3. Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism
Charles V
– splits his Spanish empire
Philip II
– Charles’ son
– Spain, Spanish Netherlands,
American colonies
• King’s 1/5th
– Portugal - 1580
– Defender of the Faith
• Battle of Lepanto - 1571
• Spanish Armada - 1588
– Arts
• Diego Velazquez
• Miguel de Cervantes
– Don Quixote
4. Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism
Spain’s problems
• Inflation
– population increase, price
increase
– drop in silver value
• taxes
– expulsion of Jews and Moors
– no middle class
• merchant guilds
– no capitalism; wealth flowed out
• Dutch Revolt
– occupation force
– Calvinism and taxes
– William of Orange - 1579
• United Provinces of the
Netherlands
5. Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism
United Provinces (Netherlands)
– religious toleration
– republic
• focus on commerce
– world’s largest merchant fleet
– world’s bankers
• art
– Rembrandt van Rijn
• wealthy merchants; groups
Absolute Monarchs
– rule without limits
• urbanization; middle class
• decline in church influence
• decline in nobility influence
– divine right
• God’s representative
6. Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism
Objectives
• To describe Spanish power under Philip II.
• Wealthiest and most powerful; Defender of the Faith; Golden Age
• To explain weaknesses in the Spanish Empire.
• Inflation, unequal taxes, out-flowing wealth, Dutch Revolt
• To describe the birth of the Netherlands.
• William of Orange, religious toleration, commerce and banking, art
• To explain the origins of absolute monarchy.
• Retain all power, divine right, rise from centralization and crises
• Vocabulary: Philip II, absolute monarch, divine right
8. Religious Wars Create a Crisis
King Henry II & Catherine de Medicis
– 1559: Catherine real power
– 1572: St. Bartholomew’s Day
• Henry of Navarre - 1589-1610
– Protestant Prince (Huguenot)
– inherits the throne
• Henry IV
• 1st Bourbon king
– Catholic conversion
– Edict of Nantes - 1598
• religious toleration
• Louis XIII
– Cardinal Richelieu
• de facto ruler
• increased Bourbon power
• Huguenots and nobles
– skepticism
• nothing can be known for certain
• Michel de Montaigne
9. Louis XIV Rules Absolutely
Louis XIV - 1643
– most powerful king
• crown at age 5
– Cardinal Mazarin - 1643-1661
• Louis’ minister
• 1648 Thirty Years War Treaty
– most powerful in Europe
• fight with nobles
– centralization of power
• noble exclusion
• intendants
– tax and justice agents
– Jean Baptiste Colbert
• finance minister
• mercantilism policies
– Edict of Nantes revocation
10. Louis’s Grand Style
Nobility
– morning dress
– increased royal authority
• dependence on Louis
• kept from locales
Versailles
– 11 miles from Paris
• $2B in 1994 dollars
• 36K laborers
• 500 yards long
– What is similar in China?
– Arts patronage
• Sun King
• glorify the king
12. Louis Fights Disastrous Wars
France in 1660
– largest population & army
• Spanish Netherlands - 1667
• Dutch Netherlands - 1672
– ‘dike’ warfare
• League of Augsburg - 1689
– balance of power alliance
– Sweden, Spain, England
• War of Spanish Succession
– Charles II dies - 1700
• Philip of Anjou
– Treaty of Utrecht - 1713
• Spain and France separate
Louis XIV legacy
– empire, debt, resentment
13. France’s Ultimate Monarch
Objectives
• To describe religious and political conflicts in France.
• Protestants vs. Catholics civil wars; Henry IV religious tolerance;
Cardinal Richelieu’s rise; skepticism embraced
• To explain Louis XIV’s policies.
• Cardinal Mazarin raises taxes / strengthens central govt.; Louis is
France’s most powerful king; Jean Baptiste Colbert’s economy
• To characterize the style of the French royal court.
• Luxury; nobles waiting game; Versailles and patronage
• To identify causes and effects of the French wars.
• French expansion; European anti-French alliance; weakening
• Vocabulary: Edict of Nantes, Cardinal Richelieu, skepticism, Louis
XIV, intendant, Jean Baptiste Colbert, War of the Spanish
Succession
14. Absolute Monarchs in Europe,
1500-1800 A.D.
Section 4
Russian Czars Increase Power
15. From Ivan to the Romanovs
Ivan III -1462-1505
– founder of empire
• liberated Russia from Mongols
– centralize government
Ivan IV – 1533-1584
– “good” – 1547-1560
– czar
– “terrible” – 1560
– boyars
• landowning nobles
– traitors
• Anastasia
Time of Troubles
– battle for throne
• boyars
– Michael Romanov - 1613
17. Peter the Great Takes the Throne
Russia in the 1600s
– land of serfs and boyars
• mid-1850s
– serfs attached to land
– isolation
• Constantinople
– Eastern Orthodox
• Mongol threat
Peter the Great – 1696-1725
– future of Russia
• warm water seaport
– competition
• westernization
– ‘Grand Embassy’
– customs and technology
– England, Germany, Austria
19. Peter Rules Absolutely
Change Takes Power
– Russian Orthodox Church
• state control
– power from nobles
• appointing of ‘loyal’ lower class
– westernized professional army
• heavy taxes
Societal Changes
– 1st
newspaper
– increased women status
– traditional dress banned
St. Petersburg
– “window to the west”
– water routes to Europe
20. Russian Czars Increase Power
Objectives
• To explain how Ivan III and later Russian rulers began to build a
stronger Russian state.
• Czars strengthen Russian state; reduce power of boyars; Ivan the
‘good’ becomes Ivan the ‘terrible’
• To characterize differences between Russia and western Europe
and the emerging role of Peter the Great.
• 1696 Peter the Great takes throne; Russia is land of nobles and
serfs, isolated and backwards; Peter visits and studies western
Europe
• To describe Peter’s reforms and their impact on Russia.
• Peter westernizes Russia; religion under state control; limits power
of nobles; modernizes army; Baltic Sea seaport at St. Petersburg
• Vocabulary: Ivan the Terrible, boyars, Peter the Great,
westernization
21. Absolute Monarchs in Europe,
1500-1800 A.D.
Section 5
Parliament Limits the English
Monarchy
22. Monarchs Clash with Parliament
Elizabeth - 1558-1603
– last of Tudors
James I - 1603-1625
– Scottish Stuarts
– absolute monarchy
– Calvinist
– King James Bible - 1611
Charles I - 1625-1649
– son of James I
– calls Parliament - 1628
• Petition of Right
– law is higher than king
– dissolves Parliament - 1629
– calls Parliament -1641
• ‘Scot’ problem
23. English Civil War
English Civil War - 1642-1649
– Parliament limit on king’s power
• Charles I orders arrests
• supporters and opponents of
Charles I
– Royalists vs. Roundheads
– Oliver Cromwell - 1644-1658
• Puritan Roundhead leader
• Charles I captured by 1647
– lost English Civil War
– public execution
• rules England as military
dictator
• puts down Irish rebellion
• tolerance except Catholics
24. Restoration and Revolution
Restoration
• Charles II - 1660-1685
– son of Charles I
• habeas corpus - 1679
– no jailing for political opposition
– speedy trial
• James II - 1685-1688
– Charles II brother
– Catholic
• Whigs vs. Tories
– dissolves Parliament
– infant son - 1688
25. Political Changes
Glorious Revolution - 1689
– William and Mary
• Prince of the Netherlands
– Protestants
• Parliamentary invite
– bloodless overthrow of James II
– William as new English king
• Parliament recognized partner
• constitutional monarchy
– laws limit monarch’s power
• Bill of Rights
• cabinet
– prevent disagreements
– link between monarch / majority
27. Parliament Limits the English Monarchy
Objectives
• To identify conflicts between English rulers and Parliament.
• English kings clash w/ Parliament over money and power; Charles
I dissolves Parliament
• To explain the causes and results of the English Civil War.
• Charles I recalls Parliament; Charles I supporters vs. opponents in
Civil War; Puritans win civil war; Charles I executed
• To describe the Restoration and Glorious Revolution.
• Charles II as king; James II deposed; William and Mary take power
• To explain political changes under William and Mary.
• Constitutional monarchy; Bill of Rights; cabinet as center of power
• Vocabulary: Charles I, English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell,
Restoration, habeas corpus, Glorious Revolution, constitutional
monarchy, cabinet
