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The russian revolutions of 1905 and 1917
- 1. THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONS OF 1905 AND 1917
- 2. At the beginning of teh 20th century Russia was: - Inmense territory - 150 million of population - Several nationalities and cultures The Russian Empire
- 3. Huge Empiere but behind ECNOMY BASED ON: AGRICULTURE Slow industrial development Peasant people 13 % of people lived in urban places and cities The peasant represented the 80 % of the total russian population
- 4. CZARIST SOCIETY Unequal: • Aristocracy – Orthodox Church – Middle class • Peasants • Workers
- 5. CZARISM FEATURES AUTOCRATIC MONARCHY PEASANT PEOPLE - ABSOLUTELY POWER POOR - REPRESSIVE EXPLOITED RUSSIA
- 6. POLITICAL OPPOSITION TO CZARISM Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party (RSDWP) Inspired by Marxism Founded in 1895 Working class should carry out a revolution Diffences between them (1903) Bolsheviks Mensheviks (Seize of power) (Moderated)
- 7. THE REVOLUTION OF 1905 Economic, political and social crisis Russia’s defeat in Russo-Japanese War (1904) Peaceful demonstration where people asked for: - Better condition - Giving up with social injustices Consequences BLOODY SUNDAY
- 8. FACTS LED TO THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION The first “SOVIET” was formed for coordinating the political strikes (main workers’ weapon) Some reforms: Creation of DUMA Agrarian reform Individual and citizens’ liberties
- 9. TO SUMMARIZE ….. The Revolution of 1905 causes The crisis Discontented people Weakness of Czarism regime progress Demonstrations and strikes Bloody Sunday participants Workers Peasants
- 10. THE FOLLOWING YEARS 1906 – 1912 Political reactions. In the DUMA elections , the bolsheviks got majority, marked the end of the workers regression 1914 The 1st World War began. Nicholas II took the direct control of the army Rasputin influenced the Czarina in favor of the Germans The war was desmoralizing for the army and the people
- 11. THE SPARK THE THIS REVOLUTION The ration cards Hunger General demoralisation
- 12. REVOLUTION OF 1917 Two main phases: Revolution of FEBRUARY Burguesy (middle class) Rev. Revolution of OCTOBER Socialist rev. The main differences: Rev. Feb spontaneous movements Rev. Oct political decision from a party: The bolsheviks
- 13. REVOLUTION OF FEBRUARY 1917 The same situation hunger, increases prices , cold, scarcity of coal Population asked for bread and the end of the autocracy and the end of the war. Importat: Those movements were spontaneous, no one coordinate them.
- 14. REVOLUTION OF FEBRUARY 1917 Striking workers and women led popular demonstration with the motto “peace, bread and land” Some moments of indecision DUMA aligned with the revolucionaries The Czar was obligated to abdicate REVOLUTION HAS TRIUMPHED
- 15. REVOLUTION OF FEBRUARY 1917 POLITICAL SPACE LEFT BY THE CZAR The Liberals (DUMA) The Revolucionaries (SOVIET) PROVISIONAL Government Democratic freedoms Political amnesty (Lenin came back)
- 16. REVOLUTION OF 1917 THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT Lead by Lvov Prince Justice Minister KERENSKY Formed by middle class liberals and moderated socialist Their goal Democratic Revolution The Soviet collaborated too. Most of them were Mensheviks
- 17. REVOLUTION OF 1917 DOUBLE POWER They don’t know how to be faced with the new situation: Lack of positive reforms Continuation in the I World War Popular pressure PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT + SOVIETS
- 18. REVOLUTION OF 1917 Lvov resignation Kerensky at the head of Government Kerensky entrusted the command of the army to General KORNILOV NEW PROTESTS AGAINST THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT
- 19. REVOLUTION OF 1917 Army defeats Price increases Hunger and scarcity Desire of Autonomy SAME PROBLEMS WITH THIS GOVERNMENT KORNILOV tried to overthrow the Government and install a military dictatorship CAUSE OF A NEW REVOLUTION
- 20. REVOLUTION OF 1917 Decline of KERENSKY government BOLSHEVIKS became more popular THE MILITARY DICTATORSHIP DIDN’T SUCCEED THANKS TO THE BOLSHEVIKS ACTION BOLSHEVIKS, leaded by Lenin, organized the Revolution.
- 21. VLADIMIR ILLUCH ULIANOV: LENIN An active member of the Bolshevik party sinde its fundation He returned to Russia from the exile in April 1917 His motto was “All the power to the soviet” In the “April Theses” Lenin expresed teh Bolshevik ideology - Outright rejection of the war - No support for the Provisional Government - Establishment of a republic of soviets - Nationalisation of the land and the bank - Reorganisation of the Bolshevik Party
- 22. NICHOLAS II Nicholas II was the last russian Czar He was autocratic ruler The Czar was obligated to abdicate in 1917 The czarist family was killed by the bolsheviks
- 23. REVOLUTION OF OCTOBER 1917 24TH to 25TH of October revolutionary troops occupied strategic points of the city and took the Winter Palace Warning shots from the cruiser Aurora announced the triumph of the Revolution COMUNIST REVOLUTION BOLSHEVIKS ORGANIZED THE REVOLUTION REVOLUTION HAS TRIUMPHED
- 24. REVOLUTION OF OCTOBER 1917 24TH to 25TH of October revolutionary troops occupied strategic points of the city and took the Winter Palace Warning shots from the cruiser Aurora announced the triumph of the Revolution COMUNIST REVOLUTION BOLSHEVIKS ORGANIZED THE REVOLUTION REVOLUTION HAS TRIUMPHED
- 25. TO SUMMARIZE …..
- 26. THE FIRST REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT 26TH of October a revolutionary government was formed Led by Lenin Deal with the same problems as the provisional government and the czarism The first decrees: - The decree on Peace - The decree on Land THE BOLSHEVIKS
- 27. THE FIRST REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT In November 1917, election by universal suffrage Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR) won but without majority The Bolsheviks dissolved it by force and took the power BOLSHEVIKS NOW COMUNIST
- 28. THE FIRST REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT Measures: Nationalisation of banks Land for the peasants Control of the factories by workers Self-determination Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March, 1918) immediate end of the war for Russia in exchange of important territories. Signed by TROSTSKY BOLSHEVIKS NOW COMUNIST
- 29. THE RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR (1918-1920) BOLSHEVIKS COUNTERREVOLUTIONARIES(Main cities) (Outlying regions) THE RED ARMY (Lead by Trotsky) THE WHITE ARMY (with foreign power)
- 30. WAR COMMUNISM BOLSHEVIKS NOW COMUNIST Absolute control of the economy Propose of winning the war Abolish private property Nationalisation of industry (guided to the production of weapons) Control of the production and distribution of food
- 31. WAR COMMUNISM BAD RESULTS Industrial caos Black market rises Hunger, scarcity Decline of the agrarian production The Red army won the civil war
- 32. UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIT REPUBLICS (USSR) Established in 1922 Bolsheviks control other revolutionary groups The secret police CHEKA
- 34. CRITICAL ECONOMIC SITUATION NEW ECONOMIC POLICY (NEP)
- 35. THE STALIN ERA LENIN die in 1924 with no successor STALIN TROTSKY Established himself as undisputed leader Expelled from teh Soviet Union in 1929
- 36. ECONOMIC PLANNING Self-sufficient country form and industrial an military standpoint Collectivisation of agriculture Expropriations to the wealthier landowners (kulaks) Technical advances and new machinery Extensive industrial renewal Industrial modernization FIVE-YEAR PLANS
- 37. STALIN ERA Personal dictatorship Severe social and political structure PURGES eliminate everyone who disagreed with his ideas (social terror) 1930 USSR GREAT INDUSTRIAL POWER