The document summarizes the political instability in France from 1790 to 1795 following the French Revolution. It discusses the divisions caused by the Civil Constitution of 1790 which antagonized the Catholic Church. Economic problems and ongoing wars with neighboring countries weakened the government further. The rise of radical Jacobins like Robespierre led to the Reign of Terror from 1793 to 1794. The Directory was established in 1795 but faced issues of corruption, military dependence, and unrest. The document outlines how Napoleon Bonaparte was then able to overthrow the Directory in 1799 due to the government's inefficiencies.

1. ASLevel
1780 - 1917
HISTORY

2. 1789 - 1814
1.THEFRENCH
REVOLUTION
AND NAPOLEONBONAPARTE

4. Introduction
• The French Revolution started I 1789… and ended at the
ascent of Napoleon:1795
• The citizens of France took down the system of absolute
monarchy/ feudal system – replacing it with ‘democracy’
• Based on the growing idea of enlightenment in the 18th
Century
• Showed the world the power of the people’s will and how far
that could go

5. 1.1 What were the causes and immediate
outcomes of the 1789 Revolution?

6. Long-term causes ofthe French Revolution
• The feudal system - taxation
• The unfair government structure
• The monarchs
• The aristocrats and the clergy
• The financial crises – taxation
• The growth of ideas associated with Enlightenment

7. France, abankrupted nation
• Massive spending on supporting the AmericanRevolution
• Extravagant spending of King Louis XVI+his father, grandfather
• The Royal coffer was being depleted – responded by heavy taxation
• For 20 years, the cereal harvest had been poor – drought – cattle
diseases… prices of bread skyrocketed
• Unrest among the peasants and the urbanpoor
• Felt that the heavy taxation was unfair – riots and lootingwere
popping up around the nation

9. The Monarchs – Hugeproblems?
•King Louis the 14th –The Sun King (1638 -1715)
Ruled France during the classical age – longest ruler
Known for aggressive Foreign Policy
Developed public Hostility (Invaded Spanish Netherland, Franco-
Dutch War, France vs. The Grand Alliance)

10. The Monarchs – Hugeproblems?
• King Louis the 15th(1715-1774)
• Known for starting the decline of royal authority
• Became king at the age of 5 – during the 7Years war- lost to the
British almost all of France'scolonies
• Stubborn but not serious nor skilled in his political works
• Contributed to France’s worsening foreign relation
• Overspending
• Died ahated monarch

11. The Monarchs – Hugeproblems?
• King Louis the 16th (1774-1793)
• Crowned at the age of 16– professed that he was notready
• Afamily man – apoor leader – easily influenced by the aristocrats
and his family
• Wife: Marie Antoinette – ahated figure in France

12. Problems with theMonarch:
• With King Louis the 14th setting the standard for absolutemonarchy
-France was in an iron grip – controlled by the upper classeswhile
the lower classes oppressed. This top-heavy structure was
dangerous, considering the failing foreign policy and the constant
war was damaging the country’s finance.
• With King Louis the 14th setting the bar very high, King Louis the15th
dropped the balls on many level – leading France into adefeat in
the 7years war. Once again, spending too much and slowly
depleting the royal coffers. Worst of all, not maintaining the royal
authority.
• By King Louis the 16th – the royalty was an almost bankrupt
institution. One that was very much despised by the population –
the arrival of Marie Antoinette didn’t help. Louis the 16th also
severely lacked leadership skill – wasn’t able to stand up againstthe
nobles.

13. Origin: the AncienRegime
• French for “Old Order”
• Everyone was asubject to the king
• Rights and status flowed from the
social institutions: The First,
Second and the Third estate
First Estate: The Clergy – received
taxation privileges
Second Estate: The Nobility –
received taxation privileges
Third estate: Everyone Else

14. Origin: Theenlightenment
• AKA. The age of reason.
• Advocates reason asameans to building the
socialstructure (aesthetic, socio-economic,
ethics, government, religion)
• Itchallenged religion (ie. The one authority
people truly respected in France)
• It was the driving for the of the middle class
or the Bourgeois
• The Political thought of John Locke – the
idea of democracyand constitution
• Important figure in France: Voltaire,
Montesqiue, Diderot, Rousseau,
Quesnay.
• http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry
/Age_of_Enlightenme nt#Political_thought

15. How did the Revolution started: Pt. 1– The
Estates General
• CharlesAlexandre de Calonne proposed afinancial reform
• Called for ameeting of the three estates on 5 May 1789– firstsince
1614.
• Allowing each estate to produce grievances to the king
• The Third estates represented 98%of the population and felt they
should be given more shares of votes – eg. By head not bystatus
• The other 2estates were reluctant – they had privilege Veto power
• In the meeting, hostile debates about the vote broke out – Louis
the 16th couldn’t take control
• The other 2estates also expressed that they would notbe willing to
give up their taxation privilege

16. The Estates General
• Some agreements were met – the need for the constitution – the
lifting of the internal trade barriers – liberty of press
• However: Disagreements were plentiful.
- Taxation privileges
- Voting problems
• Problem: King Louis failed to present himself asaleader – only
weakly supporting the first 2estates.

17. The Tennis Court Oath
• The third estate met up at a tennis court in Versailles after King
Louis locked their old meeting place – and overturned their
decisions, together with some liberal nobles/clergy
• Formed the National Assembly – Count Mirabeaus
• They vowed not to disperse untilaconstitutional reform had been
reached.
‘The Oath of the Tennis Court’, ink drawing by Jacques-Louis David, 1790.

18. The Storming of theBastille
• The event at the Tennis Court consumed the nation
• Created enthusiasm and support
• Also inducing fear
• Anewspaper created by Jean Paul Marat began stirring fear and
ideas of revolution among the people – noted that the king might
try tobreak up the assembly
• July the 14th– The Storming of theBastille
• Started awave of revolution stretching to the countryside– rioting,
looting grew – tax collectors, landlords, elite had toflee
• OnAugust 4 – National Constituent Assembly abolished Feudalism
• Rise of the radical SansCullotes

20. The August Decrees
• Rights for Peasants and Farmers
• No more unpaid work – repairing roads
• No more taxing during harvest season
• No more compulsory services
• No more of the church collecting money from the people

21. The Declaration of the Rights of Man
• Replacing the Ancien regime with asystem ofequality, freedom of
speech, sovereignty and representative government
• Liberty/ Security to theirproperties
• Imprisonment without trial banned
• Taxation based upon people’s wealth
• No individual group or person can make decisions that affectthe
people
• The king and the Queen was practically forced to return to Paris –
and ‘imprisoned’ there – had to formally accept thereforms

22. The Counter Revolutionaries
• The King/ the Royal Family
• The High Nobility/ Clergy
• The Foreign power – fear that the same may happen intheir
countries eg.Austria
• The lower classes who supported the Catholicchurch
• They couldn’t regain control: different aims between the moderate
and the radical – one may support the ancien regime, the other may
only feel that the current revolution was out of hand
• Looked to the king for leadership – foundnone.

23. The problems among therevolutionaries
• Different aimsbetween the different classes

24. 1.2 Why were French governments unstable
from 1790 to 1795?

25. 1790– The Civil Constitution
• At first the opposition to the church limited
to abolishment of taxesrights
• The Civil Constitutions arose
1. Bishops/ Archbishops are to beappointed
through election, not by thepope
2. Reduction of bishoprics – districts
controlled by the bishops
3. Abolish some of the church’soffices
4. Clergy roles limited to religion
5. Clergy to be paid by thechurch
6. Clergy to sign an oath of loyalty to the
constitution
• THISWASWARFORTHE POPE
• Divided the French People

26. The Development of until 1791– How did it get
so violent?
• Although before 1789– things were going well –TheAugust
Decrees – practical development that would’ve satisfied manyof
the population
• 1790–The Civil Constitution was passed –Aviolent gestures
against the church – the condemnation from the pope led to violent
reaction from the peasants
• 1791–The Flight to Verannes –The was now deemed not
trustworthy.

27. 1791– 1799:Rise of the Radicals
• 1791:Popular pressure forced the National Assembly to set up an
election which led to the establishment of the National Convention
• The National Convention was dominated by the Jacobins – a
radical group led by Maximilien Robespierre

28. The problems in France at the time
• Economic Problems
• War with other nations
• Rise of the Radicals – the political issues and the start of the Reign
of Terror

29. Economic issues
• Economic problems were not solved
• Farmers hoarding their grains
• People lost faith in the currency–
Assignants became worthless
• Middle class became the new nobility
–they could buy land seized from the
nobles
• Lack of laws/ administrative offices –
no taxes could be collected
• The war was very expensive
• The revolutionaries were still fighting
–between the moderates andthe
radicals

30. War/ violence
• At the time: Austria and Prussia were very much against the
revolution – alot of theémigrés had been drumming up supports in
these countries
• In 1792–The National Assembly declared war againstAustria
• The Duke of Brunswick of Austrian and Prussian force togetherwith
Britain and Holland formed an anti-revolutionary alliance.
• Casesof violent arrests made by the Jacobins against the accused
Counter-revolutionaries
• Count Carnot introduced conscriptions which increased the SIZEOF
THEFrench army from 650000 to 1.5million allowing them to win
against Prussia in 1792
• However prussia put up agreat fight and casesof generals
committing treasons – led to the weakening of the beliefs in the
government.

31. Rise of theRadical
• In 1791,the National Convention was first replaced by the
Legislative Assembly – allowing the radicals, the Jacobins to start
purging Paris
• However the sans-Culottes maintained mob controls inother
provinces
• The Girondins and the Jacobins
• Girondins from the South which meant they were in the minority of
the provinces trying to gain control (especially with Parisians Sans
Culottes controlling the provinces) – Jacobins from Paris.
• Both of them hated the church and wanted to end upper class
privilege
• However Girondins wanted negotiation with the kings – led to the
decline in their popularity and the subsequent lost of power

32. Problems faced by theJacobins
• Disagreements about what to do with Louis XVI
• At the end – the king was executed with Marie
Antoinette
• Economic problems
• The War
• Threats from Royalist sympathizers

33. How important was the execution of the king
• Robespierre finally assumed total control
• Astatement of purpose – establishment of therepublic
• Full democracy
• Achance to tried the king and accused of him of the crimes he
committed
• Adestruction of asymbol
Changing the months
Changing the name of the nation

34. Robespierre's attack against thechurch
• Introduction of the Republic ofVirtue
• “Virtue without which terror is fatal; terror without which virtue is
powerless”
• Citizens should help each other asduties to be performed – loyalto
democracy
• The cult of the Supreme Being toreplace Christianity
• Portraying himself asa god
• Churches replaced by Temples of Reason
• The calendar was replaced
• TURNEDCHRISTIANSAGANSTTHE CONVENTION

35. Law of Maximum
• Aplanned economy for France at the time
• Fixed prices for bread
• Rationing introduces
• Assignants
• Production of Arms/Ammunition
• Nationalizes many of the small businesses – Did this go againstthe
idea of the Declarations of the Rights of Man
• Practical use of Socialism?

36. Fear of the Enemy of the State
• The assassination of Marat
• War abroad
• The revolutionary attempts of the remainingnobles
• Revolt from the peasant – JacquesHebert
• The Jacobins were breaking apart -Danton

37. Robespierre's’ Reign of Terror – Law of suspects
• The committee of Public Safety – had extensive power over the law,
the military, the police – dominated by radicalJacobins
• Revolutionary Tribunal
• The Massacre of the 1000 prisoners
• By 1793– they were facing many problems – fall ofToulon
• Aresponse of amaniac: The Law of Suspects – attempting to
tighten the grip over people – ppl could be arrested for not actively
supporting the regime – no fair trail
• Sometime reasons were bullshit
• Just to impressauthority

38. Terror asaweapon
• Execution done in public
• Areas where there maybe revolt against the NationalConvention
• Directed to any classes – including the Jacobins
• The Law of Suspect meant anyone could be takendown

39. The Fall of Robespierre
• By 1794, many felt this was the right time to set things right
• Robespierre’s cult and Law of Suspect were toofar
• The Jacobins were turning against him
• When he tried to purge theconvention
• Thermidorian Reaction
• He was stripped of hispower

40. FINAL PART:the Directory
• Anew constitution was drawn up –The Directory
• The Directory consisted of the 2councils
• The Council of 500 and The Council of Ancients
• 500: Propose the law
• Ancient: Accept or reject thelaws
• 5Directors controlling the directory

41. 1.3 Why was Napoleon Bonaparte able to
overthrow the Directory in 1799?

42. The 5Directors
• The Constitution of 1795
• More conservative
• They are selected by the ancients asproposed by the Council of 500
• They are to appoint ministers, taxcollectors, army leaders
• Alot of these were middle class - 2/3 of these had to serve in
national Convention before
• Annual Election
• They had to become the new NOBLES
• Trying to retain their advantages andinfluences

43. Problems with theDirectory
• Very dependent on the military
• Revolt from the aristocrats
• Revolt from the returning clergy asthe churchwas revived
• Return of the younger brother of Louis
• Representative only of the middleclass
• The San-Culottes would oppose them – eg. The Babeuf plot – 1796 –
was well prepared although overturned by police spies
• Government was still bankrupted
• Corruption was still happening
• The more progressive members ofthe directory were kept out
• Socialism rising – the conspiracy of equals
• The military success was an important part in keeping the Directory
in place

44. The Directory’s Dependence on themilitary
• Since the conscript ion 1793–The French army grewsignificantly
• Had been successful in its defensive work against Austriaand
Prussia
• Began invading / annexing other nations
• Seeing this asaway to also distract people from theproblems
within – they encourage war
• Resolve the unemployment problems in France
• Needed to resolve other economicissues
• Needed them to help put down the revolt

45. Corruption in theDirectory
• In the election of 1797
• The election turned out results on favor of royalists and Jacobins
• This result was hence twisted by the Directory
• Unseated Carnot
• They enforced financial policy and cracked down on radicalism
• However – this destroyed the reputation
• Inflation was again on the rise
• The Directory continued to distort electionresults.
• By 1799, even the military was experiencing defeats

46. Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyes
• Wasapriest/ politicians during the French Revolution
• He helped the Third Estate
• Didn’t like the 1795Constitution
• Saw the government asinefficient/ self-serving
• Tried to help Napoleon in the coup of 1799

47. Napoleon Bonaparte
• Born in minor Italian nobility – Corsica – after it was taken byFrance
• Good at math/ Geography
• Very interested in military
• Associated with the Jacobins
• One must choose the side of thevictory
• After 1789: He joined the revolution
• Helped defend the port ofToulon
• Arrested after 1795– released due to his military talent
• He won against Italy in 1797–Treaty of Campo Formio – provided
more land, more money
• Wanted to take Egypt – this would be a great prestige for him and
France
• Defeated – although this further helped hisreputation

48. The Coup of 18Brumaire
• The Directory was accused of corruption, inefficiency – its directors
divided – foreign campaigns were failing
• Acivil war was breaking out
• Enlightened Reform – limiting the power of the500
• Napoleon plotted with Sieyes – proposed changes to the 1795
constitution – this was rejected – napoleon simply took power by
force
• Napoleon set up the Consulate – with 3consuls – him being the
chief of it all

49. 1.4 What were Napoleon’s domestic aims and
achievements from 1799 to 1814?

50. The Consulate Period
• Demanded loyalty to the state
• Wealth determined status – more capitalistic
• The Napoleonic Code – the longest lasting work of Napoleon – used
by France for long time – got rid of certain subjective crime
• Create astrong central government
• Equality before the law – for male fornow
• Freedom of religion – separation of Church andstate
• Freedom of properties
• Woman right is an anomaly… they had to be more dependent to
men
• Feudal practices/ privileges banned
• Land gained during the revolution stayed withthe revolutionaries

51. Napoleon’s rule
1. He had no single ideology – none in the spectrum – simply taking
ideas from many people to retaincontrol
2. In theory – equality – did favor the wealthy status –the
employers – favored men
3. He claimed to rule by the people but justify his government by
divine right

52. The Napoleonic Code(1804)
• Aset of unified law – to replace the complex system that used to be
there
• The previous laws were based on ancient tradition, regional
customs and church
• These were followed indifferent ways in different regions – South
would use Roman
• Napoleon had combine aunified set oflaw which brought the
country into order
• Made use of talent rather thanstatus
• Emphasized the protection of privateproperty

53. Napoleon became the emperor(1804)
• Napoleon put himself up asto
unify the nation
• He had Pope Pius there with him
to signifyChurch
• The decision was made upon
plebiscite by the French, although
this was likely set up to turn out in
favor of Napoleon
• Why?
1. More prestigious title?
2. Toreconcile the royalist with an
existing system of empire?
3. Toensure heir
• During coronation, Napoleon
crowned himself

54. Process of selection
• The people in the government were selected by theirtalents
• Positions in military and government couldn’t be bought/sold
• Allowed the émigrés to take high post
• Wealth still determine status… although those serving thestates
will be given pensions
• At this point, the Sans-Culottes became lessimportant
• Trade Union was banned
• Creating loyalty thr0ough tying everyone tothe state

55. Economy
• Tried to improve the inefficient tax farmers (financiers who bought
the right to collect taxes) system – in the revolution1789– replaced
by the local authority – same problem applied
• Napoleon used his trusted prefects
• Le Chapelier Law – banned trade union – cases of the SansCulottes
• Before this, France had 4 weak banks, under Napoleon, asingle
central Bank led by Swiss banker Jean Perregaux allowed the
economy to flourish

56. Woman Right
• Not much different from
European rulers – who believed
the traditional structure offamily
• Divorce was more difficult to
obtain
• Woman had arole asthe
housekeeper
• They could not be employed, start
abusiness or buy properties with
no consent from husband
• All money earned went to the
husband
• Punishment for adultery more
severe for woman

57. The Religious reform
• Tried to weaken the link with Royalist – put in
protestant
• Napoleon understood the importance of church
at the time – priests were still deemed
important people – also, Robespierre’sdownfall
was due to him opposing Christianity
• Asocial bond, agreat support forhis
government
• He made aconcordat with Pope Pius – he got to
nominate the bishops in exchange for Roman
Catholicism power in France – had to allow the
land to be taken – clergy get to make the
choices
• Soon Napoleon gain complete control over this
• Freedom ofreligion was still present
• Most peasants alotreceived set land

58. Education
• Public education under state control
• Available to allpeople
• Secondary and higher education introduced
• Education =social status
• Increased in the size of themiddle class

59. Military Control
• Joseph Fouche
• Had aspy system – keep people under continuous scrutiny
• Had state prisons for political prisoners
• Put down oppositions in the westand provinces like Brittany
• Eg.The 1804Arrest/ Execution of the duke of Enghein
• The European didn’t like that – kinda like Robespierre

60. Arts/ Science
• Napoleon encouraged scientific development
• Education reform –Achild of enlightenment
• Used art to celebrate hisachievement
• Eg.The Medal of achievements
• He was able o emphasize his role asapatron of art, scienceand
knowledge.

61. Problems with napoleonsRules
• Inequality to woman – seen asahuge drawback – although not
much compared to other nations – this was still astep-downfrom
the 1789constitution
• Workers not allowed trade union =lack of freedom
• Absolutionism, becoming the emperor andimperialism
• The police state – the oppression of liberty
• Nepotism – letting his relatives have big positions
• Failure of the NapoleonicWar

62. Foreign policy – NapoleonicWar
• France was at war from 1800 -1815
• Always fighting with Britain
• The extensive war with Spain and Portugal drained France of its
resources – the failure at Russia was abad one too
• Napoleon had to abdicate once in1814
• Returning again in 1815only to lose in the battle of Waterloo and
was sent into exile in the island St. Helena – diedthere.

64. The Napoleonic War
• The War of first coalition
• The War of the Second Coalition –
Ended in the battle ofthe Nile
• 1802: France and Britain tried to
achieve peace – Napoleon reorganized
Switzerland – sent an army to Haiti to
subdue slave rebellion (destroyed by
disease) … napoleon realized he can’t
imitate Britain – sold Louisiana to the
USA– trying not to spread himself too
thin
• Saw himself as liberators
• His domination unleashed the forces
of nationalism

65. What was the importance of the French
Revolution andNapoleon
• AWatershed Period
• The breaking point of the social classes – aperfect storm of event
that finally addressed the top heavy structure of feudalism in
Europe
• Ademonstration of the power of the people’s will
• He changes made to the perception: The nobility were seeing the
power of the people in clearer terms, the people were seeing their
power in clearer terms, and the middle classes saw that they had to
be the buffer between the 2– and that theycould gain power
• Religion: the destruction of the Church brought about changes in
the Napoleonic era – church became less influence – and remained
that way for the almost rest of the century

66. What was the importance of the French
Revolution andNapoleon
• From Jon Locke to Enlightenment to classical liberalism – the ageof
Voltaire under Napoleon
• The Napoleonic war and military reforms – conscription, awar by
scale, the uses of artillery and technologicalweaponries
• The rise of Socialism under the law of Maximum by the Robespierre
government and its resurgence under the control of the Directory
• The rise in the idea of democracy
• The rise in Nationalism – the Napoleonic had inadvertently caused
many nations to rise in defiance of its empire eg. The cases with
Austria and the growth of nationalism in Austria and Germany
which would later lead to unification