Fraser Coast

Fraser Coast
Fraser Coast consists of four main ecosystems which are rocky shores, sand dunes, rainforests and
mangroves. All of these ecosystems are important to the survival of several plants and animals. Each
plant and animal work together to keep the ecosystem alive and healthy.
Rocky Shores are found where the sea meets the land which supports a diverse mix of plants and
animals that have adapted to survive in the unique conditions of constant wave action as well as the
fall of tides (Ehp.qld. 2016). Most of the ecosystems flora and fauna live in the intertidal zone,
between high and low tide (Ehp.qld. 2016). They are exposed to two environments, being crushed
by waves and swamped by the sea water, extreme temperatures and salinity, and left unprotected ...
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Queensland has the fastest growing population in Australia and the greatest area containing
mangroves and with that, inhabiting the greatest number of estuaries (Mangrove Watch, 2016). The
large loss in mangroves area throughout Queensland, especially along the south east coast, is due to
the urban expansions (Mangrove Watch, 2016).
Appendix 2, shows the distribution of mangroves in Australia, from 2000. Most of the area that's
coloured, indicating these regions have mangroves from 0.001 to 578km2 (Olr, 2016). Appendix 3,
shows the richness of the distribution of mangroves around Australia from 0 to 32 different species
(Olr, 2016). The richer and denser parts of Australia are above the Tropic of Capricorn, below are
parts where there are fewer species and less areas that include mangroves.
There are many organisms living, thriving and surviving off of the mangrove forests. Mangroves are
always being affected by natural and unnatural factors that create significant threats to this precious
ecosystem (Mangrove Watch, 2016). The natural factors can occur seasonally, annually and
periodically, with severe events including cyclones and anything else that affects all biotic (living)
and abiotic (non–living)
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Trophic Interactions Of Animals Essay
2. Describe 2 trophic interactions of an organism from the area studied.
An example of a trophic interaction includes parasitism, which is a relationship that involves a
harmful organism living on another organism, and is presented by the galls ("plant tumours") on the
Grey Mangrove. The formation of a gall is initiated when an insect feeds on a plant or dominates the
tissue of a plant and lays eggs there. The eggs will grow within the leaves, which they will
eventually devour. These abnormal growths of plant tissue are a response to irritation or harm of the
plant and it may slow down the photosynthesis process and may make the Grey Mangrove die.
Another example includes mutualism, where both species benefit from the relationship. Mutualism
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The root system is shallow with occasional knob–like, lenticel covered protrusions above the soil
surface.
4. Identify and describe in detail 2 adaptations of 1 named Australian mangrove animal. (E.g. mud
whelk or soldier crab) from Minnamurra.
Sydney Mud whelks (Pyrazus ebeninus) are classified as Gastropods and are large snails with a
long, brown, spiral shell, which can be up to 9cms long, that feed on detritus and are found in loose
sandy/muddy flats such as around the mangroves in Minnamurra.
Adaptations of the Sydney mud whelk:
Mud whelks have a big muscular foot which is mandatory for holding their prey captive and also
enables them to move through and attach itself to surfaces and survive the mudflat sediment which
consists of sand, silt, mud and organic matter.
They have a strong, hard shell to protect them from predators, and their shell also does not allow
moisture to seep in. Its shell also reduces water loss from evaporation. Camouflage is also possible
due to their lightly–coloured spiral

The 3d Seismic Survey Of East Godavari Mangrove Area
The 3D seismic survey in East Godavari mangrove area has short–term effects on the environment.
The surveyed area includes the main six reserved mangrove patches in East coast of India and the
process of lying of geophones cables and shoot hole drilling for 3D seismic exploration may lead to
the destruction of habitat through clearing the vegetation. Primary sources of disturbances
associated with exploration include equipment transportation inside the mangrove, vehicle traffic,
shot hole drilling activities, and underground blasting. Seismic exploration survey has the potential
to affect wildlife either by increasing noise and human activity around them, or seismic shooting
process. The seismic activities can even lead to long–term habitat alteration. Though the exploration
activities is often a short term process, extending over a few months, the footprint of exploration
activities especially in the high wildlife sensitive area can be quite large (Jorgenson et al. 2010).
Seismic exploration can alter plant community structure, directly affecting fauna of that area on a
long–term basis (Jorgenson et al. 2010). There is evidence to suggest wildlife may react to seismic
activity with elevated metabolic rates (Bradshaw et al. 1998), and the cumulative effects of repeated
disturbance of individuals may affect population reproductive rates if exploration is widespread
(Bradshaw et al. 1998).
Extensive studies are conduced to estimate the impact of seismic activities on marine

Compare And Contrast Rainforests And Mangroves
Rainforests and Mangroves hold very vital roles in our ecosystems, in which this essay is comparing
the two. Mangroves cultural significance towards Brisbane are strongly linked to the Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islander communities of Australia. They have provided food, shelter, medicine and
many other resources to the land owners for over 40,000 years. They are also important to
Brisbane's natural environment because they are immensely productive ecosystems in which they
provide various resources and services, for instance they protect shorelines from erosion. Brisbane
rainforests hold significant cultural value, alike to that of the mangroves, to the Aborigines, in which
they've supply medicine and vast amounts of foods. Rainforests are a vital stabilizer for the Earth's
climate, along with maintaining the water cycles.
Biotic factors are found in every ecosystem, interacting together to survive. Herons (or the common
egret) inhabit mangrove swamps, and are found in most parts of the world. They can usually be
found by mangrove tree roots, feeding mainly on frogs, fish, small mammals and occasionally small
insects and reptiles. In contrast, the Umbrella Cockatoo's who are rainforest dwellers, they are
located in Northwest islands ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The symbiosis between a mangroves pneumatophores (roots) and an oyster is commensalism, the
oyster uses the roots as a place to live while the mangrove stays unharmed. Another communalistic
relationship is that between New World army ants and antbirds, the ants have a tendency to shake
the rainforest floor as they march, this disrupts insects which causes them to fly out. The insects are
then eaten by the following antbirds, the birds are then benefiting while the ants don't care. When
looking at the communalistic relationships there are many differences, the oyster lives in the
mangroves roots, while the antbird obtains food from what the ants

The South Texas Ecosystems Essay
In south Texas there are several types of ecosystems one of those ecosystems are the dunes. South
Texas dunes are found along the Texas coastline and the general abiotic conditions are sandy soil,
high salt content, some fresh water, flooding in the occasion of severe storms and moisture from rain
and waves. Sea Oats and Bitter Pancum are two types of plants that dominate the South Texas
dunes. Bitter Pancum adaptation for living in this type of ecosystem is that they are tolerant to high
salinity. Sea Oats are less tolerant to high salt but their adaptation is to grow rapidly. Some common
animal species that live in the dunes are crabs, which are tolerant to high salt water, gulls, and terns
feed on crabs and other species around the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Human activities pose a threat to Seagrass beds because of boating, stepping on the seagrass, which
damage the root system, dredging, pollution and construction practices.
Mangrove Forest is another type of ecosystem in South Texas. Mangrove Forests are found along
the coast in salty waters and the general abiotic conditions are high salinity flooded soils, low wave
energy, high temperatures, and muddy soils. Black Mangrove and Buttonwood are the dominant
plant species in South Texas Mangrove Forest ecosystem. Buttonwood is adapted to this ecosystem
because it resides inland where there is less salty conditions. Black Mangrove is adapted to sandy
salty clay soil and requires protection from wave action and they are sensitive to cold weather. Some
common animal species that live in Mangrove Forests are many species of fish, crabs, mollusks, and
birds. Mangrove forests provide a habitat, shelter, and nursery to these species that reside in this
ecosystem. Mangrove forest serve as a coastal protection from severe storms and hurricanes also
help remove pollutants and erosion. The economic importance of Mangrove forest is that they
support fisheries, water purification, tourism, and coastal protection. Human activities pose a threat
to Mangrove Forests because of the removal of some mangroves, boat waves, oil spills, dredging,
draining, and diking.
A fourth type of ecosystem is the coastal prairie. Coastal prairies are found along the gulf coast

Managing and Protecting the Mangrove Forestry in the...
`MANAGING AND PROTECTING THE MANGROVE FORESTRYIN THE PHILIPPINES` Saint
John M.S. in Plant Science Prof.Choy `Subject Professor in Biol 210` March, 2009 MANAGING
AND PROTECTING THE MANGROVE FORESTRY IN THE PHILIPPINES INTRODUCTION
MANGROVE DEFORESTATION KNOWN CONSEQUENCES OF MANGROVE
DEFORESTATION HISTORY OF MAJOR MANGROVE HABITAT USES AND CHANGES IN
THE PHILIPPINES ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF MANGROVE HABITAT
CHANGES A. Environmental Impacts B. Social Impacts VI.MANGROVE MANAGEMENT AND
DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS VII.CONTRACT REFORESTATION PROJECT VIII.SUMMARY,
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION IX.REFERENCES I.INTRODUCTION Filipinos,
whose main daily diet ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Their destruction will have an immediate effect on fishery productivity. Mangroves also protect
seaweed beds and coral reefs against river–borne silts and serve as breeding ground of certain
species of fish that thrive in brackish water. They also maintain salt marshes as filters of industrial
and household wastes. Certain species of mangrove are sources of fibers, chemicals and medicine.
Palawan mangroves, for example, are raw materials for Japan's chemical industries. `Mangrove
forests function both as an atmospheric CO2 sink and a source of ocean carbon. They are important
in the effort to slow down global warming. (E. McLeod and R.V. Salm, Managing Mangroves for
Resilience to Climate Change, IUCN, 2006) ` Effective and enforceable policies and education
strategies have to be implemented right away to reverse the loss of mangrove forests. {draw:frame}
`With the destruction of mangrove areas, sea grassand coral reef ecosystems have also deteriorated.
About 70 % of the Philippines' coral cover has been destroyed, with about 25% still in good
condition and only about 5% in excellent condition. As a result, the productivity of coastal
fisheriesmeasured in terms of fish catch also suffered a serious decline. It is estimated that there is a
reduction of 670 kg in fish catch for every hectare of mangrove forest that is clear–cut.(CRMP,
1998).` A. Environmental

Jonathan Dickinson State Park Ecosystem
Ecosystem Description: In this visit to Jonathan Dickinson State Park we had the opportunity to
observe three ecosystems; Maritime Hammock, Dunes, and Mangroves swamp. The first ecosystem
visited was Maritime Hammock This ecosystem occurs along the coast behind the dunes. It is
similar as Hammocks' forests that we saw in the Everglades but with a little bit less of vegetation.
The temperature is nice and dry, not too much humidity. Maritime Hammocks are in general
halophytic communities, this means that the vegetation here can tolerate the salty water bus doesn't
need it to survive. In this ecosystem we can found trees as oaks or grape fruits. The second
ecosystem visited was Mangrove swamps. Mangroves lives in the estuarine zones. We appreciated
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8) White mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa): Two glands found at the petioles (leaf stem), these
glands excrete salt and deposit sugar. Propagules looks like a sunflower seed. Usually grows the
furthest inland, although it may be found throughout the mangrove community. Both excretes and
excludes saltwater. The bark is light in color, almost white.

Mangroves in the Australian Ecosystem Essay
Mangroves in Australia
Introduction
Mangroves are an integral part of the Australian ecosystem. They are valuable ecologically,
economically and socially. Mangroves provide nurseries to an abundance of marine species which
would die if the ecosystem was knocked out of balance. They also account for about 75% of
commercially caught fish in Australia. Unfortunately mangroves are under constant threat from
humans. Since European settlement in Australia, around 17% of Australia's mangroves have been
destroyed. Three large threats to mangroves are coastal development, chemical runoff and climate
change. These factors are all caused by humans, and can be easily stopped without much hassle.
Values of Mangroves
Ecological Benefits ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Aboriginal people have been able to extract these benefits without causing direct damage to the
mangrove ecosystem. Mangroves also play a large role in tourism. They provide a place for tourists
to go bird watching and partake in many other recreational activities. Human Impacts on Mangroves
Humans have played a large role in the destruction of mangroves. Pollutants, such as oil, fertilizers
and toxic chemicals, have affected the growth of mangroves. These pollutants are all forms of waste
produced by humans. Oil spills release large amounts of oil into the mangrove ecosystem. This oil
can smother the roots of mangrove trees, which kills the mangroves. Deforestation is caused when
many mangrove systems are cut down in order to develop infrastructure on the mangrove site. When
fertilizers and other nutrient filled products are not disposed of properly, the result is eutrophication.
Mangroves act as nurseries to fish and other marine animals. Currently too many sea creatures are
being fished, leading to the destruction of the mangrove ecosystem.
Deforestation
Many people see mangroves as nothing more than smelly, useless, trees, taking up valuable building
space. Lack of knowledge about the values of mangroves leads to them being cut down, in order to
build human settlements. So far, about 35% of the world's mangroves have been destroyed. Most of
the mangroves have been destroyed in

Mangroves Essay
Methods and Predicted Outcomes for mangroves
Temporary plots are established for the purpose of above ground pool and soil carbon
measurements. The objects are for a single measurement of forest composition, structure and carbon
pools. In this study, a sampling design was adopted from Kauffman and Donato(2012)/Murdiyarso
et al(2009) to describe composition, biomass and ecosystem carbon pools. To assess the carbon
stocks, mangrove ecosystems were divided into two parts; above–ground and below–ground
components. In each sampled forest ecosystem, a transect arranged perpendicular from the river or
coast shoreline was established with no a priori knowledge of forest composition or structure. Six
plots were established along the transects at ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the present study, six samples per site, with multiple depths collected at each point will be
conducted. It is recommended that when mangrove soils are deeper than 1m, at least the top 100cm
will be sampled(Kauffman and Donato 2012). At the sampling locations, organic matter will be
removed from the soil surface. And then PVC pipe will be steadily inserted vertically into the soil
until the top of the sampler was levelled with the soil surface. Then, the soil will be sampled at
depths of 0–15cm, 15–30cm, 30–50cm and 50–100cm in the present study. During sampling, to
archive the core, take a GPS recording of coring site and assign the site a unique label then
photograph the entire core from top to bottom and record changes that occur with depth. Photos can
be taken in the field once the core will be recovered and one of the splits will be cleaned. Extend a
tape measure along the core starting at the top end and document the split from top to bottom
(surface to depth) using detailed photographs of core image. Be sure to include the tap measure in
these images of the core. Place a label with the core ID so that is appears in all photographs and
identifies which direction is the top and bottom of the core and use a polarizing filter to limit the
light reflected off the wet surface of the core.
Subsampling a soil core
The most accurate, and sometimes most practical, technique for subsampling is to determine the
bulk density for each depth

Coastal Erosion Of Coastal Vegetation Depending On Their...
The comprehension of the distribution of coastal vegetation depending on their salinity tolerance is
very significant to the understanding of coastal ecological modeling. Coastal ecological modeling
depends largely on the interplay of salinity and the formation, productivity and perishability of
coastal plants to infer or predict any coastal change. Plants that sustain in a highly saline
environment are termed as halophytes, including mangroves, which tolerate salinity but perhaps do
not require salt to perform their physiological activities. Mangroves are an important type of marine
halophytes, which are influenced by salinity throughout their lives but manage to thrive in spite of
difficulties. There are two types of halophytes: facultative halophytes and obligate halophytes.
Facultative halophytes can sustain in fresh water but grow rapidly with the increase in salinity up to
an optimum level. On the other hand, obligate halophyte cannot stand fresh water and have optimal
growth in similar or more than the salinity range of facultative halophytes. The general consensus
among scientists on mangrove categorization is that mangroves are facultative halophytes, as the
distinction depends on the ability of mangroves to survive in fresh water. In the review article "On
the halophytic nature of mangroves", Krauss and Ball (2013) contended that mangroves do not need
salt for survival and hence are truly facultative halophytes. The authors accomplished their
comprehensive

##ction And Juxtaposition In Living Like Weasels And...
idea in a particular way? Anne Dillard uses diction and juxtaposition in both "Living like Weasels"
and "Sojourner" to establishes her distaste towards the actions and cognition of the human race.
Personification of the inhabitants in nature is done in order to prompt changes on people's opinion
on the universally accepted biotic hierarchy. Humans believe themselves to be the most advanced
creature on earth and rebuff any teaching by the natives. Dillard portrays her disagreement with such
notion by using story telling techniques to enchant and then preach the lessons she herself learns
from nature. In "Living like Weasels" Dillard tells a tale of an eagle who "[gutted a] living weasel
with his talons [and bended] his beak [to clean] the beautiful airborne bones" (66). The cruel but
alluring diction is done to illustrate Dillard's fascination with the weasel's willingness to cease from
existence because of their commitment to its choices and lifestyle. The weasel does not accept its
gruesome fate to be a meal to the eagle without attempting to turn the tables. It is completely
unsurprising to hear how "only 6 percent of the population follows the routes they desire"
(Haltiwanger, 1). Most of humanity crumbles under obstacles and instead attempts to embark on
easier tasks. Dillard herself is guilty of such an act and she reveals her mistake when she says "I
missed my chance". (69) The tone throughout her personal note sends out feelings of regret which
enforces a connection

Bird Species in Belize Essay
This past week in Belize was undoubtedly one of the best experiences I have ever had. In the special
topics biology class, I learned so much about the ecology, culture, and history of the newly
established country. Not to mention, I obtained a new respect for ornithology and a new interest in
birds. About the size of Manhattan and with a population of almost 350,000 people, Belize
surprisingly holds approximately 500 species of birds. We were able to spot 135 species of birds
during our stay and also learned about a few mutualism relationships.
One of the greatest mutualism relationships is between the ants and the bullhorn acacias. The ants
live in the hollow bullhorns and protect the tree, making sure there is no vegetation to harm it. ...
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The seeds are in a pod and have a very pungent odor resembling dried, old, sweaty underwear.
Guanacaste seeds can only be planted if their protective covers are punctuated and this is usually
performed by large mammals. Now, there are only cattle and horses to perform this duty in Belie;
thus, seed dispersal is rare.
Mimosa pudica is a touch–sensitive plant that will close its leaflets inward when touched. It is found
on the ground or on plants and is relatively small in size. The tour guide at the Community Baboon
Sanctuary said that the plants were used when slaves were in Belize. Closed mimosas would show
runaway slaves the escape path.
At the Community Baboon Sanctuary, many other plants were noted. Smilax tendrils, also called cat
claw, were used as a form of birth control. Aerial roots are a favorite of the black howler monkeys.
The roots can be smoked and help people quit smoking. The cohune have many uses such as: makes
furniture, rings, wine, massage oil, stops infections and more. The miconia leaves have an orange
substance at the end that is used as a ringworm cure. Purple vervines is used as a treatment of
leukemia. Melastoma leaves are favored by monkeys, very soft and can be a replacement to toilet
paper. The tourist tree, called because its red skin will peel like tourists, is used in gumbo.
Leaf cutter ants have an ant–fungus mutualism. The ants will nurture the fungus by feeding it leaves
and protecting it from pests. If

Taking a Look at Mangroves
1.0 Introduction "A mangrove is a tree, shrub, palm or ground fern, generally exceeding one and a
half metres in height, which normally grows above mean sea level in the intertidal zone of marine
coastal environments and estuarine margins. A mangrove is also the tidal habitat comprising such
trees and shrubs" (Mangroves defined, n.d.). To survive in an intertidal environment, they must be
able to tolerate a broad range of salinity, temperatures and moisture levels. In an environment with
such low oxygen levels, different species of mangroves use different adaptations in an effort to get
as much oxygen as possible.
Different species of mangroves gather oxygen in different ways, some use roots that protrude from
the ground called peg roots, these peg roots, which are covered in lenticels, can reach up to 30cm in
height and allow the plant to exchange gas, as an extension of the roots, which run through the
ground, this allows the plant to absorb nutrients from the soil as well, which is a common adaptation
in all species of mangroves. Other species are raised from the ground on stilt roots that gather
oxygen in the upper reaches of the roots, and then descend into the ground. Slit roots are similar to
knee root, except knee root first grow into the ground and then breach the surface to collect oxygen
(Marine Education Society of Australiasia , n.d.). Mangrove roots types (Marine Education Society
of Australiasia , n.d.)
High salt levels in the mud means a lot of salt is

Mangroves: A Vital Part of the Environment
A mangrove can be defined as a tree, shrub, palm or ground fern, usually exceeding a length of one
meter in height. It will generally grow above the average tidal level in a marine coastal environment.
The word mangrove can also mean the same as 'rainforest' or 'tidal forest' because this is the
environment, when in large quantities, mangroves are known to create. According to MARINEBIO,
(1998–2014) most mangrove species can be found in South East Asia, The United States and the
western Hemisphere; there are approximately 70 different species of mangroves, ranging from small
shrubs to 40m tall trees. Mangroves are a vital part of the environment, but are quickly being
damaged and lost under construction and pollution. If this continues, they will become extinct.
In their environment, Mangroves are prone to living in areas along the coastline, in warm, salty
waters. Because Mangroves grow in this habitat, they must adapt to their surroundings by working
together with their roots, cells and leaves to remove all of the unnecessary salt and excess water.
(Duke, 2007) The most common areas near the coastline where mangroves can be found is where
the compostition of the soil is rocky and wet clay/silt.
Mangroves in themselves are a home to thousands of different organisms who strive off of their
shelter and protection. Examples of this can include birds nesting in the outer water roots, and
sessile organisms clinging to the underwater roots.
Mangroves are essential for areas such

Themes Of Ecocriticism In Literature
Eco–criticism is a branch of literature that examines the connection between ecology and it's
relationship between the literary texts . By the words of Cheryll Glotfelty defines eco–criticism as
'Simply defined, eco–criticism is the study of the relationship between literature and the physical
environment.' Eco–criticism is the term that examines the green studies in various literary texts.
Eco–criticism examines a particular piece of literary work from an ecological perspective than the
author's point of view. Literature not only deals with human life but also it has a vast ground for
nature and green studies. Eco–critical studies isn't a cake walk, it must have a keen ... Show more
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Eco–critical studies probe into the relationship between the writer's texts and nature. Eco–criticism
is an ecological approach towards literary studies. The word Eco is the short form of ecology.
Ecological studies probe into the attitude of humans towards nature. It ventures to traverse the
different aspects of the environment in literary texts and conceptual discourse. In Indian fictions
some authors use ecological concept as the centre and some takes it as secondary. 'Ecocritical
readings of canonical texts, the, begin by adding a different perspective, and are not limited to works
self–evidently about nature'(Barry 250). In Indian fiction there are not many novels that deal with
the theme of ecocriticism. So in that concern, the dissertation concentrates on Amitav Ghosh's novel
The Hungry Tide in an eco–critical perspective. The story has been developed by the Sundarbans
region in India that acts as a backbone of the story. The novel brings how the connection between
human and nature is not just interdependent but

The Sea Level Of Bangladesh
The effects of sea level rise are profound throughout the western coastal zone as it is low–lying and
the coastal lands are subsiding (Karim and Mimura 2008) . Coastal wetlands such as salt marshes
and mangroves will decrease in number unless they have a sufficient sediment supply to keep pace
with Sea Level Rise. These physical impacts, in turn, have both direct and indirect socioeconomic
implications, which appear to be immensely negative (Cazenave and Nicholls 2010).For example,
based on national studies, a 1 m rise could cause losses of about 9.5 million tons of rice in
Bangladesh (Mimura and Nicholls 2008). Rice is the staple crop of half of world's population and it
is the most major staple sustenance for Bangladesh. Sea level Rise will result in a food crisis in
some regions of Bangladesh especially southern sub–regions as these areas are most vulnerable to
flooding due to sea level rise; hence, rice production will be unsuitable (Karim 2014).
A preliminary analysis of the sea level of Bangladesh was done to examine the one–metre rise in sea
level (Huq et al.1995). Huq and colleagues (1995) conducted a study that included data on
topological maps, tidal tales, satellite images, aerial photos, and hydrographic maps. Thematic maps
were used to estimate the effect of a one–meter sea–level rise on agriculture, population, and
infrastructure. Locations experiencing subsidence included the Chalan Beel, Dhaka Depression, and
the Khulna Sundarbans area with

Physiognomies In Nudgee Beach Zonation
Zonation is the distribution of animals and plants into specific zones according to abiotic factors and
characterised by its dominant species [15]. Mangrove zonation is the distinguishable categorisation
of a mangrove ecosystem that extends from shore to inland regions. Definitive spatial variation of
mangrove species has been recognised amongst different ecosystems worldwide and is accredited as
being influenced by abiotic and environmental factors [16]. In Eastern Australia, the majority of
mangrove forests may be divided into landward, middle and seaward zones, based off of their
placement in relation to tidal position. The following points represent the typical physiognomies
characterised by mangroves in their corresponding zones:
– Landward ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At Nudgee Beach, erosion was found to have occurred on the edges of the mangrove forest and
along the mudflat shorelines. Erosion is typically influenced by natural factors and occurs when
pieces of weathered rock or soil are moved – typically by wind and water – from one place to
another. Shorelines with lots of sediment and sand are more inclined to be effected by erosional
progression. Erosion may also be provoked and accelerated by human interference. For example, if
the decision to clear trees and plants from an area is made, erosion is likely to occur as the root
systems of plants work to hold the soil in place. If these root systems are removed and erosion does
occur, environmental conditions – such as; landslides and flooding – are more likely to take place.
Erosion may also cause other plants to tip over, have their underground roots exposed and damaged
and contribute to the pollution of local waters; as a result of mud and soil runoff [26]. Erosion at
Nudgee Beach was likely to have been influenced by natural factors; however, the development and
extension of the Kedron Brook golfing course may contribute to the acceleration of erosional
processes and further damage the mangrove

The Effects Of Seismic Surveys On Fauna
The present study monitored the direct and indirect Impacts of seismic surveys on fauna of the
mangrove using Birds Insects, Crabs, Reptiles and fishes as representative taxa. During the 3D
seismic survey, tools, labour and machineries were used inside the mangrove forests. Major sources
of faunal impacts observed during the seismic survey operations were from, 1) Physical presence
and movement of the labour and machinery within the forest and 2) Noise and vibration generated
from shooting (underground explosions). There are four major steps involved in the seismic surveys,
that result in disturbances to the system such as initial survey of the area, laying of cables and
geophones, shot hole drilling, and seismic wave generation through underground explosion
(underground explosion). Many elements of mangrove fauna were observed to be disturbed due to
these exploration process especially people interference.
Impacts on Mangrove fauna
There are many direct short–term impacts on mangrove fauna from 3D seismic survey as observed
in the field. These temporary effects had mostly short–term impacts since the survey normally lasted
only for few days in any given area. Faunal impacts of prospecting exploration activities through 3D
seismic data acquisition can be categorized broadly into two; direct and indirect impacts. Direct
impacts include changes in activity patterns of mangrove fauna especially birds and crabs in
response to the 3D seismic survey activity. Indirect impacts to

Taking a Look at Wetlands
What is it? Where is it?
Wetlands are an eco–system that is home to both native and foreign species, especially waterbirds
and are wet some of the time. The inter–tidal wetlands of Bicentennial Park may be threatened by
the quality of the fresh and salt water that flushes them as a result of the human activities in the
catchment and Waterways. In this report, we will explore the mangrove wetlands in Bicentennial
Park, Olympic Park, Homebush. The sixty–five hectare Badu Mangroves are listed in the Directory
of Important Wetlands in Australia and is an ecologically significant estuarine wetland system. The
wetland was created because of a series of land reclamation over several decades, including
extensive mangrove stands, open water waterbird refuge and an estuarine creek system. The park
offers a variety of pathways and boardwalks for spectacular viewing opportunities, allowing the
animals to live peacefully while the wetland system can be enjoyed and studied. The Waterbird
Refuge is rich in bird life, and provides habitat for large numbers and species of birds, including
migratory species protected under international agreements.
What's polluting the mangroves and how is it being solved?
From anecdotal evidence taking a tour on the Kadu boardwalks you will find that there are a
numerous of items being litter on the mangroves including:
Plastic
Take–away packaging
Glass
Bicentennial Park has a sustainable process to water conservation based on stormwater

Red Mangroves
Mangroves are trees and shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the tropics and subtropics –
mainly between latitudes 25° N and 25° S. The saline conditions tolerated by various species range
from brackish water, through pure seawater (30 to 40 ppt), to water of over twice the salinity of
ocean seawater, where the salt has become concentrated by evaporation (up to 90 ppt).[1][2]
The many species of trees and shrubs adapted to saline conditions are not all closely related, and the
term "mangrove" may be used for all of them, or more narrowly only for the mangrove family of
plants, the Rhizophoraceae, or even more specifically just for mangrove trees of the genus
Rhizophora.
Mangroves form a characteristic saline woodland or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Shrimps and mud lobsters use the muddy bottom as their home.[10] Mangrove crabs mulch the
mangrove leaves, adding nutritients to the mangal muds for other bottom feeders.[11] In at least
some cases, export of carbon fixed in mangroves is important in coastal food webs.
Mangrove plantations in Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines and India host several commercially
important species of fish and crustaceans. Despite restoration efforts, developers and others have
removed over half of the world's mangroves in recent times.
[edit] Biology
A red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle
Of the recognized 110 mangrove species, only about 54 species in 20 genera from 16 families
constitute the "true mangroves", species that occur almost exclusively in mangrove habitats.[3]
Demonstrating convergent evolution, many of these species found similar solutions to the tropical
conditions of variable salinity, tidal range (inundation), anaerobic soils and intense sunlight. Plant
biodiversity is generally low in a given mangal.[1] This is especially true in higher latitudes and in
the Americas. The greatest biodiversity occurs in the mangal of New Guinea, Indonesia and
Malaysia.[12]
[edit] Adaptations to low oxygen
Pneumatophore penetrates the sand surrounding the mangrove tree.
Red mangroves, which can survive in the most inundated areas, prop

Virgin Islands Coastal Conservation Study
The US Virgin Islands, which constitute of St. Croix, St. Thomas and St. John, are US territories
located amongst other Caribbean Islands. With little natural resources to support them, these islands
rely heavily on specialized ecosystems, such as the coral reefs and mangrove forests, for sources of
food and income through tourism.
With a special adaptation to salt water and a unique ability to thrive in oxygen depleted
environmentals, mangrove forests are among one of the most common wetland systems in the US
Virgin Islands. Mangrove forest provide a breeding habitat and home for a plethora of wildlife, with
90% of the indigenous and migratory bird species relying on the wetland for feeding and breeding.
Similar to the protection coral reefs ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
and Jarvon Stout initiated the program within the Center for Marine and Environmental Studies
(CMES). The program involves entrusting a child to be in charge of nurturing one red mangrove
seedling a piece. The students will be given a place to grow their mangrove and had to find a sunny
location for it to flourish. Once the mangroves leaves sprouted and roots began to grow, a field trip
will be organized by the teachers where the students plant their mature seedlings in mangrove
nurseries at the CMES. Once the seedlings grow and become big enough, the students will be able
return to CMES and help transplant their seedlings into the field, all while learning about restoration
and conservation of these vital

Biodiversity In Belize Essay
Biodiversity in Belize The South Caye Marine Reserve region is located along the Belize Barrier
Reef. This reef is the second largest in the world, and the largest in the northern hemisphere. Two
very important ecosystems in the Belize Barrier Reef area are the coral reef, and the mangrove trees.
These ecosystems assist in determining the biodiversity of the area, affecting animals of the water,
land, and sky. Without each other these two ecosystems would diminish, they rely on the other to
thrive. These two ecosystems benefit the environment, and also the economy. Since the economy
tends to be viewed as more important than preservation of nature, the government had to step in and
create laws that will preserve the ecosystem. Mangroves are the centre of a very intricate ecosystem.
As a whole, mangroves are sometimes considered to be the most complex and productive ecosystem
on earth (Frost, Emily). Many individuals consider the mangrove trees to be where the sea meets the
land, since it benefits animals of all kinds. There are four different species of mangroves located in
Belize, these include: the red mangove (Rhizophora mangle), the black mangove (Avicennia
germinans), the white mangrove (Laguncalaria racemosa), and the buttonwood (Conocarpus
erectus). The red mangrove is usually found along the water on the cayes and waterways, the black
mangroves are found farther from the waters edge, followed by the white mangrove and buttonwood
being found furthest inland.

The Local Environment: Bicentennial Park-Sydney Olympic Park
The study is carried out in Bicentennial Park to investigate and analyse the local area and expand on
the understanding of geological and climatic concepts that can be identified through careful analysis
of the area.
The project identifies and analyse how the vegetation of the area can be influenced by soil
composition and climate by performing first hand investigation such as analysing soil type and grain
size. It's also about the aspects of the local environment that have been affected by people and
propose realistic solutions to the problems that exist.
The aim is to identify and associate landforms, rock types and soils to the natural environment and
its plants and animals and also to investigate the history of the local environment, comprising human
impacts over the last 50 years. The impact of human alterations to the environment includes
increased soil erosion and changes in river flows.
This field trip includes the following field work:
Abiotic Variables in the local environment
Plants and animals in the local environment
Environmental influences on the distribution of plants and animals
Features of a mangrove plant influenced by environmental factors
Identify the impact of human activities on the local environment
Biotic Feature
Mangrove forest
Mangroves are trees and shrubs forming forests on the coastal wetlands, typically growing between
saltmarsh and seagrass beds. Sydney Olympic park is the main habitat for the grey Mangrove and
the planted river

Self Habiting : The Dangers Of Self-Limiting Beliefs
our success in life and your ability to realize your dreams depend upon your ability to conquer your
self limiting beliefs. Self limiting beliefs are the single biggest obstacle to keeping your dreams alive
and yet so few people really understand the very real dangers their beliefs present to them. Ignore
your self limiting beliefs and they'll eat your dreams alive.
The inspiration for this article struck like a bolt of lightning when I came across an old issue of
Howard Ruff's newsletter recently in which he described a terrifying event... which, oddly enough,
caused me to consider the very real dangers of self limiting beliefs we each hold within us.
Here's the quote from the newsletter –– see if you can make the connection:
"The crocodile attack that claimed the most human lives happened on February 19, 1945 when part
of the Imperial Japanese Army unit guarding a stronghold on the Burmese island of Ramree was
outmaneuvered by a British naval force.
The Japanese soldiers were forced to cross 10 miles of mangrove swamps to rejoin a larger battalion
of the Japanese infantry. The swamps were home to thousands of 15–ft saltwater crocodiles. By the
next morning, only 20 of the original 1,000 Japanese soldiers had survived."
Okay, I admit it, this may seem like a pretty odd connection to make. How does a crocodile attack in
any way relate to self limiting beliefs and personal development?
Allow me to explain. When I read this excerpt, I was astounded by the story. And it got me

Year 11 Biology River Mangrove Study
Year 11 Biology River Mangrove Study
Introduction
Mangroves are woody trees and shrubs with a thick, exposed network of roots that grow down from
the branches and into the water and sediment. All mangroves are found on the intertidal zones
between ocean and the land. When the sediment accumulate little wave occurs, the saline depend on
the frequency. Some of the indirect impacts are the sediment runoff and also including chemical
runoff, global warming is one of main effects of the mangrove ecosystem. In Tannum there are
various types of mangroves. Such as the river and grey mangroves located at south tree and wild
cattle in both Tannum sands and Boyne Island along the Boyne River. Leaves are around 7cm long
gland that secret salt, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The most common abiotic factors
Aim
The aim of the river study at both Tannum sands wild cattle and south tree Boyne Island was to
undertake and investigate and collect data on the abiotic and biotic contributions to the mangrove
ecosystem and to analyse the human impacts, regarding both the animal and plants distribution and
abundance.
Hypothesis
It is predicted that the distribution and the abundance of both the animals and plants of the
mangroves ecosystem would differ depending on the locations and the effects of the abiotic factors.
Apparatus
– 1 x Anemometer ( to calculate the speed of wind)
– 1 x Thermometer (to measure the temperature of the air and water)
– 1 refractometer
– 1 moisture sensor probe ( measure the temperature of the soil)
– 1xQuadrats 1m by 1m
– 1xBuilder string
– 1xSpirit level
– 1xGum boots
– 1xPlastic bags (to collect samples)
– 1xGloves (for safety precautions)
– 1xLight calculator
– 1xUniversal indicator (to measure both the ph. of water and the ph. of soil)
– 1xHumidity thermometer (to calculate the particles In the air and it's humidity)

– X1 compass
Method
First of all we located the animals and the plants abundance surrounding the mangroves ecosystem,
to determine the population within each site. The materials were then gathered to commence the
sampling for the abiotic factors. The measurements of the distribution of all organisms were
measured first including the abiotic factors. A 14 metre long transect was made along

How Light Intensity Effects Transpiration Rate in Mangrove...
Year 10 EEI – Plant Investigation
The following assignment presented is based on the information and outcomes of an experiment
conducted by Claire Dunne, Eilis Brien and myself about the effects of light intensity, representing
the three seasons of summer, spring, autumn and winter, on the transpiration rate of mangrove
shoots.
Abstract:
The overall aim of this report was the conduct an experiment based how different light intensity
levels, representing the four seasons in a year: summer, spring, autumn and winter, affects the
transpiration rate in a mangrove plant. To do this we had to set the 4 different beakers at different
lengths apart, each beaker (from beaker 1 representing summer) placed further and further away
from the desk ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The beakers were then placed in their correct positions through the help of a ruler and light meter
14. Two sets of results were taken down 15. Testing was taken place for the second time in the day
beginning from 1.15pm – 3.15pm 16. Steps 12 through 13 were repeated
*during the experiment the data will be collected by weighing the beaker with the plant in it on an
electrical balance and then again of just the mangrove shoot ............
Materials: * Light meter * Ruler * 1x roll of duct tape * 1x roll of masking tape * 1x electronic
balance * Vaseline * Scissors * Sharpie/Felt tip pen * 4x mangrove shoots * 4x lab coats * 1x desk
lamps * 1x 60W light bulb * 1x Tripod * 5x black bin liners * 4x 250mL beakers * Stop watch *
Measuring cylinder * 800mL water (total) * 80mL oil (total)
Example Diagram
Source 1:
Desk lamp and 60W light bulb
Desk lamp and 60W light bulb
Mangrove shoot
Mangrove shoot
250mL beaker

250mL beaker
200mL tap water
200mL tap water
Risk assessment: Risk | Safe Practise | Safe Disposal | The light bulb could fall from the tripod and
smash during the experiment | Strap the lamp to the tripod firmly my using duct tape and strap the
tripod to the surfacing by again using duct tape. Also place the tripod away from the edge so there
aren't any accidents as a result of someone falling into or leaning on the

Speech On Mangrove Ecosystem
Assalamualaikum and hye everyone. I'm sure that all of you know what is mangrove right? But can
you give me the exact meaning of mangrove? When I'm first said mangrove, what does come to
your mind? It is a wonderful creation which gives lots of benefits or is it a frightening surrounding
which is full of biting insects, savage crocodile or unhealthy air and extremely difficult to
transverse? Today, there are still lack of awareness and understanding about these mangroves
ecosystem and those negative view about it is still persists. Most of people don't even know actually
the mangrove ecosystem play an important role for our ecosystem and even in our life. Without
knowing the importance of it, they easily destroy the mangrove ecosystem to build the shrimp pond
or what so ever. I strongly against this activities because I believe that we should save our
mangroves ecosystem for our own benefits. There are three reasons that will support my statement
why we should protect mangrove ecosystem. It acts as breeding and nursery grounds for variety of
animals, protect the land from erosion and act as carbon ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Do you know what carbon sequestration is? If not, let me first tell you what does carbon
sequestration means. Carbon sequestration is the process involved in carbon capture and long term
storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Mangroves are one of the largest carbon storage areas.
Although mangroves occupy only 0.5% of the global coastal area, they contribute 10–15% to coastal
sediment carbon storage and also export 10–11% of the particulate terrestrial carbon to the ocean.
Their contribution to carbon sequestration is now perceived as a means for conservation and
restoration and a way to help in mitigate the climate change. As from year to year, the global
warming keeps increasing in thus if the mangrove are absent, don't you think that it will become
worse than

Sundarban History
Sundarban
The Sundarbans (Bengali সুন্দরবন, Shundorbôn) is the largest single block of tidal halophytic
mangrove forest in the world. The name Sundarban can be literally translated as "beautiful jungle"
or "beautiful forest" in the Bengali language (Sundar, "beautiful" and ban, "forest" or "jungle"). The
name may have been derived from the Sundari trees that are found in Sundarbans in large numbers.
Alternatively, it has been proposed that the name is a corruption of Samudraban (Bengali: সমুদ্রবন
Shomudrobôn "Sea Forest") or Chandra–bandhe (name of a primitive tribe). But the generally
accepted view is the one associated with Sundari trees.
History:
The Sundarbans, as we know it today, has a fairly recent history. Much of the present ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first call to preserve the forests was made by Dr. Brandis, the Conservator of Forests in Burma
1862. Based on his recommendations, additional reclamation grants were stopped, but deforestation
continued, irrespective. By 1873, 5,100 km2 of forests had been converted into agricultural land and
the Sundarbans area forest cover had been effectively reduced to about 14,100 km2.
It is only post 1873–1874, when faced with dwindling forest produce, the rulers started reviewing
the policy of transformation of all available wetland forest to taxable agricultural land in the
Sundarbans. The economics of exploitation had changed in the last century and forest produce had
become scarce and more valuable than agricultural produce. No longer was it considered profitable
to clear the forests for cultivation as much greater revenues could be collected from farming the
forest itself.
In 1875–1876 the government declared un–leased forest reserved, and placed them under the
jurisdiction of the Forest Department– a move which created today's Sundarbans forest.
A variety of wildlife still survived till the latter part of the 19th century despite the rapid depletion of
habitat. Hunter records "Tigers, leopards, rhinoceros, wild buffaloes, wild hogs, wild cats, barasinga,
spotted deer, hog deer, barking deer, and monkeys are the principal varieties of wild animals found
in Sundarban"2 in 1875. But the events of the next

The Negative Effects of Oil Spills Have on Nigeria, A letter
Dear President
My name is John Doe. I am writing this letter to inform you about the negative effects in Nigeria oil
spills have on its people and the environment around them. Oil spills pollute the water, killing
animals and plant life that inhabit the area around the spill. It is important that this problem is to be
looked at and solved. Nigeria's Niger Delta is one of the most oil–polluted places on the planet with
more than 6,800 recorded oil spills. Millions of barrels of oil were spilled into the Niger Delta..
Some people inhabit the land around it. The water is there main resource to use. They use it for
irrigation, drinking, and bathing. They use the water for their everyday needs. The water is too
polluted for them to drink anymore and they can't use the water for irrigation because it is killing all
of their crops. Multiple people have suffered from illnesses from drinking the oil polluted water.
Cleanups don't "clean" the land very well even though they are supposed to clean deep into the
ground. A percent of Nigerian mangrove ecosystems have been destroyed out by oil. The known
effects of oil on mangroves are making the soil into acid, stop cellular respiration, and they do not
let the roots get oxygen. The loss of mangrove forests does not only decrease the life of plants and
animals. They also affect humans. The indigenous people living in the affected areas highly value
these systems. The local people by the mangrove forest use the wood as a major

Mangroves in Australia Essay
Mangroves in Australia
The mangrove communities of Australia are some of the most highly adaptive plant communities in
the world. These plants live in an environment that is often engulfed with seawater. This
environment is considered an arid environment due to the lack of fresh water. The plants of the
mangrove community must develop several adaptations to deal with the environment. The
environment these plants often inhabit is referred to as an intertidal zone. The intertidal zone is the
transition between the salty ocean to the fresh water of the interior of the continent or island. To deal
with the salty environment, mangrove plants have developed modified roots. In some species, the
roots filter the incoming seawater. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These organisms, in turn, replenish nutrients back to the environment, which feed other animals. It is
apparent that the mangroves are the base of the food chain in this environment.
Introduction
The term mangrove doesn't refer to a single plant species, but to a variety of them that share a
similarity to one another. There are 54 recognized species that belong to 16 different families. A
mangrove is considered to be woody trees or shrubs that flourish in mangals (Hogarth 1999). A
mangal is referred to as an environment such as intertidal zones, muddy areas at river mouths, and
other areas usually inundated (covered) with water. Silt deposits in these areas make it a suitable
environment. Mangroves are considered to inhabit a harsh environment compared to other plants.
Their roots are located in salty, waterlogged, and oxygen lacking soils. These areas are influenced
by tidal action, so the water levels are fluctuating between high and low tides constantly (Talbot,
Steene 1990). The mangroves are the most widely distributed environments in Australia. They are
mostly tropical but have been found to survive in air temperatures as low as 5 degrees Celsius.
Mangrove distribution is most closely correlated with sea temperature than air temperature (Hogarth
1999). Mangroves range from the Gascoyne River and Banbury in Western Australia, across the
whole northern coast, down the east coast to

Essay Mangrove Swamps
Introduction Mangrove swamps are a type of coastal wetland found on five out of seven continents
between the latitudes 30ºN and 30ºS. Mangrove swamps are rich communities of both vegetative
and animal species. The swamps are unique in the fact that they are a highly vegetated area found on
the edge of marine coasts. The major vegetation in this area has adapted to absorb its water from the
sea, and its oxygen from the air as opposed to the soil. This environment serves as home to many
animal species, and home and nursery to many aquatic species. Because this type of ecosystem
requires such a unique environment, it is often in danger of disappearing. These communities are not
only threatened by human development, but also by global ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The parent material for mangrove swamps is very similar to that of any coastal wetland. This is
because mangrove swamps occupy the terrestrial edge between estuary wetland and marine waters.
The soils are sandy with areas of heavy peat deposits created by copious amounts of plant litter.
Mangrove swamps cannot form along cliffs because the mangrove tree species only grow on low
gradient slopes ("Tour of mangrove," 2008). The red mangrove species produce the peat deposits
characteristic of the mangrove swamps. The peat is acidic and is capable of dissolving the limestone
found underneath ("Ecology," 2010).
Mangrove swamps are named after their dominant vegetation. The mangrove swamp is divided into
three zones: the proximal zone, the middle zone, and the distal zone. The proximal zone (also known
as the red mangroves) is closest to the waterfront. This area is subject to the effect of the tides. The
main plant species found in this zone include Rhizophora apiculata and Rhizophora mucronata.
These plants have adapted to the waters edge by forming long aerial prop roots that attach the plant
to an otherwise loose sediment bed ("Tour of mangrove," 2008). These waterfront plants are highly
adapted for absorbing seawater and securing nutrients from the peat. These mangrove tree species
force positively–charged magnesium ions into their roots which repels the positively–charged
sodium ions in the sea water, but the plant

With Reference to Case Studies, Critically Evaluate the...
With reference to case studies, critically evaluate the success of management schemes in fragile
environments (40 marks)
A fragile environment is one which is easy to disrupt, and once disrupted, difficult to restore. An
example of this kind of environment is the Sundarbans; the largest single block of mangrove swamp
in the world, covering 10,000 km² from the coasts of West Bengal to Bangladesh. The mangrove
swamps are sensitive to a number of factors, including temperature, salinity and sea level, where
small changes may be able to cause huge impacts on the overall health and effectiveness of the
swamps to protect the coastline and the 300,000 livelihoods that depend on it.
The mangrove swamps can act as shock absorbers, protecting ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It is for these threats that the Sundarbans Tiger Reserve was created in 1973, and later designated as
the Sundarban Forest Reserve in 1978. It now covers the whole of the Sundarbans, aimed towards
managing it in a sustainable way. Armed forest staff patrol in motorboats and launches, protecting
the reserve from poachers and theft of forest products such as the valuable honey and wax that is
limited for collecting to only two and a half months a year, while seminars, workshops and
awareness camps are conducted frequently inside the park to educate people and tourists on eco–
conservation and eco–development. By educating people, there will be a greater understanding and
cooperation between local villagers and authorities, so locals can benefit from the surrounding
ecosystem while still protecting the environment and not completely exploiting it.
The Sundarbans Biodiversity Conservation Project (SBPC) was also put in place by the Bangladesh
government in 1999, aimed towards conserving the environment and biodiversity, as well as
reducing the poverty in the area. This included focussing on the organisation of the Sundarbans
Forest Reserve, resource management, development of the impact zone, ecotourism and
environmental awareness, technical advice, monitoring and research studies.
However, the project was cancelled in 2005 due to issues with the integrity and design

Causes And Effects Of Coral Reefs
Ground water contamination, damage to coral reefs, sea grass beds and mangrove ecosystems,
salinization of soils and damage to vegetation, tsunami–generated waste and debris, impacts on
sewage collection and treatment systems, damage to protected areas, coastline erosion and
inundation, changes in river hydrology, and loss of livelihoods based on natural resources or
ecosystem services are all examples of damage caused by a tsunami.
Coral reefs are natural breakwaters for a tsunami wave as it moves towards the coastline. The
December 2004 Indonesian earthquake tsunami devastated coral reefs around Indian Ocean
coastlines. Four years after the tsunami, the healthy corals were still regenerating. Due to the
increase of sedimentation, it doesn't allow light from the sun to penetrate through the water. It is
crucial for coral reefs to get sunlight for reproduction. Another major issue is the amount of debris
from land bulldozes habitats. Within minutes, most of the seawater that destroyed coastal
communities returned to the ocean, bringing untold tons of stuff with it; all the remnants of
humanity including pieces of buildings, cars, trees, garbage, huge amounts of plastics, eroded soils
and likely a wide variety of pollutants from those soils, homes, factories, stores, etc. Then there are
the plastics and non–biodegradable junk that will initially pollute the coastlines and will then move
out to sea, eventually reaching the north Pacific and the western shores of North

Implementing the Ramsar Convention in Developing...
Implementing the Ramsar Convention in Developing Countries: The Role of Local Community
Support and Involvement
Over the last two decades, "a consensus has gradually emerged that long–term conservation depends
on understanding and support from those closely connected to the environment and its resources"
(Shine, Klemm, 1999.) Several international environmental conventions have reflected this
consensus by establishing a legal basis to involve local communities, especially those in developing
countries, in their implementation. Recent changes in the focus of the Ramsar Convention on
Wetlands are consistent with this global trend towards emphasizing the importance of community
support and involvement. Adopted in Ramsar, Iran on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By contrasting and comparing case studies in developing countries with varying degrees of wetland
conservation success, it is clear that local community involvement and support of conservation is
critical to success. Acknowledging this, those sites with unsuccessful wetland conservation have
begun to plan initiatives to promote community participation and support.
This study focuses solely on wetland conservation in developing countries, where lifestyles and lack
of government capacity make community support and involvement in wetland conservation policies
and practices particularly important. People in the developing world are more "closely connected" to
the environment than those in developed countries. Since they rely more directly on the extraction of
natural resources and use of natural services for their sustenance and economy, their lifestyles have a
more direct impact on the immediate ecosystem. Given that "all countries, but especially developing
countries...need to enhance their internal capacity to manage their environmental protection and
sustainable development," a lack of national and state government capacity results in a greater need
for the support and involvement of local communities in wetland conservation (Susskind, et al.
2002). Since developing country governments may not have the finances, institutions, or knowledge
to strictly enforce their wetland conservation policies, community policy support is

Diversity of Mangroves
Introduction
Mangroves have different economic benefits. Nowadays, destruction of mangrove forest is very
alarming. During the year 1918, mangroves forest is about 500, 000 hectares wide. In the
Philippines, from the estimated 448, 000 hectares in 1920's have been declined to 110, 000 hectares
in the year 1990 and it reached 130, 000 hectares by the year 2000, as stated by Lunar and
Laguardia (2012). Human anthropogenic activities such as conversion of mangroves into fishpond,
shrimp farm, salt ponds, renovation and other forms of developing industries reduces the mangrove
areas. The continuous reduction of mangrove forest have been used as different kind of materials
like charcoal or for fire wood production, house materials and converting these mangrove forest into
fish ponds establishment and in addition the expansion of coastal communities (Becira, 2006).
According to Upadhyay et al., (2002), mangrove ecosystems have many ecological importances for
maintaining marine life. Mangrove ecosystems are being studied with more interest worldwide
because of their economic importance in support of commercial fisheries alone (Cintron et al. 1980).
Uses and values of mangroves are many and varied. For example, they provide habitat as well as
spawning and nursery ground for various marine species like fish, shellfish, crustaceans and other
marine organisms, enrich the near–shore environment, act as windbreakers and protects the
shoreline from storms, stabilize the shoreline, and

The Importance Of Mangroves In Australia
Mangroves are trees and shrubs that can be found along coastal intertidal zones in tropical and
subtropical areas near the equator due to their inability to survive in low temperatures. Mangroves
are found not only in australia but on coastlines all over the world and are distributed over 100
countries in the tropical and sub–tropical regions of the world. Australia contains the third largest
area of mangroves in the world after Indonesia and Brazil, totalling around 11,500 km2 representing
approximately 6.4% of the world's total mangrove area (Appendix A) (Mangrovewatch.com, 2017).
There are 73 different types of mangrove species in the world. 39 of these mangrove species dwell
in Australia. The intertidal zone or littoral zone, is the area that is exposed at low tide but is
submerged by seawater during high tide. Mangroves survive in salt water on sheltered muddy
shores, because they have adapted to the harsh abiotic conditions in order to survive in their area.
Mangroves also provide a habitat for marine organisms such as fish, crabs and yabbies. Furthermore
they provide a habitat for many land animals such as birds, pythons, lizards and crocodiles. How
mangroves contribute to the functioning of intertidal ecosystems will be discussed on this report.
Mangroves have a very important role in their ecosystem. Their niche includes protecting and
providing for many organisms. Mangroves are considered main producers in their complex food
system (Appendix B). "The food chain

Mangroves On The Burnett River
Development on the banks of the Burnett River is destroying the mangroves! The Burnett River,
which was such an important part in the habitation of the district,was named after J.C Burnett who
explored the region in 1847. What J.C. Burnett probably didn't realise back then was that the river
was 435 km long and opens out into the Coral Sea. Factories are being built on the banks of this
beautiful river and are not contributing to its safety or to its health. Mangroves are being cleared for
development even though they are important for the river's survival. There are 80 types of
mangroves and in total 39 species can be located in Queensland which means almost half of the
species in the world can be found in the one state. It takes mangroves 10–15 years to reach full
maturity ,but it doesn't take too long to kill them.The mangroves help Bundaberg and the other
regions on its banks. Mangroves stop pollution ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mangroves clean the water by extracting the freshwater from the sat, some species then excrete the
salt via their leaves Although these plants are crucial for our survival, many of them have been
destroyed throughout Bundaberg's development. For example, mangroves and other trees were
illegally poisoned along the Burnett River banks in May 2016. The culprit then made an illegal road
to the river, destroying hundreds of mangroves. Killing these trees opens up the prospect of air
pollution. This can put people at higher risk of asthma and other respiratory diseases. On top of that,
long term diseases would include chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease, and even
damage brain tissue and other important

The Mangrove Dynamics Of Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary
In the focus of above context, the current study describes the mangrove dynamics of Krishna
wildlife Sanctuary (KWS) of Andhra Pradesh (AP) state using spatio–temporal satellite data. The
study elucidates degradation of mangroves of this region along with the restoration steps taken by
the forest department in collaboration with M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF).
2. Study area: Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary (KWS)
AP state ranks fourth in terms of mangrove areas (35,200 ha– FSI 2013) in the country and are
found in the delta region of river Krishna and Godavari. In addition, small isolated mangroves
patches are also found along the coasts of Vishakapatnam, Guntur, Nellore and Prakasam districts.
KWS is part of Krishna River mangroves (lying between 15° 42 ' N and 15° 55 ' N in latitude and
80° 42 '– 81° 01 ' E in longitude) distributed among Krishna and Guntur districts (Figure 1). KWS
covers an area of 19,481 ha exclusively dominated by mangrove vegetation. The Sanctuary is
divided into different Reserve Forest (RF) zones as Sorlagondi, Nachugunta, Yelichetladibba (of
Krishna district), Kottapalem, Molagunta, Adavuladivi and Lankivanidibba (of Guntur district). The
soil is classified as silt clay with high salinity and low phosphorus levels with an average pH of 8.0.
Fishing, crab, prawn seed collection forms livelihood options of local villagers, apart from seasonal
agricultural practices (Anonymous 2004). The current study covers major part of KWS, focusing

Environmental Effects Of Mangroves
Mangroves are an essential part of the Tampa Bay Estuary as they help maintain the overall health
of the state's coastal zones. From the 1950s to the 1980s, the Tampa Bay was in its worst condition
as a result of unregulated pollution into the Bay. Environmental regulations beginning in the 1970s
with the Clean Water Act improved conditions in the bay but even today there persists a problem
with pollution and the destruction of natural habitats (Water Resource Management and
Environmental Assessment & Restoration, 2014). Today, the Tampa Bay has lost over 44% of its
coastal wetlands acreage, including mangrove forests and salt marshes (Department of
Environmental Protection, 2012). There is still decline as waterfront development and pollution
threaten the abundance of this essential tree. If the mangroves disappear from the Tampa Bay
estuary, the area will suffer adverse ecological and economic effects from the reduction of sea life. A
reduction of mangrove trees can even increase damage caused by natural disasters (Sandilyan and
Kathiresan, 2012).
In order to maintain the health of these forests and the Tampa Bay Estuary I recommend enacting a
change in the 1996 Mangrove Trimming and Preservation Act to set stricter regulations on the
trimming of mangroves, a reduction on waterfront development, stricter control over pollutants in
the area, and the categorization of areas designated for mangrove growth, restriction, and removal.
Failing to enact these policies will cause

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