The Future Of Solar Technology

The Future of Solar Technology
The future of solar technology clearly lies away from the expensive rigid structure of extensive
silicon crystalline structures, and towards the non–silicon based technologies. Governments and
private firms must continue to invest the capital needed to fund research and development in these
fields of more flexible and versatile solar cells in order to acheieve higher efficiencies and improve
the manufacturing process of these technologies; as currently they remain in their infancy.
3.4 Non Silicon Based Polycrystalline cells
Research into non silicon based solar cells is an exciting stage, with labs all over the world making
advances in this field. It has been hypothesized and proven that other semi conductor materials can
be doped to provide the conductive layer necessary for a solar cell to work. Copper oxide was used,
but it was found to not retain the doping agents well; to overcome this a new type of cell called
screening–engineered field–effect photovoltaics (SPFV's) were produced. These require a small
electric field to be present in order to keep the p–n junction functioning, this electric field is far less
than the electricity that can be generated from the cell, and the reduced cost of not having to use
silicon makes this a more than viable resource. (Anthony, 2012)
Copper Indium Gallium Selenide cells (CIGS) are another branch of thin film photovoltaics being
researched, with laboratory prototypes achieving efficiencies of approximately 18%. CIGS cells
have a huge
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Semiconductors: The Silicon Chip Essay
Semiconductors: The Silicon Chip
Silicon is the raw material most often used in integrated circuit (IC) fabrication. It is the second
most abundant substance on the earth. It is extracted from rocks and common beach sand and put
through an exhaustive purification process. In this form, silicon is the purist industrial substance that
man produces, with impurities comprising less than one part in a billion. That is the equivalent of
one tennis ball in a string of golf balls stretching from the earth to the moon.
Semiconductors are usually materials which have energy–band gaps smaller than 2eV. An important
property of semiconductors is the ability to change their resistivity over several orders of magnitude
by doping. Semiconductors ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They began studying the electrical properties of semiconductors which are non–metallic substances,
such as silicon, that are neither conductors of electricity, like metal, nor insulators like wood, but
whose electrical properties lie between these extremes. By 1947 the transistor was invented. The
Bell Labs research team sought a way of directly altering the electrical properties of semiconductor
material. They learned they could change and control these properties by "doping" the
semiconductor, or infusing it with selected elements, heated to a gaseous phase. When the
semiconductor was also heated, atoms from the gases would seep into it and modify its pure, crystal
structure by displacing some atoms. Because these dopant atoms had different amount of electrons
than the semiconductor atoms, they formed conductive paths. If the dopant atoms had more
electrons than the semiconductor atoms, the doped regions were called n–type to signify and excess
of negative charge. Less electrons, or an excess of positive charge, created p–type regions. By
allowing this dopant to take place in carefully delineated areas on the surface of the semiconductor,
p–type regions could be created within n–type regions, and vice–versa. The transistor was much
smaller than the vacuum tube, did not get very hot, and did not require a headed filament that would
eventually burn out.
Finally in 1958,

The And The Digestive System Of The Broiler Chickens Essay
Abstract
Due to the rapid growth of broiler chickens, skeletal disorders have become a serious problem for
the poultry industry. This, in turn, leads to an unwanted expense for poultry farmers and so they seek
out a way to improve the bone strength and welfare of the birds.
Silicon (Si) is an important element to the body as it can improve bones and the immune system.
This means it can be used in diets as a cheaper alternative to calcium and phosphorous. However,
there is little understanding of the mechanisms of Si in the digestive system of the broiler chickens.
At NTU, a bioavailable silicon supplement has been produced to alleviate some of the skeletal
disorders and to further the knowledge of the interactions of Si. This project involves analysing bone
data and evaluating the effects of the novel feed supplement.
Introduction
Skeletal disorders in broiler chickens has become a major problem for the poultry industry over the
past 50 years (Toby G. Knowles, 2008). These weaknesses are due to selective breeding of the birds
which has shown to be less economical than expected for the industry and also displays an absence
for bird welfare (Bennett, Christiansen, & Clifton–Hadley). The pace at which the birds grow has
dramatically increased over the years to accommodate the demand for the tender meat they now
produce (Manohar, Omprakash, & Kanagaraju, 2015). This in turn has led to the skeletal disorders
as the weight they gain can no longer be supported by the legs

Essay On Interdigitated Electrode
field between individual digits of electrodes. Using these simulations, it was observed that gold
nanoparticles bound closely to IDEs can lower the electric field magnitude between the digits of the
electrode. The simulations are also shown to be a useful design tool in optimizing sensor function.
Various different conditions, such as electrode dimensions and background ion concentrations, are
shown to have a significant impact on the simulations.]. From being a simple interface, the
properties of the electrodes used in electrical and electrochemical biosensors can have a remarkable
impact on the function and effectiveness of the resulting biosensor system. The use of interdigitated
electrodes (IDEs) in biosensor systems is one prominent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
They involve interdigitated fingers (IDT) to increase the edge coupling length. Also called as comb–
drive device. This study involve fabrication of aluminium IDE because of it cost low and common
electrode in biosensor technology. The design of IDEs consist of twin electrode which are arranged
in a comb like finger structure between twin electrodes to form gap distance between electrodes as
shown in figure 2. Technically, the IDEs structure is easy to fabricate, simple operation, ultra–
sensitive and low cost is main point to develop of sensor for clinical application. In other word,
IDEs sensor is expected to provide are better performance and ultrahigh sensitive and selective of
biosensor detection in smaller gap sizes3.Literature review In multiple applications the interdigitated
electrodes thin film are a useful tool for enhancing the analytical parameters and taking advantages
of their inherent properties such as low cost & disposables, reusable, high fabrication resolution,
high sensitivity, low reagent consumption as well as non–tedious pre–cleaning procedures Figure 3
shows the design structure of an IDE. There are two sets of electrodes are placed in the same plane
to the substrate. Generally, it is referred to comb–drive device because it is shaped like tooth of
combs. Figure 3: Geometric parameters of IDE structureIn this work, a sensor to evaluate
sterilization processes with hydrogen peroxide vapor has been characterized. Experimental,
analytical and

Nonmetal Silicon Essay
Nonmetal Silicon The second most abundant element on Earth is the nonmetal silicon, which makes
up about 28 percent of the Earth's crust. It occurs only in such combined forms as silica (silicon
dioxide) and silicate rocks and minerals. The most common form of silica is quartz, which includes
sand and flint. Silicates are salts in which silica is combined with oxygen and other elements, such
as aluminum, magnesium, calcium, sodium, iron, and potassium.
Silicon has a strong affinity for oxygen. Pure silicon can be obtained by breaking down its combined
form. It is prepared commercially by reducing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because of the significance of silicon in microprocessors, the region in California famous for
computer technology is called Silicon Valley. (See also Crystals; Microprocessor; Semiconductor.)
Highly pure silicon is also used to make silicones, a group of synthetic resinlike materials (see
Silicones).
Silica aerogels are transparent, highly porous substances consisting of tiny spheres of bonded silicon
and oxygen atoms joined into long strands. The strands are separated by innumerable air spaces.
Although they are solids, aerogels have remarkably low densities, appearing almost like frozen
wisps of smoke. They are one of the lightest known solids. They also have the highest thermal
resistance of any solid ever tested and thus could have important applications as high–efficiency
insulators and radiation detectors.
Symbol Si
Atomic Number 14
Atomic Weight 28.0855
Group in Periodic Table IVa
Specific Gravity at 77o F (25o C) 2.33
Boiling Point 4,271o F (2,355o C)
Melting Point 2,570o F (1,410o C)
coating to protect steel. Many of the billions of cans in use every year are made of tin–plated steel

because tin is resistant to corrosion. In many food containers, however, plastic coatings have
replaced tin. And with the increased use of

Physics Of Semiconductors Essay
The Physics of Semiconductor Devices The purpose of this paper is to give a greater understanding
of the semiconductor world, for Physics 100 students who have a little knowledge of electronics. I
will cover conductors, insulators, semiconductors, and the operation of a diode and a transistor. The
reason that it is important to understand these devices is the vast effect that they have had on our
modern world. Our lives are filled by electronics, especially in this computerized age that we live in,
and I have found that a knowledge of some electronics has greatly helped my understanding of the
many electronic devices that we deal with on a daily basis.
To understand the physics of a semiconductor device it is first necessary to ... Show more content on
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The outer shell of electrons that orbit the nucleus of an atom is called the valance shell. This is what
makes a copper atom conduct. For a copper atom the number of electrons is one. When a charge of
electricity is placed in the end of a wire the electrons move into the wire. Since there is only one
electron in the valance shell of a copper atom it can be easily dislodged with a small amount of
energy causing it to jump to the next atom. This will then cause the valance electron of that atom to
jump to the next atom and so forth. This movement happens very fast making it possible for a large
number of electrons to move through the wire. An example of a conductive atom is shown figure 1.
Now we will move onto other materials that are involved with electronics. The next group of
materials that will be discussed are insulators. An insulator is a material that does not conduct
electricity at all but will resist or stop it from traveling further. An insulating atom has eight
electrons in its valance shell which makes this shell complete. Eight is the most electrons that any
atoms can have in their valance shell this is why these are called insulators, no more electrons can fit
in the valance shell of these atoms.
We have now discussed the two extremes in electronic materials; a conductor, and an insulator we
will now move to a material that lies in between these two, a semiconductor. The

Factors Affecting The Metabolism Before Information...
In addition, this theory focuses on building the metabolism before information bearing compounds
like RNA, while other theories focus on creating an RNA world first. However, the idea that
hydrothermal vents were the hatchery of life can be compatible for both theories. Similar to how the
micro–compartments in the vents could have concentration chemicals needed for metabolism to
arise, the micro–compartments could have also concentrated products needed for organic synthesis
of primitive genetic material (Joyce G.F. 2002). Some RNA world theories were criticized because
the chemicals in the ocean would be in too low of a concentration to react readily. Therefore, using
hydrothermal vents as a concentrating mechanisms would provide concentrations needed to help
endergonic reactions proceed (Martin et al. 2008).
To further our understanding of how life could have arisen and the constraints for life, we need to
look beyond our planet. A logical choice would be to look at icy worlds that have a similar oceanic
climate to the Hadean Ocean. Recent data obtained by the Cassini spacecraft point to Enceladus as a
possible location to answer these questions. In 2005, the Cassini spacecraft discovered plumes of
water vapor, salts and ice ejected from Saturn's moon Enceladus. This plume was sodium–salt rich
and the liquid water showed evidence of having been in contact with rock surfaces (Postburg et al.
2009,2011). In addition to water vapor, salts, and ice, dust particles were also

Modern Technologies Associated With Ceramics
Modern Technologies Associated with Ceramics
Introduction
Ceramics, what are they? It might seem like a simple question, plates and bricks and expensive
cooking knives. People use ceramics every day in their lives, but they don't understand the huge
amount of technology that goes into a nice plate. Before we can go over the cutting edge of ceramics
we have to understand the technology that goes into every ceramic. The technologies associated
with traditional ceramics deserve a paper of their own, but they seem vanilla compared to advanced
ceramics, which have new and interesting properties that can make them useful and unlike any
ceramic you see everyday. We can use the understanding of traditional ceramics as a base on which
we build an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Plasticity is primarily a property ball clays (Stephenson, 1912, p.13). Stephenson says that because
the plasticity of clay is destroyed at 450o, the temperature needed to drive off the water, that
plasticity probably has something to do with the combination with water (1912, p.14). The
mechanism of this plasticity has not yet been satisfactorily explained by any theory, At present three
theories contest the field–the colloid,the soluble salt, and the molecular attraction theories
(Stephenson, 1912, p. 14).
Traditional ceramics can be divided into three categories based on the chemicals and properties of
the clays. These types are china clay which you know to be porcelain, ball clay which is malleable ,
and fire clay which is refractory (Stephenson, 1912, p.12).
China clay is our first type of ceramic. China clay is used to make porcelain (Stephenson, 1912, p.
12). China clay is unique from the other clays because it has large amounts of kaolinite
(Stephenson,1912, p.12) Kaolinite is a white mineral, giving porcelain it's unique look, with a
chemical formula of Al2Si2O5(OH)4 (Stephenson,1912, p.12).
Ball clay is the next type of clay. Ball clay is unique because of its malleability (Stephenson. 1912,
p.13). Ball clay is the clay you see potters working on potter's wheels. It's useful to potters because it
can be molded into complex forms and made permanent by firing (Stephenson, 1912, p.13).
Fire clay is the final type of

The Synthesis And Processing Of Ceramics And Ceramic...
INTRODUCTION | 1
Polymer derived ceramics (PDC) were first introduced over thirty years ago, and are a fundamental
material in high demand today. Over the years, these materials have been heavily studied to better
understand how to manufacture them and determine their desired properties. Such materials include
coatings, ceramic fivers, and ceramics containing properties that allow them to have high stability at
high temperatures. Desired properties of PDC typically include high resistance to decomposition,
phase separation, crystallization, high chemical durability, semi–conductivity, and creep. [4]
This paper will discuss the synthesis and processing of ceramics and ceramic composites using soft
materials such as pre–ceramic polymers. The potential for materials for a large variety of
applications in harsh environments, pertaining mainly to the mechanical properties of PDCs, will
also be discussed.
PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES | 2
There are three basic steps in order to process PDC. These include synthesis of preceramic from a
specific monomer, crosslinking of polymers at low temperatures which allow for networks to form,
and finally ceramization by pyrolysis.
Some of the most common monomers which can be used consist of polysilanes, polycarbosilanes,
polysiloxanes, polysilazanes, and polysilylcarbodiimides. There are several procedures in order to
attain these figure 18.1 indicates some of the methods of creating some preceramics through various
methods outlined [1].
Figure:

Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) are systems that are...
Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) are systems that are designed on a micro metre scale and
have become more popular as the demand for devices to get smaller has increased. The main uses of
these systems are for sensors, such as accelerometers and gyroscopes and other such devices like
microscopy and inkjet nozzles for example. There are many materials that can be used for MEMS as
the cost of the material is almost eradicated due to the micro size of the systems being produced.
This brings materials such as gold, platinum and diamond can be used, as these materials have some
properties which are very desirable for a MEM systems. The most common material that is currently
used in MEMS is silicon and silicon based compounds as they ... Show more content on
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The piezoresistivity properties of diamond allow it to be used for a variety of applications at
temperatures of up to 700oC . Also diamond films can actually be used as the active sensor layer
themselves in certain situations . This has been found useful for strain gauges and accelerometers as
well as other areas. It is due to the piezoresistive gauge factor of diamond to be between 70–4000
and remains as such even at high temperatures. Another advantage of using diamond in these
situations is that because its elastic modulus is much greater than other materials that would be used
such as Silicon or silicon based compounds the diamond films can operate at much higher
frequencies. Although it has been believed that only polycrystalline materials have these
piezoresistive properties, in recent times the same properties have been found in amorphous films of
both silicon and diamond.
As devices get smaller the surface to volume ratio increase dramatically down to the micrometre
scale which means that at these levels of design the surface phenomena become more important.
The forces which create these surface phenomena such as Van der Waal's capillary and local shear
forces due to the viscosity become the main factors at a

Global Warming And Its Impact On The Contemporary World
Global warming has been deteriorating, and criticised by the entire world environmental
organisations throughout the contemporary world. This phenomenon is mainly associated be human
made pollutions and wastes emitted through the global industrialisation. Out of this global issue,
modern architects has started to design architectures which included the concern of sustainability.
Sustainable architecture can be divided in three different core parts: sustainable materials,
sustainable construction and sustainable technologies. Moreover, sustainable architectural materials
will be the aim in this report due to the reasons that exploring various types of sustainable
architectural materials and how architects had applied those materials on the architecture design are
always a popular topic, also materials would be an important section that people could be easily
understood and noticed in their daily life. Furthermore, the research will be tended to focus on
researching new kind of sustainable materials in the contemporary architectural world based in some
article and books written by the architectural professionals, and seek for innovate sustainable
materials that might have not been in common used for architecture. The research on this project
aims to examine sustainability in architectural aspect, also, the advantage that sustainable
architecture has been made in modern architecture.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The topic of green designs and global warming has been springing up as

Brocade-Powered Customer Deployment Strategy: Case Study
Brocade–Powered Customer Solution Wins Additional Award for Most Innovative NFV
Deployment Strategy SAN JOSE, CA––(Marketwired – Jun 23, 2015) – Brocade (NASDAQ:
BRCD) today announced that it has been named a winner in the Light Reading 2015 Leading Lights
awards program in two distinct categories: its unique approach for the BROCADE® SDN
CONTROLLER won for Most Innovative SDN Product Strategy and the Brocade Virtual Evolved
Packet Core (vEPC) solution won for Best New Product for Mobile. In addition, Brocade customer
Telekom Austria Group was awarded Most Innovative NFV Deployment Strategy for Network/Data
Center Operators for its Brocade–powered solution. The Leading Lights program focuses on next–
generation communications technologies, applications, services, and strategies. The winners were
announced at an awards dinner at Chicago's Field Museum on Monday, June 8 to coincide with the
BIG TELECOM EVENT. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"These awards signify the tremendous innovation enabled by the New IP and the networking
technologies that Brocade is delivering today to customers worldwide." Brocade is fully invested in
making SDN completely modular to deliver New IP networks based on an open ecosystem. The
Brocade SDN Controller is continuously built from the OpenDaylight code, with a virtuous cycle of
contributions back to the OpenDaylight community. Physical and virtual networks from multiple
vendors can be managed within the Brocade SDN Controller, and organizations can gradually
introduce ever–larger portions of their existing networks into the controller domain with single–
source technical support for the entire

Physics Of The M N + 1 Ax N
The M n+1 AX n , or MAX phases are ternary carbides or nitrides with a hexagonal crystal
structure, wherein the M n+1 X n layers are interleaved with A layers. M is an early transition metal,
A is an A–group element, which is mostly 13 and 14 groups and X is carbon or nitrogen. MAX
phases exhibit a unique combination of properties arising from their atomic bonding and structural
characteristics which situates them on the boundary between metals and ceramic bridging the gap
between them [1–6]. Due to the metallic nature of the M and A elements, MAX phases tend to be
relatively soft and readily machinable (due to weak
M–A bonds), with good thermal shock resistance as well as damage tolerance, and in addition are
excellent thermal and electrical conductors. Conversely, being carbides and nitrides they exhibit
typical ceramic properties and are good refractory materials, are very stable thermodynamically at
high temperatures, have good chemical resistance and have relatively low thermal expansion
coefficients. These properties make MAX phases amenable for use in the automotive and aerospace
industry[2, 3, 5].
The 'n' in the M n+1 AX n phases, denotes the number of M layers sandwiched between the A
layers.
Researchers have reported M 2 AX, M 3 AX 2 , and M 4 AX 3 phases, which refer to the 211, 312,
and 413 phases, respectively. In 1967, Ti 3 SiC 2 and Ti 3 GeC 2 were first synthesized by Jeitschko
and Nowotny in powder form
[7]; but it wasn't until two decades later that the

Personal Statement: My Philosophy Of Mechanical Engineering
Living in hope, with our beliefs and with little expectation of others is the way forward. My parents,
simple and honest people, have high expectations of me wishing that I grew to be an honorable
human being, just like them. Martin Luther King's life inspires the determined and I agree that to
give up in life or stop is deplorable. Irrespective of the hurdles, to push forward with all of one's
might is the only way to succeed. Living this philosophy, my father, a genuine rags to riches story,
altered my life, leading by example and encouraging me to follow the path of righteousness.
In school, I excelled in academics and sport. Thus, with a keen and intelligent disposition, I have
always favored the sciences. An active cricketer, I represented my school in the Harris Shield, a
tournament managed by the Mumbai Cricket Association, Mumbai's local cricketing body. Where
cricket strengthened my attitude as a team player, Lawn Tennis helped to amplify my originality and
individual capacities. In Junior School, when I made Prefect ... Show more content on
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This theory is intriguing and I believe that with a finger in every pie around the world, Mechanical
Engineering is an obligatory study for the visionaries. My quest for knowledge ended in Chennai
where SRM University's unparalleled curriculum provides a detailed introduction of the
elaborateness of the subject, exposing us to a variety of fields such as Fluid Dynamics, Gas
Dynamics and Space Propulsion, Materials Technology and Computer Aided Manufacturing.
Laboratory assignments and presentations intensified schoolroom education, implementing
conceptual learning and putting to practice founding principles, thus enhancing my understanding.
Active and energetic, I was always in the driver's seat for any exercise our group produced. In fact,
in the first year, a faculty member recognized my academic competence and encouraged me to keep
advancing ahead towards

Chemistry Advances in Computers with the Work of...
Chemistry and technology has allowed so many advancements in today's society. It has allowed us
to have faster computers, better displays, bigger hard disks(hard drives),and it gives us the ability to
work, to create, and to play. The main focus point of my research is how chemistry has advanced
computers with the work of transistors. A transistor is a semiconductor device that can amplify,
control and generate electrical signals. Transistors look like integrated circuts. They are placed in
micro processors, known as the heart of a micro processor. As times go on transistors decrease in
size and increase in capability.
What was society like before the discovery of your technology? The discovery of transistors has
been around ever since ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How is your technolgyaffecting society today? In my opinion technology is having a negative affect
on society. You walk into resturants and you see a family everyone of their faces shoved into a
phone. But on the flip side it can be a positive affect. You see what all transistors do in all sorts of
technology. You have computers with games that look as if they are real life. Like if you were living
in the right part of the world you could look outside your window and see the same thing you are
seeing and hearing on the screen. You have an iPod that can fit in the palm of your hand yet it can
hold tens of thousands of songs. That is enough to play for a whole year! Technologly has come so
far with it's pros and cons of the world affect to all the advancements. You can have the world at
your fingertips, as long as you do not have a flip phone. But if you had an iPhone you could hold
music, apps, and much much more.
In your opinion, what impact will your technonly have on the future? In my opinion the future of
technolog wil have both a positive and negative affect, the same as what technology is doing now.
The technology of transistors will continue to have society in awe of what ever new product will
come out next. They will become friends with who ever gets the new product first. We will ask for
the things for christmas and boast about it too all of our friends. Because we have most storage for
all of our stuff. Transistors

How Ceramic Cutting Tools Have Been Around For Over 100 Years
David Golding
Term Paper
Mech 4320
Dr. Lewis
Advanced Cutting Materials Ceramic cutting tools have been around for over 100 years. The most
common materials used prior to this were iron and steel. These metals are effective in cutting but
have limitations that ceramics do not. There are many different types of materials used in the
production of ceramic–based cutting tools. The production of ceramics have seen various
advancements since its birth, and continues to be more dependable as new technologies are applied
to lower cost and boost efficiency in development. Advanced cutting ceramics is a $30 million (US)
industry per the Department of Energy and has seen increased growth in the last 10 years. Alumina
(〖Al〗_2 O_3) and Silicon Nitride (〖Si〗_3 N_4) are most commonly found in a ceramic cutting
material. Their attributes differ for their own specific purpose, but they all have the same core
characteristics. They all demonstrate elevated hardness, strength, and thermal conductivity. Thermal
conductivity is one of the main advantages in using ceramics over other materials. Ceramics can
withstand temperatures over 4000℉ in its operation, while Carbide can only reach 1600℉. Cutting
materials at this heat allows for the material being cut to be softened, allowing for a smoother, easier
pass. These high temperatures are unattainable for carbide tools because they exceed its melting
point. Ideal–machining temperatures (e.g., 2200°F for nickel alloys) can be accommodated by

Personal Network Enhancement : Personal And Professional...
Paraj Mathur BOS 315 Prof. A. Merryman Memo #2 Personal Network Enhancement Personal and
professional relationships are the catalysts of growth and success. Thus, it is important to constantly
cultivate and develop your network, building new relationships and strengthening old bonds. The
first step towards building an effective network is to assess your existing network for its strengths,
weaknesses, and opportunities. I found three major weaknesses in my network after conducting a
thorough network self assessment – a very high percentage of inbred relations, lack of non–work
interactions, and absence of relationships in the startup industry. To address these weaknesses in my
current network, I developed and implemented a two week plan ... Show more content on
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4). Thus I had discovered my first problem – a heavily in–bred network. As I further analyzed my
network, I realized that while my networks encompassed relationships with people across a broad
range of levels, it was limited by required interactions. In her notes, Ibarra (1996) articulates that
'...managers whose network contacts extend beyond their required work–related interactions and
immediate work groups or departments tend to be more powerful and mobile" (p. 2). Therefore, I
was able to diagnose the second major problem with my network – lack of relationships beyond
work interactions. In addition to these two problems another major gap in my network was the
absence of a relevant task network. While I had dependable career related relationships for advice
and mentorship, and an extensive social network, I had no relationships in the consulting and
entrepreneurship industries which is my industry of choice for my career. Thus I was severely short
handed in my search for jobs and internships opportunities. So I had to develop a plan to solve the
three major issues with my network which would enable me to interact with people with different
backgrounds and views, expand my relationships to those beyond work–related interactions, and
help me develop relationships with people in the startup world. I developed a two

Martha Mccaskey
Abstract: Martha McCaskey has been consistently outperforming herself maintaining high levels of
integrity in each project assignment. Currently, she was the project lead for a critical project entitled
'Silicon 6' which apart from having high significance for her personal career also had high
significance from her company's future perspective. The project required Martha to research upon
manufacturing technologies and plant setup costs for a computer chip that the client's competitor
was planning to launch soon. Martha has been promised a promotion to group manager and the
organization has been offered interest in assigning approximately 10 new projects. The project
presents an ethical dilemma in front of Martha wherein she needs access ... Show more content on
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The case speaks about a project wherein McCaskey was able to get project critical information just
3–4 days before the final presentation and hence I feel the best alternative for McCaskey would be
to best utilize the week available at hand in gaining additional information. In doing so, she can first
of all begin with interviewing Devon but not to gain proprietary information about the target
company but utilize him as a professional consultant who could assist them in researching upon the
latest manufacturing technologies used in computer chips manufacturing and the associated
operating costs. Devon had recently helped a European company in setting up a manufacturing plant
and seemed extremely intelligent and knowledgeable about the semiconductor industry. The
discussion can be focused to revolve around the key trends and technologies affecting the
semiconductor industry. Interviewing Devon with direct questions to seek proprietary information
about the target company would compromise McCaskey's business values and also possibly tarnish
her name in the consulting industry. Devon had been extremely supportive and informative in the
first meeting but as a good business professional without giving away any proprietary information
about any company and hence could have taken legal action against IAD once he realized the
intentions of McCaskey. Also, there was no guarantee that

High-Tech Workers in the Silicon Valley Essay
Brief History of the Valley
The Silicon Valley area became a major manufacturing power after World War II. The Cold War
furthered this development, as industries involved in defense, aerospace, steel, oil, automobiles, and
so on prospered (Hossfeld 405–406). The high–technology industry began in the laboratories of
corporations such as Bell Laboratories, American Telephone and Telegraph, Fairchild Camera and
Instrument, and General Electric during this Cold War era (Bacon, "Organizing"). Employment in
California, especially Silicon Valley, grew rapidly between 1950 and 1980 due to technical
innovation that characterized the postwar prosperity. Furthermore, federal spending expanded
California's economy, placing it in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although the Silicon Valley is not limited to the production of cell phones, many of the components
of cell phones are manufactured by workers in the Silicon Valley. Several corporations that
manufacture cell phones or the components of cell phones have their plants located in the Silicon
Valley. Some corporations include Intel, Altera, 3com, Applied Materials, Agilent Technologies,
Juniper Networks, Linear Technologies, National Semiconductors, and Xilinx ("Silicon Valley
Companies").
Who are these workers?
"Silicon Valley is home to large, well–paid professional workforce, but the Valley's high–tech
companies directly and indirectly employ a vast number of poorly paid workers locally, nationally,
and internationally" (Siegel 91). Most of these workers are Third World women and the industry is
stratified by race, nationality, and gender (Hossfeld 407). A 1990 census and Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission data showed that white and Japanese–American men are at the top and
non–white women are at the bottom (Siegel 98). Today, thirty percent of the skilled production
workforce, forty–seven percent of the semiskilled workforce, and forty–one percent of the unskilled
workforce are Asian. Additionally, eighteen percent of the skilled workers, twenty–one percent of
semiskilled workers, and thirty–six

Essay On Nanowires
Abstract– This paper provides an overview of the ongoing developments and research efforts on
nanowires. It is a brief survey of the types of materials used and the applications associated with
nanowire research. It is a method combining laser ablation, cluster formation and vapour liquid solid
growth
(VLS). In this process, laser ablation was used to prepare nanometer–diameter catalyst clusters that
define the size of wires produced by VLS growth. This approach was used to prepare bulk quantities
of uniform single–crystal silicon and germanium nanowires with diameters of 6–20 and 3–9 nm.
Studies carried out with different conditions and catalyst materials confirmed the central detail of
the growth mechanisms and suggests that face ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology
Krishnadevarayanagar, Hunasamaranahalli, Bangalore –562 157 India
(prakriti.adhya97@gmail.com)
II. NANOWIRE SYNTHESIS
Many of the papers included in this survey concentrated on methods or materials used to synthesize
nanowires. Most nanowire synthesis occurs via Vapor–Liquid– Solid (VLS) processes. VLS
processes use a liquid catalyst to draw components out of a vapor phase and deposit them in a solid
phase. While terms such as "laser ablation" and "chemical vapor deposition" may often be used to
describe the synthesis technique used in a particular experiment, this commonly refers only to the
means by which the vapor phase is produced or transported. For example, laser ablation uses a laser
to vaporize a source material, forming the vapor phase that is absorbed and later deposited by the
catalyst droplet as the nanowire grows.
Silicon nanowires often are synthesized through VLS processes [1–3]. Specifically, a substrate is
coated with gold nanoparticles and then heated until the gold melts and forms tiny droplets. A
silicon–containing vapor, typically silane, or
SiH4, is then passed over the substrate. At the vapor–gold interface, silicon atoms are stripped from
the silane and are absorbed into the nanoparticles. When the saturation limit of silicon in gold has
been reached, the silicon precipitates out of the droplet onto the substrate.
This precipitate builds up and lifts the catalyst away from the substrate, giving

What Is The Similarities And Differences Of The Α-Fepo4?
Paragraph 1
Between α–FePO4 and β–FePO4, there are similarities and differences between the crystal
structures and crystal chemistry. Starting off with the differences, one of which is how the quartz
behaved at different temperatures. At low temperature, where the α–FePO4 is formed, generally tend
towards the values obtained for β–FePO4 at high temperature. This is surprisingly true for all alpha
quarts at low temperature, where they shift towards the value of its respective Beta quartz at high
temperature.
Moreover, as temperature rises towards 980 Kelvin, the Fe–O–P bridging angles will rise gradually
while the tetrahedral tilt angles will decrease drastically during the α–β transition phase. Another
major difference occurs for the thermal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This as a result, make the α–FePO4 structure more dynamically unstable as compared to β–FePO4
quartz. Moreover, this change in the crystal structure of the quartz also resulted in significant
changes to the specific density. Given that density of a structure depends on its mass over the
volume of the structure, an increase in the temperature which lead to the atoms having higher kinetic
energy would therefore increase the vibrations of the atoms in the crystal lattice structure.
With faster vibrations would therefore favour the open crystal structures as the particles would
require more space for the bigger motion. However, as the structure is limited by the bond angles,
all the quartz isotype crystal structures and their variations with respect to pressure and temperature
can be expressed in terms of the non–bonded radius and its corresponding angle.
Paragraph 2
Between α–FePO4 and β–FePO4, the symmetrical difference is mainly due to the limiting value of δ
=21.5 degree and θ=137.8 degree. To start off discussing about the symmetry relationship between
the
FePO4 polymorphs, we first have to understand how the different quartz is being prepared. For the

Ltcc Based High Voltage 3 D Power Module
LTCC Interposer Based High Voltage 3–D Power Module
Atanu Dutta, Simon Ang, and Zhong Chen
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
Abstract–In this paper, a low temperature co–fired ceramic (LTCC) interposer based high voltage
(13 kV) half–bridge power module is proposed. The proposed power module utilized multi–layer
LTCC interposers to perform 3–D stack, which provides series connection between devices to
achieve high voltage rating of the power module. The proposed 3–D stack can be implemented
through wafer–level packaging using silicon (Si) and silicon carbide (SiC) devices where paralleling
of multiple devices is required to achieve high current. In the proposed high voltage package design,
through–hole vias are implemented to form electrical connections between multi–layer self–aligned
LTCC interposers. The LTCC interposers also provide excellent high voltage breakdown insulation
for the proposed package design. The package exhibits lower parasitic inductance compared to the
traditional wire–bonded counterpart. In this paper, the feasibility of the proposed power module
design was simulated.
Index Terms–High voltage power module, wafer–level packaging, 3–D power module, wire
bondless power module
I. INTRODUCTION
High power modules require multiple power semiconductor devices to be connected in series and
parallel to achieve both high voltage and current rating. There are several challenges associated with
packaging of

Determining the Empirical Formula of Magnesium Oxide Essay...
Determining the Empirical Formula of Magnesium Oxide
INTRODUCTION:
The empirical formula is the simplest and lowest whole number ratio of the different atoms in a
sample of compound. To work out the empirical formula, the value of moles of the different atoms
in a compound is needed. Mole is just simply a unit used to measure the amount of atoms, just like
how the unit "dozen" is used to measure things such as eggs. One mole is 6Ã–10^23 atoms and this
number is called the Avogadro number. The mole can be also defined as the number of atoms in
exactly 12g of Carbon.
In this experiment, the magnesium will be heated and this magnesium will react with the oxygen in
the air to form magnesium ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
7. When the crucible cooled down so that one was able to hold it, the crucible with lid containing the
magnesium oxide was measured. The mass was recorded.
RESULTS:
QUANTATIVE RESULTS:
Mass of empty crucible and lid
(g)
Mass of crucible and lid with magnesium
(g)
Mass of crucible and lid with magnesium oxide
(g)
35.40
35.74

35.94
OUALATATIVE RESULTS:
– White fume was coming out of the crucible, when the lid was lifted.
– When the magnesium was first heated, the magnesium was glowing slightly orange, but it turned
into a strong glow later.
– Short after the magnesium had started to be heated, the magnesium turned black. However, as the
reaction was beginning to finish, the magnesium became an ashy white color.
CALCULATIONS:
Mass of magnesium:
Mass of crucible and lid with magnesium – Mass of empty crucible and lid
35.74g – 35.40g
= 0.34g
Mass of oxygen:
Mass of crucible and lid with magnesium oxide – Mass of crucible and lid with magnesium
35.94g – 35.74g
= 0.2g
Moles of magnesium:
Mass of magnesium
Ar of magnesium
0.34g
24
= 0.014167 (6 D.P)
Moles of oxygen:
Mass of oxygen

Ar of oxygen
0.2g
16
=0.0125
Mole ratio of magnesium : oxygen:
Magnesium : oxygen
0.0141... : 0.0125
0.0125 0.0125
1.1333â€¦

How Is Sio2 Similar
SiO2 and FePO4 are very similar in terms of their crystal structure. SiO2 consists of a metalloid
bonded to oxygen atoms, whereas FePO4 consists of a transition metal which forms an ionic bond
with a Phosphate ion (cation), which itself consists of a non–metal bonded to oxygen atoms. In
addition, the size of Si and FeP relative to oxygen are very similar. These structural similarities
mean that the observations made during the thermal transition from the alpha phase to the beta phase
are also similar – loosely. This transition between phases is seen in the form of a change in the
structure of the compounds once they cross a certain temperature.
However, due to differences in chemical structure, the specifics of the change in structure are vastly
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
alpha–FePO4 can be said to change more eagerly as compared to beta–FePO4. In alpha–FePO4, the
thermal expansion is seen to be largely non–linear whilst having a significant amount of angular
variations similar to the other alpha–quartz types.
However, thermal expansion does not take place in beta–FePO4 as the process does not take place at
the extreme K–levels (980K and beyond). The abrupt absence of the process is said to be caused by
dynamic instability, which in turn is related to the idea of rigid–unit mode. This proves that there has
been a chemical restructuring between the range of temperature such that alpha–beta FePO4
becomes two chemicals that are essentially different; their difference manifesting in the amount of
tetrahedral tilt they experience at different points of temperature increment (inter–conversion
through tetrahedral tilting).
Hence, we can see that the mechanism is important as the structural changes related to it
(for polymorphs) affect symmetry. All in all, the behaviour of FePO4 is proven to not mimic that of
the other alpha–quartz homeotypes. This conclusion of its properties itself makes
FePO4 an unsuitable piezoeletrical

Modeling Of Engineering And Biomedical Sciences
Atomistic modeling of BN nanofillers: a review
Rajesh Kumar* and Avinash Parashar
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee –
247667, India
* Corresponding author: E–Mail: rajeshpawar4u@gmail.com, Ph.: +91–1332–284801
ABSTRACT
Due to their exceptional mechanical properties, thermal conductivity and electrically insulating
property, boron nitride nanotubes and nanosheets have promising applications in the field of
engineering and biomedical sciences. Accurate modeling of failure or fracture in a nanomaterials
inherently involves coupling of atomic domains of crack, voids as well as deformation mechanism
originating from grain boundaries. This review highlights the recent progress made in the atomistic
modeling of boron nitride nanofillers. Continuous improvements in computational power and
parallel processing have made it possible to study structural properties of these nanofillers in
atomistic state. These atomistic simulations are emerging as viable alternatives to time consuming
and costly experimental means.
Keywords: Boron nitride; nanofillers; finite element; density functional theory; molecular dynamics;
Tersoff potential; hybrid nanostructures
1.0 Introduction
Boron nitride (BN) is a lab–grown binary compound consisting of equal number of boron (B) and
nitrogen (N) atoms. BN crystallizes either as a hexagonal layered structure or as a tetrahedral linked
structure, similar to that of graphite and diamond

The Sustainability Of The Solar Energy
The purpose of this memo is to define sustainability in relation to solar energy. We will do this by
informing you of our definition of sustainability, followed by providing you with the economic
efficiency, environmental impacts, and sociological perception.
Team Definition of Sustainability
Economical
Cost Effective
Reasonable alternative for non–sustainable energy.
Does it save money in the long run?
Will the improvement of technology out–date current implementation?
Environmental
Manufacture (green practices)
Recycle
End of Life
Remanufacture?
Low Waste
Easy to Obtain Materials
Recyclable/ Biodegradable Materials?
Social
Population Bias
Government Push
Availability (Between Different Countries) Risk–Benefit Analysis
Those that are manufacturing the product have access to the product.
How the solar panels are being used?
Definition:
A sustainable technology is one that is affordable, available, environmentally safe, socially accepted,
and helpful. It is affordable and available enough that it may be used by the general public. It is easy
to manufacture using renewable materials and it does not pollute; it improves the quality of life for
present and future generations.
Environmental
Availability
China is the leading manufacturer of solar panels. To protect the industry 's reputation the

manufacturers of photovoltaic panels in china has set standards for recycling their waste instead of
casually dumping them. These standards are easily met if they explored

Using Algan / Gan For Biosensing Applications
Among a variety of sensing mechanisms and device architectures, field effect transistors (FET)
based devices are ideal biosensors for point–of–care systems since they can directly convert the
specific binding between receptors on the gate surface and target analytes to an electrical signal for
low–cost, rapid, and sensitive detection, for which signal acquisition and processing units can be
simply integrated. Although silicon based metal oxide FETs (MOSFETs) (planar or nanowire)
[45,46], carbon nanotube based FETs and graphene based FETs [47–49] have been widely studied as
candidates for advanced biosensing applications, they are somewhat limited in various facets.
In the first section of this chapter, limitations of current biosensors ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These Si–based devices are low–cost and can be easily integrated with signal processing and
communication circuits on the same chip.
Ion Diffusion in Silicon Dioxide
SiO2 is the most widely used gate material of silicon–based bioFETs. Since the SiO2 surface is
hydrophilic, it serves as a good substrate for cell membranes deposition or receptor immobilization.
However, the applications of Si/SiO2 based biochemical sensors are limited since these devices,
when in aqueous solutions, suffer from various difficulties such as chemical instability and
degradation of gate dielectrics. Na+ or K+ ions from physiological buffer can diffuse into SiO2 and
contribute to mobile charges. These mobile ions can be driven by the applied electrical field, causing
a variable drift in the transistor threshold voltage. This drift results in the degradation of device
performance or instability of device operation, thus making these devices difficult to detect target
analytes in physiological buffers or fluids with high ionic strengths. Figure 2.1 shows comparison of
normalized time–dependent DC current measurements between a Si MOSFET biosensor and an
AlGaN/GaN HFET biosensor with the gate area exposed to 1× phosphate buffered saline (PBS)

Investigating The Mechanism Of Decomposition, Reaction...
Abstract:
Thermal analysis data is used to determine the mechanism of decomposition, reaction energetics,
and gas evolution of a material, specifically calcium silicate, also called limestone. Based on the
basic rules of thermodynamics, a hypothesis can be formed that, as limestone is heated, it
decomposes into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide due to heat transfer and the creation of
impurities. The addition of silicon oxide, or quartz, can also cause limestone to decompose in the
same manner. This was tested using experiments including Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA),
Mass Spectrometry (MS), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Figures 1–3 confirm this
hypothesis through extensive logging of data. Future work can include data ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Unlike pressure, temperature is a simple variable to alter. This is why it is preferred when analyzing
controlled reaction rates, such as heat transfer. An increase in temperature causes certain materials,
commonly salts, to decompose, controlling the free energy that is released. Salts, which are unstable
at high temperatures, are ideal subjects for thermal analysis. For example, when CaCO3 decomposes
into CaO and CO2, the nucleation of CaO causes a "decrease in temperature [that] represents the
endothermic heat absorbed by the reaction." The decomposition of a material is affected by various
factors, such as the pressure exerted on the material while it is heated, the amount of time the
material is exposed to heat, and the rate of heat transfer. (Kingery).
On a macroscopic level, as limestone is heated, it will darken in color as it separates into calcium
oxide and carbon dioxide. As it decomposes, calcium oxide will be formed into a solid and carbon
dioxide will be released as a gas. The calcined powder will retain its darker color, but would
otherwise look similar to the initial limestone. Decomposition is a reaction to the impurities caused
by the heating of the material. (Thermogravimetric).
Experimental Methods:
After collecting samples and placing the calcium silicate, limestone, into each machine for the
duration of time needed to collect 230 data points, testing is completed. While in the

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Zinc Oxide
Zinc oxide is a semiconductor material II–VI studied since the middle of 20the century. Most of the
physical properties of massive ZnO are therefore well known for several decades. The interest of the
researchers then declined, partly because of a major technological lock for the use of ZnO in
optoelectronics, namely the impossibility of doping the p–type ZnO.
The ability to grow thin layers and low dimensional hetero structures (quantum wells, nano–
columns, etc.) of good crystalline quality recently revitalized the research effort on ZnO, particularly
with the aim of obtaining effective devices for optoelectronics in the blue and near ultraviolet, in
complement gallium nitride. For this purpose, the main advantage of ZnO GaN is a lower cost,
enabled by the relative abundance of zinc over gallium. Zinc oxide powder is also used as an
additive in numerous products, for example plastics, ceramics, paints, pigments, cosmetics, etc.
In material science, another major benefit of zinc oxide is its strong exciton binding energy which
allows to preserve the exciton properties up to Room temperature. The cohesion energy of the
exciton is indeed twice greater in ZnO ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first is the growth of quantum wells along non–polar axes. These axes, perpendicular to the axis
c, make it possible to overcome the internal electric field. The main axes used in growth are axes a
and m. The first samples quantum wells of ZnO / (Zn, Mg) O non–polar plan A were grown in 2007
on sapphire substrates [Cha07]. The other axis is to reduce the density of defects crystalline,
responsible for non–radiative losses. Most of the centers non–radiative are crystal dislocations,
which arise from mesh clash inherent to the heteroepitaxy method. Homoepitaxy, and therefore the
use of massive ZnO substrate, theoretically promises a clear improvement in quality crystalline. A
significant improvement was observed only very recently

The Degradation Of Solar Cell
Solar Cell Degradation in Space Abstract:
This paper will present the degradation of solar cell performance when exposed to solar wind in
space, particularly in the Van Allen belt region. Also, solar cell theory is mathematically modeled
and described using Matlab simulation software accompanied by the SRIM software to generate the
targeting data. Follow with the degradation modeling of Si, InGaP/GaAs/Ge triple–junction space
solar cells when are exposed to high energy charged particles, especially protons and electrons in the
Mega–electron–Volt range. In this model, carrier removal rate of the base layer and damage
coefficient of minority carrier diffusion length in each sub–cell are considered as radiation
degradation parameters. In addition, this paper will present the status of high radiation–resistant
solar cells made from Si, InGaP/GaAs/Ge for space application to guarantee the successful
operation of the satellite.
Acknowledgement:
This Project had been smoothly carried out and implemented at the California State University of
Long Beach. Initially, I would like to thank to Dr. Chu Chow Long for his supervision and support
for this research project.
List of the Figure:
Figure 1: Standard Solar Spectra
Figure 2: Cross–section of the typical solar cell.
Figure 3: Plot of I_sc and V_oc and the power for 100 〖cm〗^2 cell area.
Figure 4: Solar photon effect
Figure 5: A solar panel array of the International Space Station
Figure 6: High

Why Do Silicone Rubbers Have Exceptional Weatherability
According to references [48,49,50,51]:
1) Heat and Cold resistance
Silicone rubber withstands high and low temperatures for better than organic rubbers. It can be used
indefinitely at 150 °C with almost no change in its properties. It withstands use even at 200 °C for
10000 hours or more, and some products can withstands heat of 350 °C for short periods.
Silicone rubber also has excellent resistance to cold temperatures. Some products withstand
extremely low temperatures of –100 °C and below.
2) Weatherability
Silicone rubbers have exceptional weatherability. Ozone created by corona discharge rapidly
deteriorates most organic rubbers, but has almost no effect on silicone rubber. In addition, silicone
rubber can be exposed to wind, rain and

The Use Of Silicone Products For Breast Implants
Background
Biomaterials, whether from natural or synthetic origin, have been used for many biomedical
applications ranging from surgery to drug delivery (1). Of particular interest is the use of silicone
products for breast implants, which are medical prostheses serving to augment or reconstruct breasts
(1). To date, silicone is one of the most commonly used materials for plastic surgery procedures in
North America (1, 2). The first silicone breast implants were developed in 1961 and were available
for use by 1962. At that time, there was limited awareness on the safety and efficacy of silicone in
breast implants, but this view changed when attention was drawn to repeated reports involving
adverse reactions after implantation (1, 3–5). This led to a moratorium on silicone breast implants in
1992 by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (5). After extensive research, the majority of
results concluded that there were no major harmful effects associated with silicone products. In
2006, FDA approved the use of silicone products in breast implants, which currently leaves silicone
as the only available material for this purpose (3, 5, 6). Since that time, there has been controversy
around the nature and associated complications related to silicone products in breast implants (1, 2,
5). This is reflected by the current body of literature, and seems to result from a lack of consistency
in the methodologies used to determine the mechanisms underlying silicone transport, uptake,

Essay On Polyphenolics
As shown in Fig. 1, the bonds about 278 and 335 nm were related to the presence of polyphenolics
as the antioxidant for green synthesis of nanoparticles, which assigned to the π → π* transitions
[40]. The addition of the Safflower extract to the HAuCl4 solution was resulted in the Au3+
reduction and visual color change from light yellow to reddish brown is meaning the formation of
Au–NPs. Therefore, this color change is due to Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) excitation the
collective oscillation of free conduction electrons induced by an interacting electromagnetic field.
The strong SPR band was observed near 520 nm. These bands are centered in the ideal wavelength
range reported for Au–NP colloidal solutions [41]. 3.2. XRD
The wide ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3.3. BET–BJH
The porosity and volumetric characteristics of the materials were evaluated by volumetric analyses.
In both materials (Fig. 4), the "Type IV" N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms with "H1–type"
hysteresis corresponded to condensation and evaporation steps, and were characteristic of periodic
mesoporous materials. The textural properties of SBA–15, NH2–SBA–15 and Fe3O4–SBA–15–
Cya–Cit–Au–NPs have been summarized in Table 1. It is noteworthy that the surface area, pore
volume, and pore size decreased following the modification, confirming that the surface
modification occurred on the inner surface of the silica wall [23]. A considerable decrease in the
BET surface area upon grafting of cyanuric–citric acid and Au nanocrystallites at the surface of the
functionalized SBA–15 material (B) clearly suggests that the cyanuric– citric acid and Au
nanoparticles have been anchored on the inner surface of the mesopores.
3.4. IR
For identification of Fe3O4, SBA–15 and SBA–15–CA–Fe3O4/Au functional groups were studied
FT–IR analysis (Fig. 5). As shown in Fig. 5a, Fe–O bond at 580 cm–1 and 634 cm–1 and –OH bond
at 3398 cm–1 indicate the presence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. In addition, in Fig. 5b, at around 800
cm–1, 950 cm–1 and 1090 cm–1 were related to the Si–O symmetric stretching, Si–OH and Si–O–
Si asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibration respectively, which confirms

Activated Alumina Research Paper
Silica Gel Silica gel is silicon dioxide (SiO2) manufactured as small round beads with a large pore
surface area (Figure 19). The water contained in the gas vapor is adsorbed by the desiccant at
relatively low temperatures. Silica gel is 97% silica and 3% alumina with a porous surface and
strong adsorbing qualities. Silica gel fractures in the presence of liquid water, so it is important to
separate the liquid and gas ahead of a silica gel desiccant unit. Some manufacturers use a pre–bed of
activated alumina to protect the silica gel from water droplets that may enter the dryer. In air and gas
drying applications, dew points of –40°C (–40°F) and lower can be achieved with silica gel. Figure
19 – Silica gel desiccant beads. Activated Alumina ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Activated alumina has many applications, including compressed air and gas drying. Figure 20 –
Activated alumina desiccant beads. In compressed air and gas drying applications, activated alumina
achieves dew points of –40°C to –73°C (–40°F to –100°F), depending on the dryer design. In
compressed air desiccant dryers, a 3.2 mm (1/8 in) activated alumina bead is common. The 6.4 mm
(1/4 in) activated alumina bead is typically used as a pre–bed for supporting large desiccant beds or
as a buffer for silica gel beds. Molecular Sieve Dehydration Molecular sieves adsorb the highest
amount of water, produce the lowest water dew points and sweeten (remove hydrogen sulfide) and
dry the natural gas. Molecular sieves are adsorbents made up of aluminosilicate crystalline polymers
(zeolite) that remove components such as the following:

High Demand For Computer Chips
Computer chips are widely used today in computers, phones, tablets, and other electronics. The high
demand for computer chips requires a manufacturing process that is accurate as well as efficient. In
the past, chips have been manufactured out of many different materials including copper oxide and
germanium. Today, computer chips are manufactured using silicon due to its versatility as a
semiconductor and how readily available it is in the environment. This paper includes how silicon
became an important semiconductor, a brief history on the process of integrated chip manufacturing,
an analysis of the shrinking of manufacturing process, and newer methods of three dimensional
lithography. Silicon and germanium are used as semiconductors ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Different combinations of n and p–type doping are used to create electronic components such as
transistors, capacitors, and diodes. Silicon became the top semiconductor in the 1960s due to the
oxide layer it forms, its ability to perform at higher temperatures, and its availability in nature. When
exposed to air, silicon forms a silicon dioxide layer on its surface that serves as an excellent
insulator allowing for small interference between different components. Compared to germanium,
silicon is able to perform at higher temperatures which becomes important when there are several
different components on a chip operating and generating heat. Silicon is also readily available in
nature, as it is a main component in sand whereas germanium is difficult to extract in large
quantities making it more expensive. Computer processors and graphics processors have become
increasingly advanced over the past 15 years, and require a process that is able to lay billions of
transistors in a short amount of time. This process starts out with a silicon wafer, which is made
from sand that it is melted down and extruded into a cylinder of perfect silicon lattices. This cylinder
is cut into several eighteen inch diameter disks that are close to one millimeter thick. The silicon
wafer is then annealed to remove the internal stresses of the lattice and then an

A Powerful Philosophy Of The Sacramento Technology Industry
A Powerful Philosophy He was much shorter than I expected when I met him; standing at only five
feet three inches. I had woken up that morning with a feeling of anticipation. Hundreds of questions
bounced around in my head and I was finally going to meet the guy whom I hoped had all the
answers. I quickly got dressed in my form fitting suit, ate breakfast, and then eagerly started the
thirty minute drive to Folsom. That afternoon I had lunch with Mr.Lokesh Sikaria. Mr.Sikaria is one
of the most prominent business men in the Sacramento technology industry and I reached out to him
because I was extremely interested in pursuing a similar career. Mr.Sikaria, who received a master's
in electrical engineering and a minor in business from the University of California Berkeley,
initiated his career at a small consulting firm. He quickly moved to a chief operator position at
Rapidigm Inc where he controlled millions of dollars in company revenue. A few years later, he
started his own IT consulting firm, which was wildly successful, and now operates a venture capital
firm in Folsom California. There is no doubt in my mind that Mr. Sikaria is very successful
personally, but what really makes him stand out is his ability to be successful personally and help
the community at the same time. The ability to do this is impressive and should be imitated by
everyone in order to have a greater impact on the world.
To succeed personally is to do and accomplish things that enhance your own

Hp Is A Consumer Electronics Company
Hewlett–Packard more commonly known as HP is a consumer electronics company. Since their
humble beginnings they have had a focus on inventive thinking and creativity. Last year this
company celebrated its 75th anniversary. 75 years is a major accomplishment for any company, but
it is especially significant for a company in an industry as competitive and prone to change as the
technology industry. HP has been inventing and manufacturing electronics for almost twice as long
as several of the industries major players such as Apple and Microsoft. With a research and
development budget rivaling that of much larger companies such as Apple, HP still places a lot of
emphasis on the creation of new technology. Throughout this project we will be ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Shortly after starting his job at General electric Dave Packard took a leave of absence and moved
himself and his new wife to Palo Alto California, and began working with Bill Hewlett to start their
own company using an idea Bill had during his time as a student.
The Idea that would start not only HP but all of Silicon Valley was the subject of Bill Hewlett's
thesis subject at Stanford. Bill envisioned an audio oscillator that would be cheaper to make, easier
to operate, more accurate, and more portable than what was available at the time. The key to this
new oscillator was a small light bulb. By glowing brighter or dimmer the light bulb could stabilize
the signal strength, cancelling unwanted variations. This gave Bill's design a great advantage over
other companies. After more experimentation and testing Bill and Dave were able to take the thesis
project and make HP's first product, the 200A Oscillator. The name was chosen to make it appear
that they had designed other similar devices and that this was not the company's first product. The
first major buyer to benefit from Bill's new design was Walt Disney. Before their purchase Disney
requested some design changes which lead to the 200B oscillator. Disney needed a new kind of
audio oscillator to get movie theaters ready for the upcoming release of their new movie fantasia.
Due to the musical nature of the movie,

The Development of New Coating Materials
PECVD
Summary :
Recent advances in science and technology have stimulated the development of new coating
materials, surface and interface engineering processes, and thin ﬁlm systems, that provide ever–
improving performance in numerous areas, ranging from optics and optoelectronics to aerospace,
automotive, biomedical, microelectronics, and other applications.
PECVD Process :
In PECVD processing, glow discharge plasmas are sustained within chambers where simultaneous
CVD reactions occur. Generally, the radio frequencies employed range from about 100 kHz to 40
MHz at gas pressures between 50 mtorr to 5 torr. Under these conditions, electron and positive–ion
densities number between lo9 and 101*/cm3, and average electron energies range from 1 to 10 eV.
This energetic discharge environment is sufficient to decompose gas molecules into a variety of
component species, such as electrons, ions, atoms, and molecules in ground and excited states, free
radicals, etc. The net effect of the interactions among these reactive molecular fragments is to cause
chemical reactions to occur at much lower temperatures than in conventional CVD reactors without
benefit of plasmas. Therefore, previously unfeasible high–temperature reactions can be made to
occur on temperature–sensitive substrates.
Typical cylindrical, radial flow, silicon nitride deposition reactor
The tube or tunnel reactors employed can be coupled inductively with a coil or capacitively with
electrode plates. In both cases,

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