Comet Essay

Comet Essay
In February of 1999 NASA launched a robotic probe into space, of 300 kilograms, under the name
Stardust. Stardust's primary mission was to collect dust samples from the coma of comet wild 2 and
comet and interstellar dust for analysis in Earth labs and to return as many high–resolution images
of the comet coma and nucleus as possible. Comets are small, frozen and icy bodies that when
passing by the sun, warm up and begin to release gases. This releasing of gases often form the
visible part of the comet, the coma, which is simply the enveloped gases around the nucleus of the
comet, which is the central part of a comet composed of rock, dust, and frozen gases in a solid form.
Comas, are generally made up of mostly ice and comet dust. It is ... Show more content on
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The camera was also used to capture photos of the coma at various angles which would provide
information that would help scientists better understand the origin, the morphology, and the
mineralogical inhomogeneities on the surface of the nucleus. The Comet and Interstellar Dust
Analyzer (CIDA) is a mass spectrometer, a tool that ionizes chemical species and sorts the ions
based on their mass–to–charge ratio, and provides real time detection and analysis of compounds
and elements by allowing interstellar particles to enter the instrument which then hits a silver impact
plate and down the tube to a detector. The detector analyzes the mass of the sample by measuring
how long it took the ion to enter and travel through the CIDA. The Dust Flux Monitor Instrument or
DFMI, is a tool located on the whipple shield (a hypervelocity impact shield that is located at the
front of a spacecraft to protect it from micrometeoroids and orbital debris) that provides data
regarding the flux and size distribution of particles in the environment around Comet Wild 2. The
DFMI achieves this by producing electric pulses as a specialized polarized plastic sensor which is
then struck by high energy particles. The Stardust Sample Collector (SSC) collected particles by
using a aerogel; a synthetic, ultralight material that has extremely low density and low thermal
conductivity, to capture dust grains as the spacecraft passed through the coma of Comet Wild 2.
After the collection was
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Designing A Whole New Ultra Poreux Cellulose Based Material
Recent years witnessed a momentum of consumers towards products biodegradable and designed
according to more environmentally–friendly ways of the environment. On the other hand, the
increase in the price of oil and its scarcity helped bringing forward new products of natural origin.
The objective of this article which is part of this perspective is to prepare and characterize a whole
new ultra–poreux cellulose–based material, called aerogel.
Even if their discovery date of the beginning of the 1930s by Kristler, aerogels are considered at
present the most promising new materials in the field of thermal super– insulation. Not happy to be
the subject of much research in this area, their high level of nanoporosite characteristic makes them
indispensable in the development of batteries to fuel. The multitude of organic, inorganic or hybrid
materials, and the appearance of new methods of preparation and extraction offer prospects for use
in filtering system, ultrafine dust capture...
Aerogels can be inorganic (silica–based) or organic (example of resorcinol–formaldehyde). They
have a very low thermal conductivity, and are often super insulation, but they are relatively fragile
(silica aerogel) or toxic (organic aerogels). A new avenue of research was recently conducted in the
aim of developing type aerogels materials bio–sources and super insulation. Thus aerogels made
from cellulose or derivatives, or other polysaccharides were investigated (for example in the articles:
Fischer

Nonmetal Silicon Essay
Nonmetal Silicon The second most abundant element on Earth is the nonmetal silicon, which makes
up about 28 percent of the Earth's crust. It occurs only in such combined forms as silica (silicon
dioxide) and silicate rocks and minerals. The most common form of silica is quartz, which includes
sand and flint. Silicates are salts in which silica is combined with oxygen and other elements, such
as aluminum, magnesium, calcium, sodium, iron, and potassium.
Silicon has a strong affinity for oxygen. Pure silicon can be obtained by breaking down its combined
form. It is prepared commercially by reducing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because of the significance of silicon in microprocessors, the region in California famous for
computer technology is called Silicon Valley. (See also Crystals; Microprocessor; Semiconductor.)
Highly pure silicon is also used to make silicones, a group of synthetic resinlike materials (see
Silicones).
Silica aerogels are transparent, highly porous substances consisting of tiny spheres of bonded silicon
and oxygen atoms joined into long strands. The strands are separated by innumerable air spaces.
Although they are solids, aerogels have remarkably low densities, appearing almost like frozen
wisps of smoke. They are one of the lightest known solids. They also have the highest thermal
resistance of any solid ever tested and thus could have important applications as high–efficiency
insulators and radiation detectors.
Symbol Si
Atomic Number 14
Atomic Weight 28.0855
Group in Periodic Table IVa
Specific Gravity at 77o F (25o C) 2.33
Boiling Point 4,271o F (2,355o C)
Melting Point 2,570o F (1,410o C)
coating to protect steel. Many of the billions of cans in use every year are made of tin–plated steel

because tin is resistant to corrosion. In many food containers, however, plastic coatings have
replaced tin. And with the increased use of

Energy Efficient Foam Insulation Research Paper
People choose to install insulation in their homes for various reasons. With there being several
options as to what type of insulation homeowners can have installed, many base their decision off of
the benefits they are expecting to reap from installing insulation. Should you be considering
installing insulation in your home, you may find energy efficient foam insulation to be a good
choice for multiple reasons. Here's how you can benefit from installing energy efficient foam
insulation in Petaluma, CA. Lower energy bill: Anyone who has had issues with insulation in their
home has probably come to realize that it can affect their energy bill. Instead of having a bill that is
affordable, a lack of energy efficient foam insulation can lead ... Show more content on
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Unfortunately, many of these duties can cause stress. Paying bills can make anyone feel stressed, but
when the bill is high, your stress level can easily double. As your energy bill continues to grow, so
can your level of stress. If you want to decrease your stress level, as well as your energy bill,
consider installing foam insulation. Peace of mind: Having a peace of mind is important. When you
already have work, family and many other homeowner duties taking up your time pretty much every
day of the week, the last thing you want to worry about is your lack of insulation affecting your
money, comfort and peace. Because installing energy efficient insulation can help you have better
control of your stress level, energy bill and more, you will have peace of mind, which many people
would consider a great reason to get it installed. Decreased strain on HVAC system: Your HVAC
system is what keeps your house cool or warm when you need it. Chances are your system will be
running more than half of the year in an effort to keep you comfortable in your home. Energy
efficient insulation works great at keeping cool and/or warm air in your home, there will be less
strain put on your HVAC system and an increased level of comfort in your

Avantieme and the Transit of Tomorrow
Avantieme is an island off the coast of Australia where the ocean scintillates and the national parks
bask in the shade. Three main parks take refuge in Avantieme, housing about 58 species of
endangered animals. Although the parks limit the living space of Avantieme, they are far too rare
and meaningful to be destroyed. Centuries ago, we drove cars contaminated with pollution, but now
Avantieme has pioneered the way to a cleaner and more dynamic way of transporting the commuter
with the innovative Herron. There are several solutions to digress from the modern polluting ways
of the car, but one of the easiest and most efficient is the usage of hydrogen to power the insurgent
Hare pods. The Hares uses a polymer exchange membrane fuel cell ... Show more content on
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One pound of hydrogen produces 52,000 BTU (British Thermal Unit), three times that in a pound of
gasoline. The hydrogen powered Hare is a computer automated vehicle, that uses frequencies and a
geographic mapping system to guide it. The Hare has two antennas on the top, the former sending
out frequencies and the latter acting as a backup. The frequencies will detect the cars around them
and any unrecognized objects. It also uses the RGMS, or Repetitive Geographic Mapping System, to
give pinpoint accuracy to the computer. The RGMS are cars that parole Avantiemie every day,
taking pictures of the roads and pathways as they go. They then, take the data they retrieved to the
main building. This building collects and stores the data in their database and constantly sends them
out to the Hares' GPS. They keep an updated picture of roads as guide and safety backup to the
antennas. Avantieme citizens craved a manual driving feature, but with a much more advanced
computer system driving the car, traffic is limited and virtually no collisions occur. After some
compelling arguments, transportation engineers eventually decided against the manual overdrive.
Before vetoing the idea, transportation engineers had a test run with the VTS (Variegation Track
System) manual overdrive option. At first, it was a very enticing option, but as the tests continued,
the manual overdrive proved too dangerous for commercial use. The VTS had some

Triston Lab Report
Triton is the largest satellite that orbits the planet Neptune. The surface of Triton is riddled with
cryovolcanoes that emit volatiles such as water, ammonia, or methane, instead of the molten rock
that volcanoes on Earth emit. It has an atmospheric pressure of 14 μbar (1/70,000th of Earth's
surface pressure) and a gravitational constant of –0.779 m/s2. The average surface wind speeds are
5–15m/s, and the average temperature is 35 K. T.R.A.C.E. was presented with the opportunity to
design a scientific expedition to Triton. The purpose of this mission is to determine whether life–
supporting elements exist on Triton The probe that was designed for the mission is essentially a
kamikaze sled. The sled will be equipped with an internal mass spectrometer ... Show more content
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came up with two different concepts to fulfill the designated science objective. Concept 1, the Triton
Slider, is a probe resembling a sled propelled by a compressed spring. The Triton Slider is powered
with batteries and equipped with an internal mass spectrometer to detect the elements comprising
the surface of the moon and the cryovolcano plume. The Triton Slider is housed in a fiberglass box
and insulated with aerogel. These substances were chosen for their low density, excellent insulation
properties, and durability. The probe will slide across the surface of Triton, then fall into a
cryovolcano. This process will result in readings from a wide variety of locations on

Analyis of Different Types of Insulation
1. Fiberglass Fiberglass is the most public insulation utilized in present times. Because of how it is
made, by efficiently interlacing fine strands of glass into an insulation physical, fiberglass is able to
minimize warmth transfer. The main downside of fiberglass is the danger of grasping it. As
fiberglass is made out of finely woven silicon, glass dust and puny shards of glass are formed. These
can cause damage to the eyes, lungs, and even skin if the proper protection supplies isn't worn.
Nevertheless, after the proper protection supplies is utilized, fiberglass connection can be gave
lacking incident. Fiberglass is an brilliant non–flammable insulation physical, alongside R–values
fluctuating from R–2.9 to R–3.8 each inch. If you are pursuing a inexpensive insulation this is
definitely the method to go, nevertheless installing it needs protection precautions. Be sure to use
eye protection, masks, and gloves after grasping this product. Mineral Wool. 2. Crystal Wool
Mineral wool truly mentions to countless disparate kinds of insulation. First, it could denote to glass
wool that is fiberglass manufactured from reprocessed glass. Second, it could denote to rock wool
that is a kind of insulation made from basalt. Finally, it could denote to slag wool that is produced
from the slag from steel mills. The bulk of crystal wool in the United States is truly slag wool.
Mineral wool can be bought in batts or as a loose material. Most crystal wool does not have
additives to

Thermal Resistance Of Interlocking Block Wall With Infill
THERMAL RESISTANCE OF INTERLOCKING BLOCK WALL WITH INFILL MUHAMMAD
ASYRAF BIN ZULKIFLI Project Report submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of the degree of B.Eng. (Hons.) Civil Engineering Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth
Resources UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG JUNE 2015 SUPERVISOR'S DECLARATION "I
hereby declare that I have checked this project 'Thermal Resistance of Interlocking Block Wall with
Infill' and in my opinion, this topic of project is adequate in terms of scope and quality for the award
of the degree of bachelor of B.Eng. (Hons.) Civil Engineering." Signature :
................................................................... Name of Supervisor : PROF. DATIN DR. NASLY BINTI
MOHAMED ALI Position : SUPERVISOR Date : 17 JUNE 2015 STUDENT'S DECLARATION I
hereby declare that the work in this project is my own except for the quotations and summaries
which have been duly acknowledge. The project has not been accepted for any degree and is not
concurrently submitted for award of other degree. Signature : ............................................. Name :
MUHAMMAD ASYRAF BIN ZULKIFLI ID Number : AA11072 Date : 16 JUNE 2015 Special
thanks... To my beloved mother,Harison bt Wahab who have given me her encouragement and
support, family and fellow friends And To all my lectures AKNOWLEDGEMENTS Bismillah, first
and foremost Alhamdulillah, thanks Allah for giving me an opportunity to do and

Li-Ion Batteries
LITERATURE PROJECT CHEM3004
LITHIUM–ION BATTERIES
Abstract Technology is striving to keep up with today's society. We continuously require smaller,
lighter and more autonomous equipment. The rechargeable lithium ion battery is the most important
factor in determining the rate of development of modern day consumer electronics. Perhaps not
surprisingly the transport of lithium ions (Li+) remains the preferred technology to achieve this. As a
result and for the purpose of this review, only the Li–ion battery (rather than the Li–metal battery)
will be considered. This contribution is interested in presenting the issues and challenges this
technology has and will encounter. Given the huge volume of literature published on this ... Show
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In fact, by 2001, the rechargeable lithium ion battery occupied a 63% share in worldwide sales of all
batteries which only re–enforces the demand for such a technology1. This illustrates the demand and
the extensive development for such power sources.
Figure 2 illustrates some of the reasons why.
Figure 2: Comparison of the different battery technologies in terms of volumetric and gravimetric
energy density in 2001 (ref 1).
Global warming and the end of fossil fuels looming conspire to present the greatest threat to today's
world. A realistic solution to curb the use of fossil fuels is the use of clean energy sources.
Transportation accounts for 30% of CO2 emissions, it follows then that the use of batteries to power
such fields would be a great benefit to the planet. Already used in consumer electronics such as
laptops and mobile phones, the rechargeable lithium ion battery offers the highest energy storage per
unit weight and volume (Figure 2) and therefore the most appealing for use in applications such as
electric vehicles48.
The "rocking–chair" battery
The rocking–chair battery is more commonly known as the rechargeable lithium–ion battery. As it
will be described in this report, the materials used to constitute these cells have been extensively
researched and have known many variations and changes over time.
Figure 3 depicts the discharge process in a typical cell. This cell, and most cells today, is based on

Oil Spills From An Off Shore Oil Rig
Background
The oil spills from an off–shore oil rig or tanker can do tremendous damage to the esosystem in the
area of the spill and expand over vast regions to affect coastlines and indigenous wildlife hundreds
of miles away. Cleaning oil spills, especially in a marine environment is important and it is a
challenging task. The methods currently used to clean oil in water can be divided into following
categories: using booms and skimmer; using oil solidifier and dispersants; adding biological agents
to speed up the oil breakdown; or in–situ burning of oil spills. However, only the skimmers were
designed to recover the spill oil.1
When oil is skimmed from the surface water, much of the recovered material is water. Thus, the
storage container fill–up with more water than the actual oil. For example, a weir skimmer generally
recovers 70% water and 30% oil.1 To help make storage space available for actual oil, the recovered
water may be decanted back into the surface water where it was collected.
The collection of oil using hydrophobic/oleophilic material is preferred because it allows for the
proper disposal of oil and does not cause secondary pollution. The combat global–scale water
pollution arising from oil spills and industrial organic pollutant, the development of efficient
absorbent material to efficiently separate and remove oil and organic pollutants from water should
be of great significance in addressing the environmental issue.
Problem
Oil spill response

Benefits of Space Exploration
The mysterious vastness beyond Earth has allured many scientists to explore and contribute much of
their effort to the understanding of space. Although humans have been looking up at space for
thousands of years, the physical exploration of this frontier has been only going on for the past few
decades. Our current understanding of space is unparalleled to any time before in our history, but we
still only know a small fraction of what there is to learn. Governments around the world spend about
$40 billion dollars a year (Rockefeller, 2010) hoping to undertake tasks such as "human exploration
of the solar system" to discovering the origins of life itself (Tatarewicz, 2009, p. 531). Recently, the
private sector has also shown interest in space exploration in order to engage in profitable activities
such as harnessing minerals from asteroids. Although it is easy to debate about the benefits and
negatives of space exploration in its entirety, it is simpler focus on one aspect of it – the direct effect
it has to those down on Earth. Rather than trying to decide whether or not going to other planets is
worth it, this paper will argue about the value of the terrestrial benefits of space exploration. It is an
important topic to think about as programs such as space exploration change lives and help acquire
knowledge. Despite the large costs associated with space exploration, the multitude of discoveries in
the past few decades has greatly improved daily life on Earth, the jobs the

The Use Of Nanomedicine
The essence of pharmaceutical treatment is for the administered drug to be present at the site of
action in a concentration that exceeds the minimum effective concentration. This is not always the
case most times because of some unchallengeable properties of the drug. As a matter of fact, there
have been several effective therapies made available for many disease conditions that have failed in
their effectiveness because of their inability to reach the site of action. The possible reasons for the
poor bioavailability of these drugs at the required site of action include; their inability to permeate
biological membranes, poor solubility in water as well as the drugs been rapidly broken down
through metabolism and cleared from the body ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nanocellulose are an excellent choice material because they are obtained from cellulose which is
abundantly available in nature, renewable, biodegradable, with low cost, low density, low ecological
toxicity risk, low cytotoxicity to a range of animals and human cells and unique mechanical
properties. It is an evolving renewable polymeric nanomaterial that holds promise in diverse
applications including food and pharmaceuticals. Interest in the production and utilization of
nanocellulose have in recent times attracted a lot of attention from both academic and industrial
researchers resulting from their mechanical strength, transparency and proven biocompatibility. This
attention is mirrored in the flow of publications in scientific literature in recent years. Exceptional
discussions on the chemistry, preparation, and the general properties of nanocellulose are obtainable
from numerous literatures.The surface chemistry of nanocellulose materials makes them an
interesting podium for ready and easy functionalization because they are almost entirely made of
hydroxyl groups. This tendency coupled with their biocompatibility is propelling their use within
different (bio)materials. Nanocellulose materials are in three categories depending on whether the
cellulose is of bacterial origin or derived from the

Essay on Human Factors in Long-Duration Spaceflight
A manned mission to Mars is an extremely dangerous excursion. Crewmembers can expect a six–
month flight to the planet, one year of occupation, and a six–month travel back. During this period,
numerous human factors challenges can complicate, and even ruin the entire mission. This paper
will identify human factors challenges the crew will face, describe why they are so dangerous, and
finally, identify ways to mitigate these challenges.
The first challenge in a long–duration spaceflight is almost immediately apparent after lift–off,
leaving the gravitational pull of Earth, and entering a micro gravity environment. Weightlessness
can have several different impacts on the human body. Astronauts who orbit the Earth on the ...
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One way to do this is with extensive exercise. Not just two or three times a week for 30 minutes.
Crewmembers must exercise six times a week for almost three hours at a time using equipment such
as the ergometer, treadmill, and the Resistance Exercise Device (RED) ("Use It or Lose It," 2004).
Another way to fight the effects of micro gravity is to create an artificial gravity. Creating artificial
gravity can be done using one of two techniques, a rotation or acceleration. The entire spacecraft
could rotate, or a single section of the spacecraft could do the rotation. This would give the
astronauts the opportunity to live or weight train in a non–weightless environment (Hsu, 2010).
High acceleration and deceleration rates of the spacecraft could also provide a normal gravitational
environment ("Space Travel," n.d.).
Once the mission leaves the Earth's atmosphere and travels into space, the next challenge awaits.
The Earth's atmosphere and magnetic field act as a shield and deter a large portion space radiation.
Space radiation comes from our Sun in the form of solar radiation and also comes from outside our
solar system in the form of cosmic rays (Gray, 2013). Radiation may be the most dangerous
phenomenon a long duration spaceflight could face. Solar flares erupt from the Sun and send
millions of tons of charged particles into space at speeds

Reaction Paper On Xyloglucan
Xyloglucan
This polysaccharide is a plant based, obtained from seeds of tamarind. And chemically, it is
polysaccharide composed of a chain of (1–4)– –D–glucan having (1–6)– –D xylose units as
branches which have partial (1–2)– –D–galactoxylose substitution. Xyloglucan, itself, does not
undergo gel formation but dilute solutions partly degraded by galactosidase exhibit gelling
properties on heating (temperature dependent gelformation). Besides the use in oral drug delivery, it
is also being used for ocular and rectal drug delivery. Xyloglucan has shown a very little gelation
time of up to few minutes. Xyloglucan is a polysaccharide derived from tamarind seeds and is
composed of a (1–4)–β–D–glucan backbone chain, which has (1–6)–α–D xylose branches that are
partially substituted by (1–2)–β–D–galactoxylose. Xyloglucan is composed of octasaccharide,
heptasaccharide and nona–saccharide oligamers, which differ in the amount of galactose side chains.
Although xyloglucan itself does not gel, dilute solutions of xyloglucan which has been partially
degraded by galactosidase exhibit a thermally reversible sol–gel transition on heating.[19] ... Show
Conventional suppositories habitually cause discomfort during insertion. And also, suppositories are
unable to be sufficiently retained at a specific position in the rectum, sometimes they can migrate
up–wards to the colon that makes them possible for drug to undergo the first–pass effect. Choi et al.
developed novel in situ gelling liquid suppositories with gelation the temperature at 30–36°C.
Poloxamer 407 and/ or poloxamer 188 were used, that give the temperature–sensitive gelation
property. In–situ gel possesses a potential action for rectal & vaginal route. Miyazaki et al.
investigated the use of xyloglucan based thermo reversible gel for rectal drug delivery of

Home Insulation
I am aware that you need to decide what type of insulation is best for your basement in your new
home. Insulation, in homes, are very important and sometimes overlooked. It is energy efficient and
it keeps your house cool in the summer and warm in the winter. Insulation is the reason why we feel
comfortable in our own homes. Here is a brief explanation of how: because heat travels, it flows out
in the winter and in the summer, heat flows in. When your house is insulated it reduces the heat flow
and saves you money. Now, over the past few days, I have researched some information to help you
make the best decision. I have two materials that are used in insulation for basement walls in your
area. By deciding the best two, I had to find the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unlike mineral wool blown, open cell spray foam can ignite at 700℉. Open cell spray foam is
difficult to install and can be messy; it is also not water resistant. But, mineral wool blown consists
of small silver particles and if you were to inhale it, it can irritate the alveoli and cause lung disease
and cancer. Just being near it can irritate your skin, nose, and eyes. Mineral wool blown also loses
its insulating properties and in time, the material subsides. Lastly, open cell spray foam is super

Experimental Techniques For The Synthesis And...
CHAPTER 2
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES FOR THE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF
NANOMATERIALS.
In order to explore novel physical properties and phenomena and realize potential applications of
nanostructures and nanomaterials, the ability to fabricate and process nanomaterials and
nanostructures is the first corner stone in nanotechnology. There exist a number of methods to
synthesize the nanomaterials, which are categorized in two techniques "top down and bottom up".
Solid state route, ball milling comes in the category of top down approach, while wet chemical
routes like sol–gel, co–precipitation, etc. come in the category of bottom up approach. Secondly,
characterization of nanomaterials is necessary to analyze their various properties. Therefore, this
chapter describes the various methods of synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials.
Characterization techniques include XRD, SEM, TEM, EDAX, UV–Visible spectroscopy, FTIR
spectroscopy, etc.
2.2. Synthesis of Nanomaterials:
Fabrication of nanomaterials with strict control over size, shape, and crystalline structure has
become very important for the applications of nanotechnology in numerous fields including
catalysis, medicine, and electronics. Synthesis methods for nanoparticles are typically grouped into
two categories: "top–down" and "bottom–up" approach. The first involves the division of a massive
solid into smaller and smaller portions, successively reaching to nanometer size. This approach may
involve milling or

A Research Study On Robotic Missions
The demand for an exploration to discover new ideas, to meet research targets as well as offering
useful information of the nature has risen. Scientist has been interested in such missions to explore
the earth below the orbit. However, in doing so, robots have been considered vital thus some of the
missions have been dubbed as robotic missions. The need to have a guaranteed performance
accuracy is considered to be a reason why robots are preferred especially when exploring unknown
places by human beings which might be dangerous when exposed due to varying temperatures,
radiation among other environmental dangers. The need to explore new evidence of the past
geological events is also important aspect of the scientific studies. Research paper Robotic mission
In the recent decades, humanity has been involved in launching thousands of spacecraft in a bid to
unravel questions as well as meeting research needs away from the planet earth to other parts of the
solar system (Huntress, Wesley and Shevalev 541). These robotic missions have been triggered by
the human desire to know and understand the Cosmos. Currently, there are various spacecraft
missions who are exploring the planets such as Mars, Saturn, asteroids as well as comets among
others. Unlike missions carried out by human beings, the robotic missions are fully carried out by
space robots which have varying shapes and sizes as well different functionalities which may
include, the planetary flyby such as the voyageurs 1

A Business As Co Owners For Profit Essay
Question #1, Part A: Have Jay and Emma formed any type of company thus far? The question at
hand is whether or not the brief exchange held between Jay and Emma led to the formation of a
legally binding business entity. Now of all the different entity options available, the only viable
option this exchange could possibly represent is that of a general partnership. A general partnership
is relatively easy to form and doesn't necessary look at the intentions of the individuals to form a
partnership, but rather their actions. So as long there is a desire to carry on a business as co–owners
for profit, there really is no other formal requirement involved in forming a legally recognizable
partnership. With that being said, the question then arises if the sentiments "explore the idea" and
"excited by the opportunities" are enough to warrant the existence of the four aforementioned
requirements. In my opinion these statements lack the depth required to establish the idea of
carrying out a business as co–owners. At this particular time, Emma appears to fulfill more of an
advisory role rather than the role of a partner. She seems interested by the opportunities presented by
Jay's idea but shows no signs of working with him as an equal to pursue profits. Furthermore, this
introductory conversation is taking place at a pitch–night and its likely that at this point in time the
two are just gauging what each of them could bring to the table if they were to work together in the
future.

Science And Technology Of Designing
Nanotechnology, which is one of the new technologies, is the science and technology of designing,
constructing and creating of novel nano–scale structure, 1nm to 100 nm in size, with huger quality,
novel performance properties, along with fewer defects compared with those of the bulk material
(Siqueira et al., 2010). An increasing interest from the scientific community to work with materials
in nano metric scale has been observed since the introduction of the concept of nanotechnology by
Richard Feynman in 1959. The last decade has seen advancement in every side of nanotechnology
such as nano particles and powders, nano layers and coats, electrical, optic and mechanical nano
devices, and nano structured biological materials (Bhattacharyya et al., 2009). Nanoscale structures
permit the control of fundamental properties of materials without changing the materials' chemical
status (Murphy et al., 2011). There are two general ways available to produce nano materials, as
shown in the following figure 18. The first way is to start with a bulk material and then break it into
smaller pieces using mechanical, chemical or other form of energy (top–down). An opposite
approach is to synthesis the material from atomic or molecular species via chemical reactions,
allowing for the precursor particles to grow in size (bottom–up). Both approaches can be done in
either gas, liquid, supercritical fluids, solid states, or in vacuum (Dastjerdi and Montazer, 2010).
Figure 18: Illustration of

The Design of a Uniform Pore Structure Is Favorable to...
The isotherms of three samples investigated by the nitrogen adsorption/desorption were shown in
Figure 2. The curves of all three samples show hysteresis behavior and belong to type IV
isotherms31. It suggests that our samples exhibit mesoporous structure with pore sizes larger than
5.6 nm (Table 2). The pore diameter of thiol–functionalized SBA–15 calculated by the BJH theory is
smaller than that of SBA–15, which is attributed to the anchoring of thiol moiety to the silanol group
in the interior wall of SBA–1540. The decrease of pore size, while maintaining type IV isotherm
characteristics in thiol–functionalized SBA–15, is one possible reason that thiol moieties are located
along the interior pore channels of SBA–15, not in the internal framework of SBA–15. The further
decrease of pore size in Bi–thiol–functionalized SBA–15 can be explained by the attachment of
bismuth to the thiol group, narrowing the inner pore channel of SBA–15. The BET surface areas of
SBA–15, thiol–functionalized SBA–15, and Bi–thiol–functionalized SBA–15 are 847, 512, and 347
m2/g, respectively. The pore volumes of those are 1.03, 0.85, and 0.62 cm3/g, respectively (shown
in Table 2). The gradual decrease of the surface area and pore volume can also be understood in the
attachment of thiol group to the inner wall of SBA–15 or bismuth to the thiol group as discussed
above. Interestingly, the pore diameter of Bi–SBA–15 is similar to that of SBA–15, indicating that
bismuth is not impregnated to the

Sustainable Improvements Of The Uk
Sustainable Improvements
The UK has thousands of beautiful period properties that were constructed from brick and timber
with minimal insulation, and as a result produce high carbon emissions. As a government
department will occupy the property it should serve as an example to the public of how such
wonderful period properties can be made sustainable without impacting their historical and visual
appearances. In order to make this property more energy efficient, sustainable and in accordance
with government legislation, a number of improvements can be made.
Since the property is located in the Fleet Street Conservation Area in the City of London, the
following improvements may require planning permission:
a) Hybrid solar panels by Naked Energy where both photovoltaic and thermal energy outputs are
combined. The benefit is reduced installation time and cost while maximizing the usable installation
area . This would also include replacing the whole heating and water system. To ensure planning
permission is approved the solar panels should not be easily visible from the street.
b) Windows should be replaced with double–glazed windows which resemble the existing windows
A number of additional energy saving improvements can be made that do not require planning
permission:
a) External wall insulation is not possible due to the property being in a conservation area, however
insulation can be achieved internally on walls and floors, i.e. by using aerogel and by adding

The Building Of Building A Building
The building envelope is the building shell or enclosure that separates the interior of a building with
the outdoor environment. This physical separator serves as an important component to maintain a
comfortable and healthy indoor environment by transferring the air, water, heat, light and noise. The
components of an envelope typically include walls, fenestration, floors, roof and doors with
additional parts such as thermal insulation and shading devices. As discussed above, the climate is
an important factor when designing a building. A well–designed envelope with high performance
should be accustomed to the local climate. Accordingly, there are arid climate envelope, tropical
climate envelope, cold envelope and mixed cold/hot climate envelope which may be composed of
components such as sheets and blocks. The building envelope have a big influence on whole
building's energy usage. An energy effective building envelope design saved as much as 35% and
47% of total and peak cooling demands respectively. At the same time building code requirements
on envelopes have increased significantly. Although the codes and standards used in local and state
level of government varies in place, they all derivate from ASHRAE and International Energy
Conservation Code (IECC).
Walls are a major part of a building envelope and are expected to maintain a thermal and acoustic
comfort inside the building. The crucial performance factor of the wall is thermal resistance (R–
value) since it

Insulation Lab Report Essay
STATEMENT OF PURPOSE The purpose of this experiment is to determine which type of material
provides the best insulation. The independent variables are the types of materials used, the
dependant variable is the mass of the ice that has melted, and the controls are the temperature of the
air in the room and the pressure. The reason for this experiment is to provide simple solutions for
expensive insulation. BACKGROUND RESEARCH Insulation is any type of material that prevents
the movement of heat or electricity and is used to keep an area either warm or cold (Insulation,
2016). Insulation works by creating a layer that blocks or reduces the heat movement from one
material to another by minimizing the conduction of heat. It is used to keep either the inside of a
structure chilled, or it can be used to keep a large enclosed space, such as a home or building, warm
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
NASA uses a metallic, shiny, thin insulation on all of the missions, including on the Hubble Space
Telescope and the Mars rovers. Although it is extremely lightweight, it is very strong. This same
insulation technology has been used throughout the planet to supply effective thermal blankets to
people in need (A Shining Example of Space Benefits, 2007). The benefits of home insulation far
exceed the disadvantages. Some advantages are reduced energy bills, more tolerable air
temperatures, and a cleaner community because of a reduced carbon footprint. Insulation will also
help to block out sounds from outside, and keep sounds from inside the building from being heard
from the outdoors (The Benefits of Home Insulation, 2014). Styrofoam is believed to work as the
best insulator because it is used in coolers. Styrofoam coolers already do an excellent job of keeping
things frozen and cold. Styrofoam contains many air pockets or bubbles which prohibit heat
conduction so the heat does not transfer in or out of the

The Discovery Of Apollo 11
Since ancient times, men have gazed upon the cosmic ocean above our heads wondering what could
be out there. In the last 2 centuries human kind has made a huge leap in technology and science,
from horse drawn carriages to spaceships capable to send us into space. What used to be considered
science fiction now is considered science fact. In 1969, Apollo 11 was the first manned mission to
land on the moon, opening the path towards the stars. One problem that we encounter is distance.
The closest star to Earth, beside the Sun, is Alpha Centauri B, being situated at 4.24 light years
away. This means if we were traveling at the speed of light, we would need 4 years to get to the star,
but the fastest man–made object is the Voyager 1, a space probe launched by NASA in 1977,
reaching the speed of 17 kilometers per second (compared to 300,000 kilometers per second, the
speed of light). This means it will take over 74,000 years to reach Alpha Centauri B. In order to
reach stars in a more effective way, we need to reach higher speeds.
According to Einstein's theory of relativity nothing can travel faster than the speed of light. This is
because the mass of an object that is moving with the speed of light is becoming infinite, requiring
infinite energy to propel it, which is obviously impossible. Even at 80% of the speed of light, mass
is becoming a big problem.
One day, in Earth's distant future, there will be a "Last day of the Earth" scenario. Eventually, the
sun will become a

The Effect Of Nucleis In The Creation Of Star
During the creation of stars, denser nuclei were generated from hydrogen and helium through the
continuous procedure of stellar nucleosynthesis. Stars make fresh elements in their nuclei by
enfolding elements together in a procedure known as nuclear fusion. Stars join hydrogen atoms to
helium, then the Helium atoms are fused to generate beryllium, this process goes on, till blend in the
core of star has generated each component up to iron. Nuclear fusion occurs in the hydrogen gas in
the center of the Sun. It becomes squeezed together so firmly and four hydrogen nuclei join to
develop one helium molecule. In the procedure, a number of–of the mass of the hydrogen atoms gets
changed to energy in the formula of light. The similar procedure ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The water molecule creates an angle with an oxygen particle at the vertex in addition to hydrogen
particle. Water molecules create hydrogen bonds with each other. The incomplete negative charge on
the O of a single molecule can create a hydrogen bond with the incomplete positive charge on the
hydrogen of extra molecules. On the other hand, Hydrogen bonds are unions amongst hydrogen in
one Arctic particle and the negatively charged pole of a different polar particle. Several molecules
are hydrophobic, this means they have water fear whereas other molecules are hydrophilic and this
means they love water and are readily dissolvable in water. The electronegativity of a component
assists in the determination of the extent it will wish to either improvement or miss electrons in any
biological reaction and its composite is ionic, polar or nonpolar by the variance in its
electronegativity. The nature of chemical bonds is forces that hold atoms in molecules. A pH scale is
a value from 1 to 14, with 7 as the mid–point. This scale measures the level of acidity or alkalinity
of substances that are solvable in water. The pH of unpolluted water is 6.14 at the scale at 100°C.
Ionization regularly rises with temperature. Therefore, the extent of H+ present in water typically
rises with temperature, and the pH level goes down. Partner exchange is significant in biochemical
structures and

Essay on Who Stole My Cheese? Self-Analysis
Change, like time, is always happening. There is no way to stop it, not even for a second. Whither or
not you realize it, you are always changing in every possible way. However, we commonly simplify
change to only the large differences in our normal routines each day or week, whither they are
expected or unexpected. These large problems can sometimes become problems for people, which is
not surprising. They should be problems, whither they are good problems to have, or bad. It is our
job to adapt to these changes, and to adapt quickly. All of the time it takes you to adapt, is time lost,
time you will never regain. This principle is easily explained by Spencer Johnson, M.D. in his book
Who Moved My Cheese?. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When a cheese did disappear, the mice had no problem adapting to it. They simply went out in
search of new cheese the minute they didn't have any. They didn't waste even a second complaining.
They knew it was do or die. If they did not find new cheese, then they would wither and die. Hem
and Haw thought it was unfair and did nothing of value. They complained that it was unfair that
someone had taken their cheese from them. And after sitting around for days, they began to grow
weak without food. Finally, Haw realizes that they cheese is not coming back and that they will
perish without a new food source. Haw then ventures out to find a new source of cheese. However,
he had grown so weak he questioned whither he had waited too long to venture out when he had not
found any cheese for several days. Haw persisted and eventually found new cheese and learned his
lesson. Hem however, remained where he was, and perished.
When I compare myself to these four characters, I find that I am a mix of all of them, even the mice.
I find that they are some situations where I am so determined to do something that I will not stop
until I reach my goal no matter what gets thrown in my way. Yet there are the times when something
totally unexpected is thrown at me, and I simply shut down. I am always able to, however, pull
myself. Sometimes it will take me longer than others, but I will never perish like Hem did for
refusing change.

The Formation Of Prebiotic Compounds On Early Earth And...
The Formation of Prebiotic Compounds on Early Earth and in the Solar System By Trevor Harrison
GE 70A: Evolution of Cosmos and Life Scientists have long sought to understand the origin of
prebiotic compounds and its transition into self–replicating biological structures, both as an
explanation for life's emergence on earth and as an assessment of the abundance of life in the solar
system and the galaxy. In 1952, Stanley L. Miller and Harold C. Urey performed experiments
demonstrating that the basic foundation of life could be formed when abiotic molecules that existed
on early Earth were jolted with appropriate amounts of energy. However, current models of the
composition of early Earth's atmosphere show that it would be difficult for amino acids to have
formed unless they did so in the deep ocean. Martins et al. (2006) explores whether these
compounds could have been formed by the impact shock of one celestial body slamming into
another. Succeeding research has investigated whether amino acids formed in space can survive the
journey to Earth and discovered, in space, some of the prebiotic compounds posited in Martins et al.
Researchers theorized that prebiotic compounds could have built up over time in the Early Earth's
oceans and then been jolted together with bicarbonate by the impact of the falling meteor. The study
was successful in producing amino acids under these conditions. No matter their source of origin on
early Earth, amino acids alone cannot form a self

The car has been a mainstay of American culture for about...
The car has been a mainstay of American culture for about a century. The idea of a car in every
garage has been around for almost as long. Teenagers view getting their driver's license as a rite of
passage and our cross–country highways support the notion of the Great American Road Trip. We
drive our cars everywhere. And after all these years, doing so has become a problem. [1] Over the
last century, the Earth's average temperature has risen by 1.4 °F. Over the next century, that average
is expected to rise an additional 2–11.5 °F. This change has shown a strong correlation with the
increase of greenhouse gases emitted by the burning of fossil fuels for energy and transportation. In
fact, every year, human activity releases over ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
[4] Ethanol is a renewable energy source that can be produced domestically. It is produced from
various plant materials such as corn, sugar cane and some types of grasses. Ethanol combustion will
produce less greenhouse gas production and there is little extra cost to make vehicles able to run on
high ethanol content fuel. While most of the gasoline used in the U.S. contains up to 15% ethanol,
the more environmentally friendly E85 (or flex fuel) contains up to 83% ethanol. Unfortunately, this
type of fuel can be problematic. Ethanol has a lower energy content than regular gasoline, which
results in cars getting anywhere between 15–25% less miles per gallon (MPG). Furthermore,
although E85 is generally cheaper per gallon, the lower energy content makes it slightly more
expensive in terms of cost–per–mile. Finally, the fueling stations for E85 are generally located in the
Midwest, which limits the widespread use of this type of energy alternative. [4] Biodiesel is another
possible alternative. It can be produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, and recycled restaurant
grease. Some of its advantages are that it is biodegradable, is generally safer to handle and it
produces significantly less carbon dioxide emissions (up to 15% less). However, it too has problems.
Similar to ethanol fuels, it has a lower energy content, which results in lesser MPG for cars. Fuels
that contain a high percentage of biodiesel are also not

Entransy And Heat Loss Analysis
Like Exergy, Entransy dissipation is also found which occurs due to thermal resistance. In a
previous research work[20], Entransy was mentioned as the heat transfer potential of any substance
.In another article [21], a combination of entransy & environmental analyses and entransy & the life
cycle cost analyses were conducted to investigate the optimum insulation thickness of two different
insulation material glasswool and rockwool . The optimum insulation thicknesses from glasswool
and rockwool were found respectively 0.003 and 0.057m higher in environmental analysis than life
cycle cost analysis Consideration of moisture content for optimum thickness: Building envelopes
exposed to the hot, extreme humid surroundings with intense ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Types of Insulation Commercial insulation materials Fibrous material Cellular materials others
Inorganic Materials glass, rock, slag wool calcium silicate Perlite, vermiculite, and ceramic products
Organic Materials cellulose, cotton, wood, pulp, cane, synthetic fibers cork, foamed rubber,
polystyrene, polyethylene, polyurethane, other polymers Now various kind of Metallic or metallized
reflective membranes are also available. Advanced materials Several innovative materials like
vacuum insulation panels, gas filled panels and aerogels have been developed recently by
researchers and manufacturers , to obtain extremely low values of thermal conductivity together
with reduced mass per unit volume and thickness. Vacuum Insulation Panels Recent research
works[25]–[27] have identified that vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) are truly efficient and pertinent
for sustainable building design. Structurally VIPs are enveloped into a multilayer film and have an
evacuated open porous structure .Distinctive structural characteristics have made VIPs excellent
insulation material with very poor thermal conductivity as low as 3–4mW/mk. Simen et al.[28]
expressed the overall thermal conductivity of VIPs as, λ_tot = λ_sol+λ_gas +λ_rad+λ_conv Where,
λ_sol =solid state thermal conductivity λ_gas =gas thermal conductivity, λ_rad =radiation

The Development And Application Of Nanomaterials Has Allowed
The development and application of nanomaterials has allowed society and the environment to
benefit in many ways. Nanomaterials are three–dimensional objects that have one of their
dimensions in the range of 1–100nm. They can exist in nature or be created from pre–existing
materials. Their exceptionally small size means that nanomaterials possess unique physical,
chemical and mechanical characteristics that might otherwise not exist with the same materials on a
larger scale. In some cases, nanomaterials have enhanced properties of the original material.
Research and development into nanotechnology has given rise to a whole new variety of scientific
applications, rendering previously impossible tasks possible. The engineering of ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The development of nanosponges has created a new way of neutralising and removing toxins from
the body. Toxins include pore–forming toxins, which destroy healthy cells by creating holes in their
membranes. Nanosponges are biocompatible polymers of nanoparticles, which are coated with a
membrane similar to a red blood cell's to travel undetected through the body. This synthetic
membrane attracts toxins and inhibits them from damaging cell membranes. Upon reaching the
liver, the toxin and the nanosponge are eliminated from the body. Unlike other highly specific anti–
toxin platforms, nanosponges can absorb a wide variety of toxins, regardless of molecular structures
(Zhang et al, 2013). This broadens the treatment options for many pathogen–related infections.
Experimental results show that pre–inoculation with nanosponges allowed 89% of lab mice to
survive lethal doses of toxins, while administering nanosponges after the lethal doses allowed 44%
of lab mice to survive. It was observed that a single nanosponge could absorb up to 850 toxins,
depending on the type of toxin (Zhang et al, 2013). According to post–doctoral researcher Che–
Ming Jack Hu, one of the first applications of nanosponges will be an anti–virulence treatment for
MRSA, which is a bacterium that is resistant to many antibiotics. The research was funded by the
National Science Foundation and the National

Modern Technologies Associated With Ceramics
Modern Technologies Associated with Ceramics
Introduction
Ceramics, what are they? It might seem like a simple question, plates and bricks and expensive
cooking knives. People use ceramics every day in their lives, but they don't understand the huge
amount of technology that goes into a nice plate. Before we can go over the cutting edge of ceramics
we have to understand the technology that goes into every ceramic. The technologies associated
with traditional ceramics deserve a paper of their own, but they seem vanilla compared to advanced
ceramics, which have new and interesting properties that can make them useful and unlike any
ceramic you see everyday. We can use the understanding of traditional ceramics as a base on which
we build an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Plasticity is primarily a property ball clays (Stephenson, 1912, p.13). Stephenson says that because
the plasticity of clay is destroyed at 450o, the temperature needed to drive off the water, that
plasticity probably has something to do with the combination with water (1912, p.14). The
mechanism of this plasticity has not yet been satisfactorily explained by any theory, At present three
theories contest the field–the colloid,the soluble salt, and the molecular attraction theories
(Stephenson, 1912, p. 14).
Traditional ceramics can be divided into three categories based on the chemicals and properties of
the clays. These types are china clay which you know to be porcelain, ball clay which is malleable ,
and fire clay which is refractory (Stephenson, 1912, p.12).
China clay is our first type of ceramic. China clay is used to make porcelain (Stephenson, 1912, p.
12). China clay is unique from the other clays because it has large amounts of kaolinite
(Stephenson,1912, p.12) Kaolinite is a white mineral, giving porcelain it's unique look, with a
chemical formula of Al2Si2O5(OH)4 (Stephenson,1912, p.12).
Ball clay is the next type of clay. Ball clay is unique because of its malleability (Stephenson. 1912,
p.13). Ball clay is the clay you see potters working on potter's wheels. It's useful to potters because it
can be molded into complex forms and made permanent by firing (Stephenson, 1912, p.13).
Fire clay is the final type of

Factors Affecting The Metabolism Before Information...
In addition, this theory focuses on building the metabolism before information bearing compounds
like RNA, while other theories focus on creating an RNA world first. However, the idea that
hydrothermal vents were the hatchery of life can be compatible for both theories. Similar to how the
micro–compartments in the vents could have concentration chemicals needed for metabolism to
arise, the micro–compartments could have also concentrated products needed for organic synthesis
of primitive genetic material (Joyce G.F. 2002). Some RNA world theories were criticized because
the chemicals in the ocean would be in too low of a concentration to react readily. Therefore, using
hydrothermal vents as a concentrating mechanisms would provide concentrations needed to help
endergonic reactions proceed (Martin et al. 2008).
To further our understanding of how life could have arisen and the constraints for life, we need to
look beyond our planet. A logical choice would be to look at icy worlds that have a similar oceanic
climate to the Hadean Ocean. Recent data obtained by the Cassini spacecraft point to Enceladus as a
possible location to answer these questions. In 2005, the Cassini spacecraft discovered plumes of
water vapor, salts and ice ejected from Saturn's moon Enceladus. This plume was sodium–salt rich
and the liquid water showed evidence of having been in contact with rock surfaces (Postburg et al.
2009,2011). In addition to water vapor, salts, and ice, dust particles were also

Material To Cradle
Environment:
High content of recycled material is one of the positives factors in this category. Also helpful is
when the insulation can be reused or recycled. Ideally the material should come from a renewable
source. All these factors contribute to low embodied energy, which is the energy used to produce,
process and transport the insulation before it reaches the homeowner. Also the use of hydrocarbons
or carbon dioxide as blowing agents can contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. The preferred
materials are the ones that don't require blowing agents at all.
Rigid foam and sprayed foam insulation materials which are shown in table 5, have high embodied
energy, meaning the product uses more energy and fossil fuels to be manufactured and ... Show
There are Red List–free insulation products. They do not use blowing agents at all. They have
significantly lower embodied energy than petroleum–based products. Fiber based insulation such as
cotton can also have up to 100% recycled content. These materials are non toxic and they can
provide sufficient insulation levels with easy installation and are available in stores such as Home
Depot and can be used for both new and existing buildings.
Cellulose insulation is made from recycled paper products. It has a very high recycled material
content, generally 82% to 85%. The product limits airflow and in most cases, it doesn't requires a
moisture barrier and provides an R–value of up to 3.8 per inch. Each fiber in cellulose insulation is
treated with a safe fire retardant called borate. This chemical also helps to keep the insects away. It
can be used in both new or existing homes, as loose–fill or dense packed in building cavities, walls,
ceilings and

Space Expedition Research Paper
Space expedition physical science:
Computers utilized in house transportation, craft or satellite. For craft the wheel with cables
connected to the pilot controls, which is found on the aero foil. National Aeronautics and Space
Administration said that "shuttle contains a completely fly–by–wire astronautics system". Which
suggests that each one the electrical association square measure a lot of autonomy, that mean
everything is completed on the surface and conjointly it's monitored by the board. The most engines
of the shuttle aren't aided by the most laptop and solely before the utilization of performance
improved. National Aeronautics and Space Administration has used the astronautics technique since
the Fifties and through that point of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are two components in the box that help heat up the parts are gold painted walls and aerogel.
Aerogel is basically 99.8% air. For example during the mars mission the warm electronic heated box
because temperature always drops below –90F. This is one of the main component they needed to be
successful during the mars mission or if it wasn't heated at the right temperature the rover could
been misleading them with the readings. This is why NASA chose to create a Curiosity Rover which
doesn't a lot rely on solar panels, but it also rely on other power sources. When components that rely
on solar panels have a drawback and the drawback is when there isn't enough sunlight, it will be
harder for component work properly. Dust will build over period of time and during winter less
amount of sunlight is the heavy maintenance. That will affect the components during the mission
because the components might fail on the spot. For example, during the mars mission they had
different types of sources to keep the components. The mars drone is covered with solar panels and
the panels produce more energy than the recommended energy. That shows us solar panels are
effective for a certain period of time

Stardust Research Paper
Stardust is a robotic space probe that was launched by NASA on Feb 7, 1999. It was launched on
delta ll lite at Cape Canaveral Air Station Weighing 300–kilograms. This spacecraft was designed
and built by Martin Lockheed for the NASA division for mission operations. It's designed to collect
samples from comets and/or asteroids. The head investigator of this mission was Dr. Donald
Brownlee from the University of Washington. The Stardust spacecraft mission, created by NASA
was for the collection of sample materials from Comet Wild 2 and return them to earth for analysis.
The analysis of the comet dust will provide important information into the nature and evolution of
our solar system, and maybe life of another origin. On February 7, 1999 Stardust ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Stardust collected the particles without destroying them for the analyzation of interstellar dust for
data and information to study for NASA. Most of the particles that Stardust collected from the
comet are smaller that human hair. More than 1000 particles were collected and complete for
analysis by scientists. This encounter took place in space, 242 million miles from earth. On Jan 19,
2006 the capsule with samples was separated from the spacecraft and successfully returned to Earth.
The capsule was recovered by a chase aircraft in the Utah desert by NASA team of scientist. They
concluded and found interstellar dust particles within the Stardust capsule in 2006, ten years ago.
The team consisted of 200 international scientist employed by NASA. The comet's location is in the
outer solar system within Kuiper Belt beyond Pluto. This comet was new to its orbit and still has
most of its dust particles and gases. However the mission was successful and completed on Jan 15,
2006 with the return of the capsule. The Stardust mission samples indicated that some comets may
have included materials ejected from the early sun and may have formed very differently than
scientists had theorized. Scientists that studied samples of Comet Wild 2 and found that the minerals
formed under extremely high temperatures meaning close to the sun and not in the freezing cold at
the Solar System's edge, where most short lived comets come from. "In the coldest part of the solar
system we've found samples that formed at extremely high temperatures," said Donald Brownlee,
during a press conference. "When these minerals formed they were either red hot or white hot
grains, and yet they were collected in a comet, the Siberia of the Solar System." Stardust ceased
operations in March

The Theory Of Graphene On Science And Future Electronic...
Graphene is a recently isolated allotrope of carbon, consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms
arranged into an inter–connected benzene–ring structure (Figure 1).1 Resembling a hexagonal
honeycomb lattice or a chain–link fence in structure, graphene is only one atom thick and is thus
considered a two–dimensional material.1 It is currently touted as the thinnest, strongest, lightest,
most flexible and best conducting material known to science.2 Although some of this is based on
theoretical data (extrapolated from real samples with inevitable intrinsic defects compared to a
perfect sample), these notable qualities drive graphene research at a relentless pace and imply
applications that could revolutionize computer electronics and future ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
True 2D graphene must be "sufficiently isolated from its environment to be considered free–
standing", which was considered to be thermodynamically impossible.3 It was successfully isolated
by Geim and Novoselov in 2004 using the "Scotch–tape method", a technique involving mechanical
exfoliation (repeated peeling) of a graphite sample until a single–layer film was produced.2 This 2D
film features a hexagonal, honey–comb lattice of covalently bonded carbon atoms (Figure 2)
exhibiting nanometer–scale corrugations and is the thinnest material ever isolated.3
a) b)
Figure 2. a) Scanning probe microscopic image of graphene using a scanning tunnelling microscope
for imaging surfaces at the atomic level (U.S. Army Materiel Command, 2012) b) ADF–STEM
image of graphene structure9
The synthesis of graphene, beyond the "Scotch–tape method" of mechanical exfoliation has proven
somewhat complicated, with a primary focus on isolating samples with a minimal density of defects
and high carrier mobility.9 Different methods produce varying mobility, though mechanical
exfoliation proves to be one of the most effective (mobility = μ =

Management Of Implementation Of Nanotechnology On Upstream...
Management of implementation of nanotechnology in upstream oil industry: An analytic hierarchy
process analysis
Pouyan Motamedi1*, Hasan Bargozin2, Peyman Pourafshary3
1 Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta,
Canada
2 Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
3 Department of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Abstract
Nanotechnology has had revolutionary effects in various fields of industry such as electronics,
pharmaceuticals, and biomaterials. However, upstream oil industry has been noticeably slow in
adopting the emerging technologies. This is most likely due to the exceptionally large investments
needed to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finally, using a decision–making software, a dynamic analytic hierarchical process analysis was
performed, providing a route to customized investment policies. Introduction
It has been predicted that the world energy demand will experience a 2–3% annual increase rate,
accumulating to 50% in two decades [1]. It is expected that this increase in demand more than
compensate the contribution of alternative and renewable energy sources to the total energy market
[1–3]. In other words, traditional hydrocarbon sources are believed to remain the dominant source of
energy for the foreseeable future. Considering the shrinking size of the available sources, meeting
this demands will be a major challenge in oil and gas industry.
In spite of the significant capital investments in the industry, meeting the increasing global demand
requires implementation of the emerging technologies in the oil and gas industry. In other words,
efficiency of the exploration and development of new resources needs to be dramatically improved
in the next two decades [4]. High risks associated with adoption of innovative technologies has
slowed down the rate of research and development in oil industry [5]. A review of the role of
research and development in various sectors of technology reveals that upstream oil industry needs a
higher

Personal Statement For Space Exploration
Ever since I was a little kid, I looked up at the night sky in awe, fascinated by the infinite wonder of
space. I also remember spending countless hours learning facts about space from a science book at
my grandma's house. Today, as a young adult, I look up at the stars, seeing them as destinations. As
humanity looks towards Mars, a massive engineering effort will be necessary. Both NASA and
private space companies will soon require a plethora of well–educated engineers. I hope to be one of
those engineers and am willing to do whatever it takes to ensure that I make my mark on the
progress of space exploration. To this end, I plan on obtaining a four–year degree in Mechanical
Engineering after I graduate high school this year. While in college, I plan on taking aerospace
electives, so that I can understand the basics of aerodynamics. I was considering majoring
specifically in Aerospace Engineering, but eventually chose Mechanical Engineering as this major
provides a much broader range of possible space related careers. I chose RIT both because of the
quality of its engineering program and the excellent co–op program offered. Through RIT's co–ops,
I will be able to start networking with knowledgeable professionals, while also gaining valuable
experience in the industry.
My interest in space has led me to a hobby in model rocketry over the past few years. My Papa and I
collectively own over a dozen model rockets which we semi–regularly launch in a field behind his

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