The Physics Of Chemistry Class

The Physics Of Chemistry Class
In Chemistry class, the one word you will hear repeatedly is the atom. But in the beginning, it was
never this way. Before people had a rough idea what things were made up of, we all thought objects
were made up of the four elements: water, earth, fire, and air. This thought was given to us by
Aristotle, who was a popular philosopher and scientist in 322 B.C. Then one day, a man named
Democritus proclaimed that every substance is made up of tiny, indivisible particles. The Greek said
that these particles were called "atomon", and they all varied in shape depending on their properties.
But this idea was rejected by leading philosophers at the time, which was around 400 B.C.
Flash forward to 1897, we have a British physicist by the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Later on in the 20th century came a man named Earnest Rutherford. This physicist conducted an
experiment that is widely known in the chemistry world: the gold–foil experiment. The experiment
went like this: there was an alpha particle source that would pass through gold foil in a vacuum. The
outcome of this experiment was that the particle went through, but went in different directions. This
forced Rutherford to conclude that an atom was much more than just open space with scattered
electrons, showing that Thomson's "Plum Pudding Model" to be inaccurate. Rutherford had also
concluded that an atom must have a positively charged center that contained most of it's atomic
mass. Rutherford was a major contribution to chemistry, discovering the nucleus and the proton.
Rutherford's discovery helped other scientists by his discovery. English physicist James Chadwick,
for example. When Rutherford proposed that an electron and a proton could combine together to
make a neutral particle, it came to the question what else was in a nucleus addition to protons. But
there was no evidence of this. Another experiment had caught Chadwick's attention: an experiment
by Frederic and Irene Joliot–Curie. The pair had studied the radiation from beryllium as it hit a
paraffin wax target. The couple had found that the radiation hit the protons, causing them to be
knocked loose from hydrogen atoms in that target. The protons also recoiled with a high velocity.
They
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Biography of Niels Bohr, The Danish Physicist Essay
Harald became the first of the Bohr brothers to earn a master's degree. Niels earned his 9 months
later. The students in his class had to submit a thesis on a subject assigned by their supervisor. Bohr's
supervisor was Christiansen, and the topic he gave them was the electron theory of metals. Bohr
then elaborated his master's thesis in to his much larger theory "Doctor of Philosophy" thesis. He
questioned the literature on the subject ,settling on a model assumed by Paul Drude and elaborated
by Hendrik Lorentz ,which stated in which the electrons on a meta; are considered to behave like a
gas. Bohr enlarged Lorentz model, but still unable to account for singularities like the Hall Effect,
and decided that the electron theory could not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His 3 papers, which later became famous as the "trilogy "were published in the Philosophical
magazine in July. Later in the year He revised Rutherford's nuclear structure to Max Planck's
quantum theory and created the Bohr model of the atom. He revolutionized the theory of electrons
traveling in orbits around the atoms nucleus. He also announced the idea that an electron could drop
from a higher energy orbit to a lower one, in the progress also emitting a quantum of discrete energy.
This theory became known as the old quantum theory. The trilogy's acceptance was dur to it s ability
to explain the phenomena which blocked other models ,and predicted the results that were then
verified by experiments. Today the Bohr model of the atom has been outdated but is still known as
the best model of atoms, and is still used in high school physics and chemistry.
Bohr soon realized that he did not enjoy teaching the medical students. He decided to return to
Manchester, where Rutherford had offered him a job as a reader in Darwin's place, whose contract
had expired, Bohr accepted. In April 1917, Bohr began a campaign to establish an institute of
Theoretical Physics. He gained the support of Danish government and Carlsberg Foundation,
establishing the institution in November 1918 known as the Niels Bohr Institute, the doors were
opened by March 3,1921 with Bohr as the director. His family moved into an apartment on the first
floor. The Bohr Institute helped as a main point for

Quantum Mechanics and Islam Essay
Introduction
Quantum mechanics or also known as quantum physics is a field of science which studies the
behaviour of particles at sub–atomic level. This theory tells us that short–lived pairs of particles and
their antiparticles are constantly being created and destroyed in an apparently empty space.
In quantum mechanics the weird behaviour of electrons are not accurately explained and until now
not a single theory is acceptable by the whole scientific community to postulate the phenomena. The
electrons become linked, or entangled, such that changing one invariably affects the other, no matter
how far apart they are; something Einstein called "spooky action at a distance". Quantum stuff can
also exist in several places at once, or spin ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The inadequacy and weaknesses of modern science is thus manifested as a result of its ignorance on
other sources of scientific knowledge such as metaphysical and spiritual knowledge which is proven
successful by previous Muslim scientists during the period of medieval Islam.
In Islamic science, cosmology plays an important role as a link between pure metaphysics and the
particular sciences and acts as a source of conceptual framework for the unity of science and
spiritual knowledge. There are a number of cosmological principles in Islamic science which are
formulated based on the relevant Qur'anic verses, prophetic traditions and intuitive knowledge of
famous traditional Muslim scholars. In this study, the principles and ideas of quantum mechanics are
presented in a simplified manner for easy understanding of the subject matter, followed by the
application of the principles in Islamic science wherein the relevant issues are discussed
accordingly.
A Brief History of Quantum Mechanics
Quantum theory began to take shape in the early 20th century, when classical ideas failed to explain
some observations. Previous theories allowed atoms to vibrate at any frequency, leading to incorrect
predictions that they could radiate infinite amounts of energy; a problem known as the ultraviolet
catastrophe. Max Planck in 1900 solved this problem by assuming the vibrations of atoms at specific
or

The Subatomic World of Quantum Mechanics
Quantum Mechanics
The Quantum Mechanics are weird, yet incredibly powerful theory of the subatomic world, in which
everyday concepts to do with the forces and motion are seen in a different perspective, as they do
not longer apply in the same way. This calls for a new type of mechanics based on what scientists
call "quantum" rules.
Quantum mechanics are a very complicated matter that scientists don't fully understand yet; they are
in charge of studying the smallest faces of our world. The idea of quantum mechanics was
developed in the 20th century by a German physicist Max Planck who introduced his constant,
called Plank´s Constant (h=6.62606957×10–34 m2 kg/s), which is used to determinate the energy of
a photon. When E=hv (v=frequency). Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Paul Dirac and Werner
Heisenberg later extended the theory in the 1920s.
Trying to explain quantum mechanics is like trying to explain how the universe was formed. There
are different doctrines but again, none of them is completely certain.
Although it was a tremendous success to the researchers no one really knows how or why it works.
It makes prediction in the microscopic world that go completely against our common sense. For
example quantum mechanics state that an atom can be in more than 1 place at the same time until
we look at it, since then we force it to make a choice on where he is. Also assures that an atom is
neither a particle nor a wave, it is both and neither at the same time. All these weird

Department Of Computer Science : Project Supervisor
Department of Computer Science
CO7201–Msc Individual Project
Project Supervisor: Dr Michael Hoffman
Second Marker: Dr Stuart Kerrigan
WORD COUNT: 3008
1 Table of Contents
2 DECLARATION 3
3 INTRODUCTION 4
4 PROJECT AIM 5
5 BACKGROUND 5
6 MOTIVATION 5
6.1 Advantages of Multiplayer Game 6
6.2 Existing Application 6
6.3 New Application 7
7 OBJECTIVES 7
8 CHALLENGES 7
9 REQUIREMENTS 8
10 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION 8
10.1 For Development 8
10.2 For Application 9
11 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 9
12 BACKGROUND MATERIAL 9
12.1 Multiplayer game concept 9
12.2 Google API's 9
12.3 Android 10
12.4 ANDROID STUDIO 11
13 READING LIST 11
14 WORK PLAN 11
15 DISSERTATION OUTLINE 15
References 16
2 DECLARATION

All sentences or passages quoted in this report, or computer code of any form whatsoever used
and/or submitted at any staged, which are taken from other people's work have been specially
acknowledged by clear citation of the source, specifying author, work, date and page. Any part of
my own written work, or software coding, which is substantially based upon other people's work, is
duly accompanied by clear citation of the source, specifying author, work, date and pages(s). I
understand that failure to do these amounts to plagiarism and will be considered grounds for failure
in this module and the degree examination as a whole.
Name: UDITI SHARMA
Signed: UDITI SHARMA
Date: 31–07–2015 3 INTRODUCTION
This report serves as an interim report for the development of the project

Essay On My Childhood Day
During my childhood days, every single time it rained, I would wait just to hear the thunder. Every
lightning strike was so powerful with its terrifying sound, yet it worked with the same principle that
explained the bits of paper clinging to a charged fur cloth rubbed on a cat. It was very enchanting for
me to learn that all the extreme and massive events which took place could be explained by the same
laws which govern our daily experiences. Learning physics would unravel the nature of these
events, all around me. Every single time I gaze at the sky, I could not help but realise that those stars
which sparkle at a distance are nothing but bodies just like our sun and most of them are still bigger.
During my school days, my biggest awe was just to realise how miniscule we were and that the
universe was ever expanding. The most interesting fact for me was to admire the ... Show more
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Moreover, my calculation for removing a stain on a vessel which my mother was not able to clean,
came out to be right. I was able to remove the stain, unusually, with cooking oil than with water. My
mother was surprised and I felt triumphant. Learning new little things can have a great stimulus on
the human brain and this is a joyous facet of science to me.
My curiosity to know and understand the workings of the things around me has led to my interest in
electronics, physics and particularly applied physics. To be able to understand the physical
phenomenon and then being able to apply it is a very fascinating process. I would like to see how
the theory that I got acquainted with up until now can be put to use for some of the most important
things around. This internship would give me an opportunity to explore nanotechnologies and
understand its link with applied

A Break With The Past: An Analysis
Steven Weinberg said, "After you learn quantum mechanics, you are never really the same again."
After reading through Chapters 5, 6, 7, and 8 in In Search of Schrodinger's Cat, this quote absolutely
makes sense. Quantum Mechanics has greatly changed my general perception of a classical particle,
especially with the wave–particle duality. Aside from learning that a particle can exhibit wave–like
behaviors and particle–like behaviors, there were other interesting circumstances that quantum
mechanics brought to my attention in the subject's rich history.
After reading the first paragraph in the section of the book entitled "A Break with the Past" it
correlates to my initial reaction of finding out that Bohr's model of the atom is not true. This ...
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These scientists either did not agree on fellow colleague's findings or just did not like each other,
which I thought was hilarious. When Heisenberg received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1932, he was
very disgruntled that his colleague's Born and Jordan did not recieve a Nobel Peace Prize and even
more angry that Heisenberg received one before them. He made the comment that, "Heisenberg
didn't even know what a matrix was until he (Born) had told him, and writing to Einstein in 1953 'in
those days he actually had no idea what a matrix was. It was he who repeated all the rewards of our
work together, such as the Nobel Prize." Not only does this show that that some of the scientists
were greedy, but also it shows that they were very concerned about concepts and theorys behind
quantum mechanics. Schrodinger was another scientist that had a temper behind him. Schrodinger's
hurdle was the fact that he did not understand how the electrons were moving between energy states,
referring to when electrons move to the next highest unoccupied orbital. When he was working on
defining what quantum mechanics actually entailed, he made the statement "damned quantum
jumping." This was interesting because even the brightest of scientists wants to scream when
experiments or theories do not go as

Hugh Everett 3 Biography
Deven Misra
04/07/16
IB Physics HL 1
Hugh Everett III Biography
Hugh Everett III was an American physicist who created the "relative state" formulation. I can relate
to his experience as an atheist in a predominantly religious society. Hugh Everett was born in
Washington D.C. in 1930. Everett attended St. John's College during high school, and was accepted
into The Catholic University of America for undergraduate chemical engineering. During World War
II, Everett's father was stationed in West Germany, and Everett took a year off to join him. He
graduated in 1953, and went on to attend Princeton University, where he began studying Game
Theory before switching to Physics.
In 1955, Everett got his Master's degree from Princeton. He studied ... Show more content on
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This theory is what eventually went on to become the many–worlds interpretation of quantum
physics, which began to gain acceptance among many physicists after his death in 1982. Everett's
theory, first conceived in his thesis paper, attempted to address the measurement problem in
quantum mechanics. That is, the lack of continuity between the behavior of objects on a microscopic
scale when compared to those on a macroscopic one. Despite the fact that quantum theory allows for
the superposition of particles in multiple states simultaneously, this superposition has never been
observer directly, nor does it occur in macroscopic systems. Wave functions are used to represent
these states, as predicted by the Schrodinger equation. This equation presents an objective
measurement with absolute determinism. Despite the mathematically sound nature of the idea that
the change over time of a wave function can be objectively determined, empirical data seems to
directly contradict this. Whenever a quantum system is observed, the wave function that describes
the superposition of possible states for that system collapses into a single possibility, interrupting the
wave function's evolution. The way that the wave function collapses does not appear to correlate
with the information conferred by the wave function prior to its measurement, and the collapse
directly contradicts the Schrodinger equation. This interpretation physically separates the quantum
realm from the rest of reality, including the

The Theory Of The Quantum Computation Model
Living in a world where computers have solved some of the world's biggest problems and
revolutionised the way science and technology function in our day to day lives there still exists a
number of problems that even classical computers cannot solve or take an incredibly large amount to
do so. For example RSA encryption works on the basis that factoring large numbers takes incredible
amounts of time even the most sophisticated classical factoring algorithms take unrealistic amounts
to factor large numbers such as the ones used in RSA cryptography. The theory of the quantum
computation model takes advantage of quantum mechanics to solve problems that normal computers
cannot solve and solve problems much faster in reasonable amounts of time. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
However if we were to multiply the vector |ψ> by e^iϕ, puts the vector psi in a state that we cannot
define. A system with an "N" number of qubits is described by a unit vector C^2⊗C^2⊗...⊗C^2
repeated "N" number of times each C^2 is the space of one single qubit with the basis |0> and |1>
the space is denoted by B^(⊗n) the basis state for the space are all products of the form
|X_1>⊗|X_2>⊗...⊗|X_n> while X is an element of a real number of zero or one. Having these
basis states the N–qubit system can be represented in the form ∑_(〖xϵ{0,1}〗^n)▒〖a_x |x>.〗
Example 1: We have a quantum system composed of 2 qubits we can then write the vector including
all the possible states like this |ψ> = α_00 |00> + a_01 |01> + α_10 |10> +α_11 |11>.
H|x> = ∑_(zϵ{0,1})▒〖(–1)〗^xz/√2
W|x,y> =|x,y⊕f(x)> ⊕means addition modulo 2. Let's do a simple quantum algorithm say we have
a function f: (0,1) is f one–one meaning the does the function return the same value when two
different inputs are given, generally we would solve this by inputting 0 and then inputting 1 if both
outputs are the same then f is one–one. However, we could also solve this problem with only one
input. We do this by creating a

How Did Werner Heisenberg Change The World
Werner Heisenberg was a great physicist, but did he really change the world? Werner Heisenberg
was a German physicist and a key pioneer of mechanics. He played an important part in planning
the first West German nuclear reactor. He continued his work on atomic research through World War
II.
Werner Heisenberg was born in Würzburg, Germany, 1901. During school he studied physics and
mathematics in college. He finished college during 1923. He completed his Habilitation in 1924, at
Göttingen. In 1937 Heisenberg married Elisabeth Schumacher. They have seven children, and live in
Munich. In 1927, Heisenberg was appointed ordentlicher Professor of theoretical physics and head
of the department of physics. During the same year he published the "Uncertainty Principle", which
he built his philosophy and for which he is best known. After the discovery of the neutron in 1932,
Heisenberg submitted one paper on his neutron–proton model of the nucleus. That paper awarded
him the Nobel Peace Prize in Physics during 1932. After Hitler took power, Heisenberg was called a
"White Jew" by the press. Once the word got out, he was brought ... Show more content on
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The microscope has not been engineered yet, but it could be constructed. He imagined this
microscope to be used to see an electron and measure its position. Bohr (a close friend of
Heisenberg's and a popular physicist) had pointed out few flaws with the experiment. Once they
were fixed, the experiment was fully convincing. Heisenberg's microscope was a big help in
developing and teaching the quantum theory, although it is not a part of the current understanding.
To get the actual result, you will need to work through mathematics that calculates probabilities for
the current abstract state. Heisenberg's results were a microscope design that can see atoms and
measure their position wile they are

Chapter Summary: The Elegant Universe By Brian Greene
The Elegant Universe
The book "The Elegant Universe" written by Brian Greene starts off talking about something called
Quantum Mechanics and how it relates to Albert Einstein and his theory of relativity. Then gets into
how modern Physicist and even leading up to the 1900's people have either a really small Cosmos or
a really big one. By the end of the chapter he tries to put quantum mechanics to law or relativity
together to create superstring theory. The theory is confusing and somewhat hard to understand.But
from my understanding it is how the universe sits on strings that are extremely small but if part of
the string vibrates or moves it change the whole string. This idea is definitely not proven but there is
also no way to test it.
In the next chapter the writer is still talking about general relativity and how it is connected to space.
Greene says that the space in space is smooth but only referring to a microscopic level. But the more
important part of this chapter is the fact that he goes over the main forces (strong, weak,
electromagnetic and gravity). The first two are related because one is strong nuclear and one is a
weak nuclear force so they are opposites. Electromagnetic pretty much explains ... Show more
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The simile he uses is it's like an instrument. The comparison is that while playing an instrument
when the string vibrates it moves all the way across the whole string like the universe is an rythem.
He also talks about the history of string theory of how it came to be in the 1970's and how much it
has developed into the theory we know today. The idea of string theory is that you will able to
anticipate what will happen next based on what happen or had already happen. In the string theory
there is 11 different dimensions 10 space and only one time. There alterations of string theory but all
the same principle of space can be torn and it doesn't change

The Physics Of Quantum Mechanics
Quantum Mechanics is a branch of physics that explains the really small things. These really small
things, such as electrons are studied in an attempt to find out how they behave under certain
conditions. Findings from the studies are then used to explain how the small particles make up and
relate to the bigger parts of the world. Without the discovery of quantum mechanics, the behavior of
small things and how they make up everything would be unknown. Plank sparked the discovered
Quantum mechanics when doing an experiment using heat and light to produce ultra–violet
radiation. What Plank discovered is that light was not constant and could actually be considered
particles. Planks discovery brought about the question of whether small things act like a particle or a
wave. This question was tested in the double slit experiment. It was discovered that electrons act as
a wave and act as a particle. Plank applied his ideas and developed an equation that is used to
describe light as a quanta and not a continuous wave. Plank's equation contained a number today
known as Plank's constant, which is used in many equations involving wavelengths. Quantum
mechanics deals with two principles. The uncertainty principle explains that as an electrons position
is more precise the less accurate speed can be calculated and the more precise speed is known the
less precise the location. The second principle is the correspondence principle and this states that
when the classical theory is

Physics : Quantum Computing And Computer Science
Quantum Computing and Its Relation to Computer Science
I have decided to write my paper on Quantum Computing. This is a difficult subject for me to
wrap my head around, however I feel it is a very important field to look into more closely.
Quantum Computing relates to the studies I have chosen, in the fact that it is actually a field that
could potentially change Computer Science as it is known today. This could affect me in
unforeseen ways, and I feel I need to know about it in order to prepare for my future. Without
further ado, let us explore the question, how is quantum computing going to affect the future of
Computer Science? What is Quantum Computing? Normal computers that are used today have
many little
pieces on the transistor that interact with one another. Usually these pieces have either the
number one or zero, depending on the piece. They communicate between each other, in a way,
which results in a computer program or command. When progress has been made in computing
today, the major component of that progress has been either increasing the number of chips on
the transistor or improving the performance of the existing chips in speed and communication.
Quantum computing throws a curveball into all of that, though. Quantum computing is where a
chip does not have to be a one or zero, it can be both or switch between the two numbers as well.
This opens up for a lot more communication, more options, and more computing power that
would

Neanderthal Parallax, Hominids, by Robert J. Sawyer
The human race has achieved many impossible feats. We have landed on the moon, illuminated the
world with the electric light, and cured illnesses that used kill thousands. In a world where we look
to technology to answer all of life's problems, we are faced with a dilemma. How can our
technology possibly keep up with our modern needs? In the first book of the Neanderthal Parallax,
Hominids, by Robert J. Sawyer, we are transported into a parallel universe. In this unpolluted world
that is populated by Neanderthals, there is a sophisticated computing system, we know as a quantum
computer. As of 2014, quantum computers are still in their infancy, and have been prophesied since
the early 1990s. However, work on building a quantum computer, and creating algorithms
compatible with one, began around the turn of the century. As one of only seven sci–fi writers in the
world, and the only Canadian, who has won all three of the top international awards for science
fiction, he is known for the amount of research and probable vision intertwined into the technology
in his books.
A quantum computer is a sophisticated computer device that can actually calculate the use of
quantum–mechanical phenomena, to perform operations on data. Basically, it's one of the few
devices that can calculate the quantum theory. Quantum theory is also classified as quantum
mechanics, which is a branch of physics that deals with physical phenomena inside of particles at
nanoscopic scales (Wilczek). It

The Discovery Of The Atom
An Atom is the the basic building block of all matter. Atoms are made up of Particles, called:
Protons, neutrons and Electrons. Protons carry a positive charge, the neutron carry 's a neutral
charge and the electron carry's a negative charge. The Atom has two main parts the Nucleus and the
Electron Shell. The Nucleus contains the Protons and Neutrons. The electron Shell Contains the The
electrons.
There are many Scientist that contributed in the investigation of the atom which are:
1– John Dalton
2– Sir William Crookes
3– Wilhelm Rontgen
4– J.J Thomson
5– Max Planck
6– Albert Einstein
7– Ernest Rutherford
8– Neils Bohr
9– James Chadwick
10–Otto Hahn
The Discovery of the Atom first came from the Greeks which made a theory "The idea that all
matter is made up of tiny, indivisible particles, or atoms, is believed to have originated with the
Greek philosopher Leucippus of Miletus and his student Democritus of Abdera in the 5th century
B.C. (The word atom comes from the Greek word atomos, which means "indivisible.")" (InfoPlease
Atomic theory)
After that theory scientists started Wondering about this theory and a lot of Scientists made up
Models and conducted Experiments to Explain this Theory. In this report we will put our self's
inside Each scientist's Shoe and see What has he discovered.
John Dalton
John Dalton, a British chemist and physicist, that was born on the 6th of September 1766. His study
of gases led Dalton to wonder about what these invisible substances

Quantum Mechanics Essay
Quantum Mechanics
Quantum Mechanics is the science of subatomic particles and their behavior patterns that are
observed in nature. As the foundation of scientific knowledge approached the start of the twentieth
century, problems began to arise over the fact that classic physical ideas were not capable of
explaining the observed behavior of subatomic particles. In 1913, the Danish physicist Neils Bohr,
proposed a successful quantum model of the atom that began the process of a more defined
understanding of its subatomic particles. It was accepted in the early part of the twentieth century
that light traveled as both waves and particles. The reason light appears to act as a wave and particle
is because we are noticing the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This observance is what Werner Heisenberg refereed to as the principle of uncertainty, which
commonly became known as Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle. We have the illusion that position
and momentum can co–exist in large objects whose inherent action is huge compared to subatomic
particles. Heisenberg realized that the uncertainty relations had profound implications. Heisenberg
set himself to the task of finding the new quantum mechanics to explain what his theories observed.
He relied on what can be observed, namely the light emitted and absorbed by the atoms. By July
1925, Heisenberg wrote his answer in a paper. The basic idea of Heisenberg's paper was to get rid of
the orbits in atoms and to arrive at new mechanical equations. Heisenberg's approached focused
mainly on the particle nature of electrons. The mathematics Heisenberg used were tables commonly
used for multiplication of arrays of numbers–mathematical objects known as matrices. Using the
mathematics of matrices, scientists had at last a new mechanics for calculating the quantum
behavior of particles. Heisenberg, and others showed that the new quantum mechanics could
account for many of the properties of atoms and atomic events.
Most physicists were slow to accept matrix mechanics because of its abstract nature. Erwin
Schrodinger came up with a mathematical equation which nicely described the wave nature of
electrons. Scientists gladly

Stephen Hawking
Stephen Hawking has been hailed as one of the most brilliant theoretical physicists since Albert
Einstein. Hawking was born on January 8, 1942, which as he likes to point out is the 300th
anniversary of Galileo's death. Hawking originally studied at Oxford University in England studying
physics even though he would have preferred math. He moved onto Cambridge University to work
on his PhD in cosmology. Hawking's career has focused upon the cosmic entities known as black
holes, and has extended to specialized areas such as quantum gravity, particle physics, and
supersymmetry. A field of study that Stephen Hawking is known for is cosmology. Cosmology is the
metaphysical study of the origin and nature of the universe. A brief synopsis ... Show more content
(Wikipedia 2005) More recently, scientists at NASA think that they may have developed a way to
view proof of Quantum Gravity, if it does indeed exist. This year, NASA is scheduled to launch their
Gamma–Ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST), which "...may be able to detect for the first
time the effects of quantum gravity in the speed of gamma–ray burst photons..." (Wanjek 2005) Two
scientists as NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center theorize that the gamma–ray bursts which will be
detected by GLAST might possibly be "...powerful enough and distant enough to see the highest of
the high–energy photons traveling slightly more slowly than lower–energy photons, weighed down
by the effect of quantum gravity." (Wanjek 2005) Only time will tell, but one thing is certain;
Hawking and other Quantum Gravity researchers will be keeping their eyes peeled for the results. In
the 1970's Hawking proposed that during the big bang, 13.7 billion years ago, local pockets of the
Universe could have been dense enough and under enough pressure to form small black holes.
According to his theory, these primordial black holes could have had masses as large as the Earth or
as small as a single raindrop. (Freedman, 2005) Basically, he believes that the beginning of real time
was a singularity and all of the matter in the Universe would have been on top of

The Physics Of Our Science Classes
In the 21st, in our science classes, we are taught to believe that our world is actually made up of
particles as the smallest constituents of matter. We are told that particles behave like waves because
it makes no sense to teach that a particle moves faster than the speed of light, that particles can cause
interference with one another, among other ridiculous things that we just never imagine a particle to
do. What we are not told is that we never had to think about the smallest elements of matter, also
known as, quanta, as particles. Instead, we can describe quanta as being excitations of fields, i.e.,
waves. There is no supporting evidence that a wave can behave like a particle, the evidence only
points to experiments evaluating the data using wrong techniques, and assuming that a particle was
in the place of a wave. I. Introduction "Learn from yesterday, live for today, hope for tomorrow. The
important thing is not to stop questioning." – Einstein Every day, thousands of people go to class
and learn. If you visited a class taught before Albert Einstein 's Theory of Special Relativity was
popular, your professor might have taught you that there was some magical ether that explained
away Newton 's classical equations of motion. But as years went on, Einstein 's idea caught on and
now we are taught that there is no ether –– we proved it through thorough experiments.
Unfortunately for those who don 't want to give up the current equivalent of a magical ether,
wave/particle

Quantum Chromodynamics : The Theory Of The Strong Reaction...
The theory of the strong interaction force –– Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) –– predicts that at
sufficient high temperature and/or baryon density, nuclear matter undergoes a phase transition from
hadrons to a new state of the deconfined quarks and gluons: the quark gluon plasma
(QGP)~cite{Bjorken:1982qr}. Over the past two decades, ultra–relativistic heavy–ion collision
experiments at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
have been searching and exploring this new state of matter under extreme conditions. Compelling
discoveries, for instance the strong suppression of hadrons at large transverse momenta (jet
quenching), reveal the creation of the QGP medium at RHIC and the LHC~cite{Teaney:2000cw}.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In current studies of the open heavy flavor diffusion coefficient, it is common that the diffusion
coefficient is directly or indirectly encoded in the model and one can relate its physical properties to
one or multiple parameters. By comparing the heavy quark observables (such as the nuclear
modification factor $R_{mathrm{AA}}$ and elliptic flow $v_2$) between the theoretical
calculation and the experimental data, these parameters can be tuned until one finds a satisfactory
fit. However, the disadvantage of such an "eyeball" comparison is that it gets exceedingly difficult to
vary multiple parameters simultaneously or to compare with a larger selection of experimental
measurements, as all parameters are interdependent and affect multiple observables at once.
%~cite{Andronic:2015wma}.
A more rigorous and complete approach to optimizing the model and determining the parameters
would be to perform a random walk in the parameter space and calibrate to the experimental data by
applying a modern Bayesian statistical analysis~cite{Higdon:2014tva,Higdon:2008cmc}. In such
an analysis, the computationally expensive physics model is first evaluated for a small number of
points in parameter space. These calculations are used to train

The Origin Of Life : Intelligent Design Vs. Materialistic...
Marquel Gray
Prof. Heather Clark
7/22/13
Eng.111–60A
The origin of life: Intelligent Design vs. materialistic naturalism
The origin of life has been questioned by men for thousands of years. Scientist have studied the
universe extensively and developed various theories to answer questions related to the origin of life.
Questions like, how did life begin? Is the universe the result of chaotic chance or intelligent design?
How did life on earth come to be? These are some of the many questions scientist work hard to
solve, but what does their research tell them? Let's start with the well–recognized theory of
evolution. Evolution, a theory made famous by Charles Darwin; is the process in which an organism
changes over time via adaptation, mutation and gene isolation. According to an article by
evolutionary biologist Richard Lenski (2012), "There exists no other scientific explanation that can
account for all the patterns in nature, only non–scientific explanations that require a miraculous
force, like a creator." Looking at the millions of fossils dated to be thousands, hundreds of
thousands, millions and billions of years old; this theory seems solid. According to an article, by bio
technician Brian Thomas (2011), a discrepancy about a time period known as the Cambrian
explosion; dated to be about 800 million years ago, has been around as early as Charles Darwin. In
this article he presents the evidence that an abundance of species said not to appear until

Pauli Exclusion Principle
Pauli Exclusion Principle
Wolfgang Ernst Pauli was an Austrian theoretical physicist famous for his work on the spin and
quantum theory, and for the beneficial finding of the Pauli exclusion principle. Pauli was born on
April 25th, 1900 and died on December 15th, 1958. He was a Foreign Member of the Royal Society
of London and a member of the Swiss Physical Society, the American
Physical Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Pauli helped to set
in place the basis of the atomic theory. His suggestion of the hypothesis explaining the behavior of
electrons in atoms first came out in 1925. Then in 1945, he was awarded the Nobel
Prize in Physics for his help and contribution to the atomic theory, through ... Show more content on
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Pauli solved a "vexing difficulty" by introducing a new quantum number,
which is a quantity that was later called spin, and that became part of the Pauli exclusion
principle. The second contribution he made was on the quantum field theory. Quantum field theory
is a combined element of quantum mechanics and subatomic scale, which is a particle that is smaller
then an atom like a quark and describes the properties of molecules and atoms of electron, protons,
and neutrons. Quantum mechanics deals with the behavior of matter and light on the atomic
subatomic scale. These particles are known to interact with each other with electromagnetic
radiation. An electromagnetic radiation is the flow of energy at the speed of light through free space.
An example of this radiation would be through light or x–rays. The last contribution was Pauli's
discovery of the existence of the neutral particles, later known as neutrinos. It was used to preserve
the conservation of energy in nuclear beta decay.
Pauli was born in Vienna, Austria. His father was the chemist and physician Wolfgang
Joseph Pauli and his mother was the writer Bertha Camilla Schutz. He also had a younger sister,
Hertha, who became an actress and author. Pauli's godfather, Ernst Mach, from whom he got his
middle name, was the famous Austrian physicist and psychologist who studied the action of bodies
moving and developed a method

What Are Richard Feyman's Major Accomplishments
Tyler Swanbeck
3/5/17
Physics
Mr. Jennings
Richard Feynman Richard Feynman is heralded as one of the greatest physicists of all time. This is
mainly because of his achievements in the fields of quantum electrodynamics, and other works
while being a theoretical physicist. Feynman was also able to be recognized as one of the leading
figures in the U.S. atomic bomb program, and received many awards during his lifetime; most
famously the Nobel Prize in 1965.
One of Richard Feynman's most notable achievements was his achievements in remaking modern
day quantum electrodynamics. Quantum electrodynamics is the theory of interaction between light
and matter. Feynman did this by fixing previous mistake that he found in the overall understanding
of the entire theory. The outcome of his work helped other understand such a complex theory
through Feynman diagrams. These diagrams ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He was able to contribute to the project with the vast knowledge that he had gained through his life
works. He was able to contribute by determining critical masses involved with creating the bombs.
He also was able to invent the Bethe–Feynman formula that allowed scientists/physicists to
calculate implosion efficiency. Also, he was able to calculate neutron equations that provided the
needed knowledge to create nuclear reactors.
Feynman was also able to become a world renowned teacher. He first started his career at Cornell as
a physics professor. Later, he then became a professor at Caltech, and his lectures were widely
listened to because of his achievements in the field of physics. Feynman recieved another
achievement in the field of physics called the Oested Medal, but it was now in the field of teaching.
This proved that Feynman was one of, if not, the greatest physicists of all time because he was able
to achieve great feats in both the world of physics as a physicist and as a

Research Paper On Quantum Entanglement
Quantum Entanglement Quantum entanglement, also known as "spooky action at a distance" as first
referred to by Einstein, is a phenomenon which occurs when two or more particles interact in such a
way that their physical states can be described as one whole system rather than as each particle
separately. The particles spin in opposite directions to each other and, no matter how far away each
particle is from the other, if one particle changes its spin the other particle/s will instantaneously
change their spin too in the exact opposite direction. You can, therefore, determine the physical state
of each particle just by examining the state of one particle. History: In 1935, Albert Einstein, in a
joint paper with Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus each particle would contain the necessary information with it resulting in there being no need
for information to be transmitted between the particles when they are measured. This theory was
originally seen by Einstein and by many others as the only explanation to the paradox and they thus
accepted that the quantum mechanical description must be

The Ultimate Test For Any Idea
EPR Paradox
The ultimate test for any idea, ranging from abstract philosophical concepts to objective scientific
theories, is the reality. What makes us to believe whether something is right or wrong is how much
that "thing" is compatible with reality. In physics, reality is the direct result of an experiment; thus,
we are forced to think about reality as "observable reality". In fact, the distinction between reality
and observable reality is extremely important, since as a consequence of this distinction, a logically
correct theory may not necessary be correct while a logically non–satisfying theory may be
completely correct (if it is also able to predict the result of a series of experiments). Reality can
encompasses any logical idea whether observable or unobservable, but observable reality consist of
only observable phenomena whether or not they seem logical. In the case of Einstein's gedanken
experiment concerning Quantum Mechanics –known as EPR or EPR Paradox– we face the exact
same difficulty; either taking EPR's word for believing in logically desirable physical explanations,
or just relying on experiments' results and their consistency with quantum mechanics which are far
from being logically satisfying. In this paper, I shall tackle both EPR gedanken experiment and the
results of an experiment that contrasts EPR logical statements in order to see if I can address the
EPR paradox once for all. In Can Quantum–Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be

Niels Bohr Accomplishments
Niels Bohr has proven to be one of the most successful chemists throughout history; furthermore,
Bohr has many awards as well as accommodations to the world of chemistry. Bohr, along with his
younger brother, grew up in a genius environment due to his father's profession in physics. While
growing up in a education packed home, his father's profession awakens a potential career ideal for
Bohr. Soon after graduating from Gammelholm Grammar School in 1903, he enrolls at Copenhagen
University. While attending Copenhagen, he earns a degree in Physics under Professor C.
Christiansen in 1909, as well as obtains his doctorate two years later. Not only does Bohr try to
follow in his father's footsteps as a physicist, he begins to learn more as well ... Show more content
Bohr's model, sometimes referred to as the planetary model, was able to provide explanation for
concepts that were previously indescribable. Working off Rutherford's previous work, Bohr was able
to successfully explain the spectrum of the hydrogen atom. While Rutherford's model focused
mainly on the nucleus, Bohr paid greater attention to electrons. The previous model of the atom
stated an electron was an orbiting planet. The problem in this flawed model was that the electron,
moving in a circular path, would be accelerating. Acceleration would create a change in magnetic
field, which would in turn carry energy away from the nucleus. The electron would eventually slow
and be captured by the nucleus. Bohr's model expanded upon Rutherford's and solved many flaws of
the previous model "The Bohr Diagram,"). Bohr discovered that the atom consisted of a small,
positive nucleus, with negatively charged electrons traveling around it due to the electrostatic force
of coulomb's law. (Matthews 2010). Bohr stated that electrons travel only in successively larger
orbits. The outer orbits hold more electrons that the inner ones and it's the outer orbits that determine
the atom's chemical properties. Although Bohr's model eliminated many problems of earlier
renderings, it was not without its own flaws. Bohr's model violated the Heisenberg Uncertainty
Principle because it states that electrons have both a known orbit

The Theory Of Quantum Mechanics
Our current inability to find a unified theory for explaining all types of forces in the Universe has
incited us to revise our understanding of the present theories. Out of the four fundamental forces
Nuclear,Electromagnetic,Weak, Gravitational first three are modelled as discrete quantum field
while last one as continuous classical field. As one can 't consistently couple a classical system to
quantum one this leads to the need of quantum mechanical description of the gravity. But there are
still loopholes in our present theories of quantum mechanics so one should aim at their modification
prior to unification. This motivates us to start from the fundamentals and find the limit upto which a
certain approximation of any principle hold.
One of the basic postulates of quantum mechanics is the Born's rule of probabilities. It states that
probability of a particle to lie within a certain volume element, at a particular time and position, is
equal to the square of the wavefunction representing the quantum mechanical state multiplied by the
volume element. This rule is foundational to the theory of quantum mechanics. However, it hasn 't
yet been tested experimentally to appropriate precision although bounds for its validity have been
suggested for triple slit interference experiment. One reason for limiting the accuracy of these tests
can be systematic errors. Another possible source of error can be the wrong application of
superposition principle. In the present work we are

The Dualists Essay
The infinite theoretical duel between the duality of our mind and body by philosophers has been one
that has been replete with a magnitude of different philosophical theories that try to posit our
existentiality. Consequently, these theorists try to find the answers to the causality of how the mind
and the brain truly interact: Are we our synapses, or are we something more than that? However, one
theory that has been of interest to many recent scientists and philosophers alike is one that has been
around since its conception by a famous mathematician and philosopher named Rene Descartes.
This theory is called substance dualism; and accordingly, this theory tries to solve the mystery of
how these two complex disparate entities can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, one theory that I find particularly helpful is one that is from the Cartesian dualistic
mentality; however, it branches of into its own direction and creates a plausible theory that I hope
will help open doors to many more answers to the mystery of our experiential existence. According
to Dr. Jeffrey M. Schwartz, Henry P. Stapp, and Mario Beauregard, who are researchers in the field
of neuroscience and quantum physics, the mind creates a causative effect through the brains' neural–
mechanism–thus through material matter–and this in turn creates an interaction. Consequently, these
interactions–call it volition if you will–affect the atoms, matter and molecules of our material
existence. Consequently, only through quantum physics can one know how these substances
comingle with each other to create a seamless interaction that can either have positive or negative
consequences to our existence. In philosophical terms, this theory also pertains to our experiential
existence; thus, it has implications for our day–to–day life (2). Classical physics mainly deals with
formulas and sets of equations that describe our world in macromolecular terms; however, quantum
physics is concerned with the more intimate aspects of casual

How Max Planck Changed Our Understanding Of The Universe
Max Planck has changed our understanding as it has increased our human understanding of the
frequency of radiation, given our in packets of energy now know as quanta. It has formed the basis
of modern physics, and now the principles of quantum physics are being applied to an increasing
number of areas, which include, quantum optics, quantum chemistry, quantum computing, and
quantum cryptography. Max's theories and discoveries have changed our understanding of the
process of atomic and subatomic atoms, meaning he used the idea of quanta (discrete units of
energy) to explain hot glowing matter. He has began the study into the field of quantum physics.
Some say Max has refined our knowledge of the Universe's composition and evolution.
Max Planck's

The Controversy In Quantum Physics Circles
Quantum physics is mind–bending, counterintuitive, and close to impossible to understand. It's so
complicated that a theory saying our reality is just one of an infinite web of infinite timelines is one
that's actually simpler than what most quantum physicists believe. That neat–and–tidy explanation is
known as the many–worlds interpretation, and it has caused plenty of controversy in physics circles.
In the 1950s, a student at Princeton University named Hugh Everett III was studying quantum
mechanics. He learned about the Copenhagen interpretation, which says that at the very, very
smallest level–what we mean when we say quantum–matter exists not just as a particle and not just
as a wave, but in all possible states at once (all of those states ... Show more content on
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According to Everett's theory, in this timeline, the object is a particle, but there's another timeline
where it's a wave. Even more baffling, this implies that quantum phenomena aren't the only things
that split the universe into separate timelines. For everything that happens, every action you take or
decide not to take, there are infinite other timelines–worlds, if we may–where something else took
place. That's the many–worlds interpretation of quantum physics. It may not seem like it, but it's
actually simpler than the Copenhagen interpretation–it doesn't strike an arbitrary line between the
quantum world and everything else, because everything behaves in the same way. It also removes
randomness from the picture, which helps the math work out nicely.
Not all physicists subscribe to this theory–a recent poll found that the majority are Copenhagen all
the way–but a growing minority do. Sean Carroll, for one. He explains that many objections to the
theory arise because people come at it from a classical physics point of view. "In classical
mechanics...it's quite a bit of work to accommodate extra universes, and you better have a good
reason to justify putting in that work," he writes. "That is not what happens in quantum mechanics.
The capacity for describing multiple universes is automatically there. We don't have to add

Coherence, Entanglement, And Topological Phases Of Quantum...
I am a theoretical physicist working on quantum mechanical aspects of condensed matter and solid
state physics. My past research highlights coherence, entanglement, and topology in condensed
matter systems. These features are unique in quantum systems, and can give rise to phenomena that
do not have classical counterparts. Target systems of my interest include mesoscopic/nanoscopic
systems such as graphene, spintronics, topological insulators, and strongly correlated electron
systems such as quantum magnetism, unconventional superconductors, and the quantum Hall effect.
More broadly, I am interested in quantum many–body systems and quantum field theories in
general.
More specifically, one of my focuses in the last 10 years is to develop a ... Show more content on
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For example, the quantum Hall states, time–reversal symmetric topological insulators, and one–
dimensional topological superconductors, all nicely fit into our classification scheme. Furthermore,
our theory predicts the stability of the edge states of topological insulators/superconductors against
disorder. Our classification scheme has been playing an important role in exploring to new
topological materials. For example, based on our classification, we predicted the presence of novel
three–dimensional time–reversal symmetric topological insulators. This prediction has been
experimentally explored in the B–phase of Helium, and in doped topological insulators.
As illustrated by the above examples of topological phases, an important challenge in quantum
condensed matter physics is: "How do we characterize and study highly quantum and complex
systems?" This question is related not only to topological phases, but to systems at quantum critical
points, systems that can undergo a many–body localization transition in the presence of disorder,
and eigen state thermalization that takes place for closed quantum systems at finite energy density,
etc. In this regard, quantum entanglement has been establishing its status as an important common
language in modern quantum many–body physics, both in condensed matter and high–energy
physics contexts. It has been used to address many fundamental

Paul A.M Dirac's Work in Physics
Paul.A.M. Dirac started the quantum theory of magnetic charge in a paper published in 1931. In
addition, Dirac also showed that if any magnetic monopoles did exist in the universe, then all the
electric charge in the universe had to be quantized. Dirac, in his hypothesis, also explains that an
enormous amount of energy is required to produce a (magnetic) monopole particle, hence the reason
they have not been observed in nature so far. Dirac was the first to explicitly develop a hypothesis to
predict the existence of monopoles and the consequences their existence would have in physics.
Dirac's hypothesis remained the only theoretical solution to the (electric) charge quantisation
problem until unified gauge theories showed that electric charge was naturally quantised. However,
the existence of magnetic monopoles followed from the idea of gauge theory as well, thus increasing
the likelihood of their existence. Another interesting point to note is that it is not so difficult to
modify and symmetrise Maxwell's equations if monopoles are ever observed to exist. The zero on
the right hand side of Maxwell's second equation (div B = 0) is simply replaced with the density of
the magnetic charge, a term similar to that of the density of electric charge that occurs on the right
hand side of the first of Maxwell's equations (relating the divergence of the electric field to the
density of the electric charge). In addition to this, an extra term is added to the right hand side of the

A Brief Look Into The Evolution Of The From Atomic Theory
A Brief Look into the Evolution of DFT from Atomic Theory
Quantum Theory
The idea of atom existed as early as the Greek and Indian civilizations but more as a philosophical
thought rather than a well–defined theory based on empirical evidence. Atom was assumed as
something that is indestructible and the smallest component that makes up matter. It took almost
2000 years for the development of modern day atomic theory with proof for the existence of atoms
and further subatomic particles. The archaeological classification of human history as stone age,
bronze age and iron age better depicts the evolution of macroscopic chemistry first. Much later
through the fundamental studies in electromagnetism and blackbody radiation, the discovery and ...
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In 1923 De Broglie described the movement of electrons as a wave with an associated wavelength
(λ) related as λ = h/p, where p is the momentum and h is Planck's constant. This hypothesis was
confirmed in experiments and Stern later generalized this behavior to all microscopic particles.
The contradictory nature of wave–particle duality, the concept of a non–localized wave versus a
localized particle, posed a problem in simultaneous description of position and momentum which
was theorized by Heisenberg in his uncertainty principle. This necessitated a new theory to describe
the non–deterministic nature of atomic particles. Erwin Schrodinger in 1926 postulated the concept
of a wave function Ψ(x, t), the state of a system which is a function of particle coordinates, and its
change with time. Max Born dissected wave function and presented |Ψ(x, t)2|dx as the probability of
finding a particle at time t in the region between x and x+dx. Born along with Oppenheimer later
proposed a modification to the wave function separating the nuclear motion from electron motion
due to the large difference in masses. Time independent, non–relativistic Schrodinger equation is an
eigen value problem and the solution to the Schrodinger 's Equation gives us the wave function. For
atoms of higher atomic number, it becomes cumbersome to solve this equation, how it is handled we
will discuss shortly. Paul Dirac and Linus Pauling contributed more to the development of
fundamental

Quantum Leadership Vs. Leader Member Exchange Theory
Quantum Leadership vs. Leader–Member Exchange Theory Leadership is the ability to guide and
inspire others to create a positive vision in prospects of enhancing an organization. Most leadership
styles seek to understand the needs of followers and to motivate them to succeed. The evaluation of
different leadership theories provides adequate insight into what makes a leader successful, so it's
important to analyze the traditional and new age leadership styles prior to application. Within the
subsequent analysis, contains a comprehensive depiction of the Quantum Leadership theory, the
Leader–Member Exchange theory, a comparison of the two styles, and a personal conflict scenario
with the application of Quantum Leadership.
Quantum ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This theory supports transformation and promotes horizontal relationships amongst leaders and
followers to better reveal varying perspectives and areas within the system requiring restoration.
However, such vulnerable collaboration can allow for conflict amongst systems. The QLT supports
the concept of forming relationships during informal and formal organizations, which could be a
strength and a limitation (Malloch & Porter–O'Grady, 2009). An informal gathering, for example
during lunchtime or personal time, can aid in terms of gaining raw insight of other's visions,
however this can also allow for conflict amongst followers. Opportunity is dependent upon
uncertainty, so this can positively induce creative thinking in those possessing leadership qualities
(Malloch & Porter–O'Grady, 2009). On the other hand, this type of freedom can be a limitation and
allow for decreased productivity in those lacking quality work ethic. QLT promotes continuous
energy and exchange of information within organizations, so this could be a potential disadvantage
for introverted leaders. Due to the flexibility of this form of leadership, it seems unrealistic in terms
of producing time sensitive results, however the implementation of the QLT would allow for less
potential burn out in the workplace.
Leader–Member Exchange Theory Moreover, the

Quantum Cumputers Essay examples
Quantum Cumputers By the strange laws of quantum mechanics, Folger, a senior editor at Discover,
notes, an electron, proton, or other subatomic particle is "in more than one place at a time," because
individual particles behave like waves, these different places are different states that an atom can
exist in simultaneously. Ten years ago, Folger writes, David Deutsch, a physicist at Oxford
University, argued that it may be possible to build an extremely powerful computer based on this
peculiar reality. In 1994, Peter Shor, a mathematician at AT&T Bell Laboratories in New Jersey,
proved that, in theory at least, a full–blown quantum computer could factor even the largest numbers
in seconds––an accomplishment impossible for even the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In our computers, circuit boards are designed so that a 1 or a 0 is represented by differing amounts
of electricity, the outcome of one possibility has no effect on the other. However, a problem arises
when quantum theories are introduced, the outcomes come from a single piece of hardware existing
in two separate realities and these realties overlap one another affecting both outcomes at once.
These problems can become one of the greatest strengths of the new computer however, if it is
possible to program the outcomes in such a way so that undesirable effects cancel themselves out
while the positive ones reinforce each other. This quantum system must be able to program the
equation into it, verify its computation, and extract the results.
Several possible systems have been looked at by researchers, one of which involves using electrons,
atoms, or ions trapped inside of magnetic fields, intersecting lasers would then be used to excite the
confined particles to the right wavelength and a second time to restore the particles to their ground
state. A sequence of pulses could be used to array the particles into a pattern usable in our system of
equations. Another possibility by Seth Lloyd of MIT proposed using organic–metallic polymers
(one–dimensional molecules made of repeating atoms). The energy states of a given atom would be
determined by its interaction with neighboring atoms in the chain. Laser pulses

The Physics Of An Experiment
In 1964, John Bell set out to test the arguments originally described in the EPR paper and later more
eloquently describe by David Bohm. In the paper by Bohm, he shows how one could conceive of an
experiment to mirror the conceptual situation put forth in the EPR paper, by examining the
dissociation of a diatomic molecule whose total spin angular momentum is zero. For example, the
hydrogen molecule into two hydrogen atoms. In the experiment, the hydrogen atoms would separate
after interaction, in different free directions. It is here that an experimenter would measure the spin
components whose values are anti–correlated after dissociation. If we define our axis of measuring
as the one at right angles to the particles flight, then we can have a consistent measurement. If the
measure of hydrogen atom one yields spin– up, measurement along the same axis for the other atom
would yield spin–down, to be consistent with total spin equal to zero. This is an interesting
experiment because of the incompatibility of spin components makes it analogous to position and
momentum conjugates. Bohm eventually went on to publish a more sophisticated paper with
plausible instrumentation to test his theories with Yakir Aharonov in 1957. A thought experiment
that is discusses the ideas of Bell's inequalities are as follows. Consider two observers that are
initially together and agree that they will be given red or green balls at regular intervals, from this
they conclude that only red or green 4

Physics : Physics Of Physics
n the early 20th century it was discovered that particle such as the electron could be in two locations
simultaneously . The behaviour of these particles is governed by quantum mechanics, a set of
outlandish physical laws. Laws that allow these particles to be in an infinite number of states at a
time, allowing them to be be in an infinite number of locations with an infinite range of
characteristics simultaneously. However, can this observed behaviour be applied to actual people? It
seems strange to think that I am in many places at one time but I will be exploring the implications
of this if this is the case.
The purpose of physics has always been to explain what the world does and how it does it. We need
a theory that describes the whole world we see around us but quantum mechanics does not always
do that. We use classical mechanics or Newtonian mechanics to describe the behaviour of all
everyday objects. However, none of newtons laws can be applied to subatomic particles. Particles
such as the electron behave completely differently to things that are immediately visible to us.
Realism is a feature of classical mechanics and it assumes that all things exist, have physical
properties, have causes and effects and behave logically.
Newtonian mechanics or classical mechanics assumes that there are particles which have specific
positions and momentums and interact with each other through forces whose strength depend on the
position and momentum of particles. Our

Analysis Of The Book ' Entanglement '
The study of quantum mechanics has been ongoing for hundreds of years. The book, Entanglement
by Amir D. Aczel allows the reader to see the evolution of the study of quantum mechanics over
those hundreds of years from a fresh perspective. He offers an inside look at the scientists who have
contributed so much to the field throughout the years. In his book, Aczel humanizes the people who
we previously looked at just as names behind different theories, equations, and methods by
exploring their backgrounds and their own unique motivations to study quantum mechanics. He
shows how their work over the years built unto that of their predecessors. The scientists come from
different generations and places, but Aczel shows that they all share something in common. While
only some of them were aware of it at the time, all of their work would contribute to the discovery
and understanding of one of the most complex issue of quantum mechanics, entanglement.
However, even understanding entanglement was not enough to answer the question we still ask even
today, why the quantum?
The quantum theory we are familiar with today had not yet been developed when Thomas Young
was working as a physicist, but his work was very important to quantum theory. Young was
interested in many different academic fields in addition to his studies on light, such as natural
philosophy and Egyptian hieroglyphics. He was also a trained physician. Perhaps it was a good
thing that was not a very successful doctor,

The Physics Of Quantum Mechanics
Quantum mechanics was developed over many decades ago,Quantum mechanics is science dealing
with the behaviour of matter and light on the atomic and subatomic scale. It attempts to describe and
account for the properties of molecules and atoms and their constituents–electrons, protons,
neutrons, and other more particles. This type of physics beginning as a set of controversial
mathematical explanations of experiments that the math of classical mechanics could not explain. It
began at the turn of the 20th century, around the same time that Albert Einstein published his theory
of relativity, a separate mathematical revolution in physics that describes the motion of things at
high speeds. Unlike relativity, however, the origins of quantum mechanics cannot be attributed to
any one scientist. Rather, multiple scientists contributed to a foundation of three revolutionary
principles that gradually gained acceptance and experimental verification between 1900 and 1930.
One experiment that is known in this field of physics is the double slit experiment. The double–slit
experiment is a demonstration that light and matter can display characteristics of both regular
defined waves and particles; in addition, it displays the fundamentally probabilistic nature of
quantum mechanical occurrence. A simpler form of the double–slit experiment was performed
originally by Thomas Young in 1801. He believed it demonstrated that the wave theory of light was
correct and his experiment is

Physics And Physics Of Molecular Levels
Although Prof Cook had already pointed the direction of my research objective, however, I did not
have a clear picture about it.
He wanted to explore microscopic effects of the relativity in molecular levels – which meant to find
out the difference of interactions within a molecule with or without relativistic considerations.
Moreover, when problems arising from computing the interaction between objects, even only
considering Newtonian effects, mathematics was not that powerful, which could not derive a precise
solution for a three–body problem. Now we needed to consider interaction within a molecule, which
had three bodies at least, in terms of quantum and relativistic laws.
Facing the fascinating, but, daunting goal, I would have to take ... Show more content on
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I had already deleted "quit" from my vocabulary.
Realizing it was a personal journey, by myself alone, nobody could replace my own effort, day in
day out, I went to the lab read books, or to the library seek relative articles. Read and thought, read
again, thought again, compared several books to try extract meaning of each concept and each
equation. Biting the bullet and clenching teeth I pushed forward. With a purpose in mind, I put my
energy to face the challenge.
Professor had never lost his patience. "That is all right. Take as much time as you need," he would
say.
Some times he even spent time to digest the essence of some articles step by step.
It was a typical day – after I struggled a couple of hours, the text blurred, the symbols on the
equations seemed to crawl on top of each other. It was mind–bottling ordeals.
Shaking my head, squinting my eyes, I tried to figure out the meaning of what I was reading, but I
failed.
Even though I had a strong background in physics and mathematics, however, unlike what I
expected as when in college days I had absorbed every new concept, every hard differential equation
with ease, being 36 years old, and away from demanding study for more than a decade, I found
digging into special theoretical monographs not only involved fundamental physics and math, but
demanding of deep thinking and hard grasping new abstract concepts.
In a restroom, I splashed cold water on my face and took deep breaths, I needed a break

The Physics Of Chemistry Class

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