts
pressure against the walls of the blood vessels.
• The pressure is known as blood pressure which
acts as a force that pumps blood along the
arteries and the capillaries
• A normal blood pressure is 120 / 80 mm Hg. The
first number is the systolic pressure
( contraction pressure) and the second number
is the diastolic pressure ( relaxation pressure)
47. • Blood pressure is regulated by a negative
feedback mechanism
• Contains baroreceptors and cardiovascular
centre
• Baroreceptors or a pressure receptors located in
the arch of aorta and arteries in the neck call
carotid arteries
• Cardiovascular in the medulla oblongata in the
brain to help regulate blood pressure
51. BLOOD AND HAEMOLYMPH
OSTIA –
openings in
heart
AORTA
HEAMOCOEL
Haemolymph fills the
entire body cavity or
haemocoel of an
insect
HEART
52. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM INSECTS
• When the heart contracts, it
pumps the haemolymph into
the haemocoel where
exchange of substances
between the haemolymph
and the body cells takes
place
• When the heart relaxes, the
haemolymph is drawn back
into the heart through pores
called ostia
• The ostia have valves that
close when the heart
contracts
Heart
Ostium
Aorta
53.
54. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN FISH
• The circulatory system is known
as a single circulatory system
• The heart has two chambers
• Blood from the ventricle goes to
the gill capillaries where gaseous
exchange takes place
• The gill capillaries converge into a
vessel that carries the oxygenated
blood to the systemic capillaries
• In the systemic capillaries, oxygen
diffuses into the tissue while
carbon dioxide diffuses out of the
tissues into the blood capillaries
• The oxygenated blood returns to
the atrium through the vein
55.
56. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN AMPHIBIANS
• The system is known as a double
but incomplete circulatory system
• The heart consists of two atria and
one ventricle
• Blood from both atria enters a
single ventricle which pumps the
blood through the
pulmocutaneous and systemic
circulation
• The pulmocutaneous circulation
delivers the deoxygenated blood to
the organs involved in gaseous
exchange
• The systemic circulation carries
the oxygenated blood to the body
tissues and the deoxygenated
blood to the right atrium
57.
58. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN HUMANS
• The system is known as a double
and complete circulatory system
• Double circulatory system is a
system in which blood flows
through the heart twice in one
complete circulation
• The system involves pulmonary
and systemic circulation
