Matter
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The document discusses fundamental concepts in physics including matter, particles, atoms, and the early universe. It defines key terms like quark, annihilate, and heat. It notes that quarks are the smallest known particles and that atoms are made of these particles. Larger atoms discussed include beryllium, carbon, oxygen, tungsten, and osmium. The early universe contained hydrogen and helium from supernovae explosions. Anti-matter is also mentioned but not defined.
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Scientists behind Electricity and Magnetism
Hans Christian รrsted discovered electromagnetism in 1820 when he observed that electric currents create magnetic fields, establishing the first connection between electricity and magnetism. Georg Ohm determined quantitatively in 1827 that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance of the conductor, known as Ohm's Law. Michael Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction in 1831 when he found that a changing magnetic field can induce an electric current in a nearby conductor, the basis for electric generators and transformers.
5.2 Notes
The periodic table arranges elements in order of increasing atomic number, with each row representing a period and each column a group or family. Periodic law states that physical and chemical properties repeat periodically when elements are arranged this way. Properties vary systematically across periods, with elements becoming less metallic and more nonmetallic from left to right, ranging from the most reactive metal to the most reactive nonmetal.
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The document discusses the concepts of atomic orbitals and electron configurations. It explains the three main rules for determining electron configurations: 1) the aufbau principle which states that electrons fill orbitals from lowest to highest energy, 2) the Pauli exclusion principle which limits each orbital to two electrons of opposite spin, and 3) Hund's rule which fills each orbital with one electron before pairing electrons. It provides examples of drawing atomic orbitals and filling orbital diagrams for phosphorus, boron, and silicon based on these rules.
8.2 thermal energy transfer
There are three main forms of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves the transfer of kinetic energy between particles in direct contact. Convection involves the transfer of heat by the movement of fluids like gases and liquids. Radiation involves the transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves and does not require a medium. Increased concentrations of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere have intensified the natural greenhouse effect, contributing to global warming by trapping more heat in the lower atmosphere. The impacts of climate change include rising temperatures, changes to climate and weather patterns, rising sea levels, and disruption of natural ecosystems.
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Ideas about the structure of the atom have changed over the years. The Bohr theory thought of it as a small nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by circulating electrons.
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The document discusses the basic structure of atoms. It describes the three main parts of an atom as the proton, neutron, and electron. It provides details on the location and composition of each part, including that protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus, electrons surround the nucleus, and protons and neutrons are composed of quarks. The document also defines related atomic concepts such as isotopes, the nucleus, and the electron cloud model which depicts the probability of finding electrons in different regions around the nucleus.
Atomic structure
The document discusses the basic structure of atoms. It describes the three main parts of an atom as the proton, neutron, and electron. It provides details on the location and composition of each part, including that protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus, electrons surround the nucleus, and protons and neutrons are composed of quarks. The document also defines related atomic concepts such as isotopes, the nucleus, and the electron cloud model which depicts the probability of finding electrons in different regions around the nucleus.
Recommended
Scientists behind Electricity and Magnetism
Hans Christian รrsted discovered electromagnetism in 1820 when he observed that electric currents create magnetic fields, establishing the first connection between electricity and magnetism. Georg Ohm determined quantitatively in 1827 that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance of the conductor, known as Ohm's Law. Michael Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction in 1831 when he found that a changing magnetic field can induce an electric current in a nearby conductor, the basis for electric generators and transformers.
5.2 Notes
The periodic table arranges elements in order of increasing atomic number, with each row representing a period and each column a group or family. Periodic law states that physical and chemical properties repeat periodically when elements are arranged this way. Properties vary systematically across periods, with elements becoming less metallic and more nonmetallic from left to right, ranging from the most reactive metal to the most reactive nonmetal.
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The document discusses the concepts of atomic orbitals and electron configurations. It explains the three main rules for determining electron configurations: 1) the aufbau principle which states that electrons fill orbitals from lowest to highest energy, 2) the Pauli exclusion principle which limits each orbital to two electrons of opposite spin, and 3) Hund's rule which fills each orbital with one electron before pairing electrons. It provides examples of drawing atomic orbitals and filling orbital diagrams for phosphorus, boron, and silicon based on these rules.
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The document discusses the basic structure of atoms. It describes the three main parts of an atom as the proton, neutron, and electron. It provides details on the location and composition of each part, including that protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus, electrons surround the nucleus, and protons and neutrons are composed of quarks. The document also defines related atomic concepts such as isotopes, the nucleus, and the electron cloud model which depicts the probability of finding electrons in different regions around the nucleus.
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The document discusses atomic structure and its components. It describes protons, neutrons, and electrons as the three main parts of an atom, with protons and neutrons located in the nucleus at the center and electrons surrounding it. Diagrams are provided showing the relative locations and charges of each part. Further sections describe each component in more detail, such as what protons, neutrons, and electrons are composed of, their properties, and how they were discovered. Isotopes and the electron cloud model of atomic structure are also defined.
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The document discusses the basic structure of an atom including its three main parts: protons, neutrons and electrons. It describes each part in detail, noting that protons and neutrons are located in the central nucleus while electrons surround it. The document also explains models of atomic structure including the electron cloud model which depicts electrons as existing in cloud-like regions around the nucleus.
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Nuclear fission is the splitting of atoms to release energy. It occurs inside nuclear reactors where uranium atoms are split in a controlled chain reaction, generating heat used to produce electricity. Nuclear fusion is an alternative process where smaller atomic nuclei fuse to form larger nuclei, releasing energy as occurs in the sun. Radioactivity results from unstable atomic nuclei releasing particles as they decay. Exposure to radiation can be harmful, increasing cancer risks, and high doses cause radiation sickness. After the Fukushima disaster, Japan pumped contaminated water into the ocean to avoid radiation emissions, though this approach was criticized.
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Electrons in atoms can exist at different energy levels. They can move between these levels by gaining or losing energy. Scientists have developed models like the electron cloud model to describe the possible locations of electrons around the atomic nucleus. Electrons are most likely to be found in certain orbital regions within the electron cloud. The arrangement of electrons in an atom's orbitals is referred to as its electron configuration, with the most stable configuration having electrons in the lowest possible energy orbitals.
Quarks Physical Science Lesson PowerPoint
This PowerPoint is one small part of the Atoms and Periodic Table of the Elements unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. This unit consists of a five part 2000+ slide PowerPoint roadmap, 12 page bundled homework package, modified homework, detailed answer keys, 15 pages of unit notes for students who may require assistance, follow along worksheets, and many review games. The homework and lesson notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow. The answer keys and unit notes are great for support professionals. The activities and discussion questions in the slideshow are meaningful. The PowerPoint includes built-in instructions, visuals, and review questions. Also included are critical class notes (color coded red), project ideas, video links, and review games. This unit also includes four PowerPoint review games (110+ slides each with Answers), 38+ video links, lab handouts, activity sheets, rubrics, materials list, templates, guides, and much more. Also included is a 190 slide first day of school PowerPoint presentation.
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This unit aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards and with Common Core Standards for ELA and Literacy for Science and Technical Subjects. See preview for more information
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
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Areas of Focus: -Atoms (Atomic Force Microscopes), Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment, Cathode Tube, Atoms, Fundamental Particles, The Nucleus, Isotopes, AMU, Size of Atoms and Particles, Quarks, Recipe of the Universe, Atomic Theory, Atomic Symbols, #'s, Valence Electrons, Octet Rule, SPONCH Atoms, Molecules, Hydrocarbons (Structure), Alcohols (Structure), Proteins (Structure), Periodic Table of the Elements, Organization of Periodic Table, Transition Metals, Electron Negativity, Non-Metals, Metals, Metalloids, Atomic Bonds, Ionic Bonds, Covalent Bonds, Metallic Bonds, Ionization, and much more.
This unit aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards and with Common Core Standards for ELA and Literacy for Science and Technical Subjects. See preview for more information
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
Teaching Duration = 4+ Weeks
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Areas of Focus: -Atoms (Atomic Force Microscopes), Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment, Cathode Tube, Atoms, Fundamental Particles, The Nucleus, Isotopes, AMU, Size of Atoms and Particles, Quarks, Recipe of the Universe, Atomic Theory, Atomic Symbols, #'s, Valence Electrons, Octet Rule, SPONCH Atoms, Molecules, Hydrocarbons (Structure), Alcohols (Structure), Proteins (Structure), Periodic Table of the Elements, Organization of Periodic Table, Transition Metals, Electron Negativity, Non-Metals, Metals, Metalloids, Atomic Bonds, Ionic Bonds, Covalent Bonds, Metallic Bonds, Ionization, and much more.
This unit aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards and with Common Core Standards for ELA and Literacy for Science and Technical Subjects. See preview for more information
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
Teaching Duration = 4+ Weeks
Particle physics - Standard Model
There are two types of elementary particles: fermions and bosons. Fermions obey the Pauli exclusion principle and have half-integer spin, while bosons do not obey PEP and have integer or zero spin. Fermions are further divided into leptons, which do not feel the strong force, and quarks, which do feel the strong force. Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, which are divided into baryons containing three quarks and mesons containing two quarks. The four fundamental forces are electromagnetic, strong, weak, and gravity, and are mediated by gauge bosons.
Introduction to particle physics
This document provides an introduction to particle physics, including:
- A brief history of discoveries of the elementary constituents of matter like protons, neutrons, electrons.
- An overview of the four fundamental forces and how they control particle behavior.
- Explanations of conservation laws, neutrino theory, and early experiments verifying mass-energy equivalence.
- Descriptions of the Standard Model of particle families, forces, the quark model, and antimatter discoveries.
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The document discusses atomic structure and properties. It begins by describing the size scale of atoms, noting atomic radii are on the order of 10-10 to 10-12 meters, while nuclear radii are 10-14 meters. It then explains nucleons are made of protons and neutrons, which themselves are made of quarks. Various units used to measure small lengths are also defined. The document goes on to describe atomic particles that make up nucleons, isotopes, and radioactive decay processes like alpha, beta, and gamma decay. It discusses uses of radioisotopes in applications like carbon dating, radiotherapy, and tracers. In addition, the concepts of relative atomic mass and molecular mass are explained.
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This document provides an overview of radiation physics and related topics. It defines radiation physics as dealing with electromagnetic energy and matter. It describes the basic properties and forms of matter and energy. Classical physics laws such as conservation of energy and momentum are discussed. Modern physics concepts like mass-energy equivalence are introduced. The periodic table and its organization of elements is summarized. Common radiation units and their definitions are provided. Finally, the document defines atoms and their basic structure, including subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons. It also introduces the concept of radioactivity and definitions of related terms like half-life.
Atomic Theory Reg
1. Early atomic models proposed by philosophers like Democritus and Dalton proposed that atoms were the fundamental indivisible units of matter.
2. Rutherford's gold foil experiment in the early 1900s showed that the atom has a small, dense nucleus at its center containing positive charge.
3. Later models like Bohr's incorporated the idea that electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed energy levels, accounting for the emission and absorption of photons.
A T O M I C T H E O R Y Reg
1. Early atomic models proposed by philosophers like Democritus and Dalton proposed that atoms were the fundamental building blocks of matter.
2. Rutherford's gold foil experiment in the early 1900s showed that the atom has a small, dense nucleus at its center containing most of its mass.
3. Later discoveries found that the nucleus contains protons and neutrons, while electrons orbit the nucleus, leading to the modern understanding of atomic structure.
Composition
- Early Greek philosophers such as Empedocles and Democritus proposed early atomic theories of matter, with Democritus introducing the concept of indivisible atoms. Aristotle later rejected the atomic theory.
- In the early 20th century, experiments such as Rutherford's gold foil experiment provided evidence that atoms have a small, dense nucleus containing positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons, with electrons in the space outside the nucleus.
- Subatomic particles that make up atoms were discovered, including electrons by Thomson, protons, and neutrons by Chadwick. Atoms can form ions by gaining or losing electrons.
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The document discusses the history of atomic theory from ancient Greek philosophers to modern atomic structure. It introduces key figures like Democritus, Dalton, Thomson, and Rutherford and their contributions to understanding that all matter is made of tiny indivisible particles called atoms. The document also describes the discovery of subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons, and how electrons occupy distinct energy levels around the nucleus in an atom.
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The document summarizes the history and science of nuclear power. It describes key discoveries like nuclear fission and the development of nuclear reactors. Some main points covered include:
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- In 1939, Meitner and Frisch proposed nuclear fission where absorbing neutrons causes heavy nuclei to split into lighter nuclei, releasing energy.
- Fermi discovered this could create a self-sustaining chain reaction. This led to the Manhattan Project and development of nuclear weapons and power.
- The first commercial nuclear power plant opened in 1959. Issues discussed include waste disposal and safety of nuclear power
Energy types
Here are the steps to solve the roller coaster energy problems:
1. PE at point A = mgh = (20 kg)(10 m/s^2)(250 m) = 50,000 J
2. KE at point A = 0 J (velocity is 0 m/s at the top)
3. ME at point A = PE + KE = 50,000 J + 0 J = 50,000 J
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This document summarizes the history of the atomic model from ancient Greek philosophers to modern particle physics. It describes how Democritus first proposed the idea of indivisible atoms in 460 BC. In the early 1900s, J.J. Thomson's plum pudding model depicted atoms as electrons scattered within a uniform positive charge. Rutherford's gold foil experiment in 1910 showed that the positive charge and most of the mass are concentrated in a tiny nucleus. Neutrons were discovered by Chadwick in 1932. Modern atomic structure consists of a small, dense nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons.
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Basic chem mine
1) Everything in the universe is composed of matter, which is anything that occupies space or has mass.
2) Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down chemically, with over 100 observed so far.
3) The basic unit that makes up all matter is the atom, which consists of a nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons.
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The document discusses the history of atomic structure theories from ancient Greek philosophers to modern atomic models. It introduces the fundamental particles that make up atoms - electrons, protons, and neutrons. Key developments mentioned include Dalton's atomic theory stating atoms are indivisible particles that combine in simple ratios, Thomson's "plum pudding" model with electrons in a positive nucleus, Rutherford's discovery that the atom is mostly empty space with a dense positively charged nucleus, and Bohr's planetary model of electrons orbiting the nucleus.
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This document discusses the discoveries of small particles that make up atoms. It describes John Dalton's atomic theory that atoms are the smallest particles that can engage in chemical reactions. It then summarizes J.J. Thompson's discovery of electrons through discharge tube experiments and their role in atoms. Rutherford discovered protons through gold foil experiments and that atoms have a tiny, dense nucleus at their center surrounded by electrons. Rutherford proposed a solar system model of the atom with electrons orbiting the nucleus.
Structure of atom
John Dalton proposed his atomic theory which stated that all matter is made up of small indivisible particles called atoms. J.J. Thompson discovered electrons through experiments with discharge tubes, finding particles with a negative charge that were much smaller than atoms. Rutherford discovered protons through experiments, finding particles with a positive charge equal to hydrogen atoms. Rutherford proposed an atomic model with a small, dense nucleus at the center containing protons and electrons orbiting around the nucleus.
Structure of atom
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Matter
- 1. Matter
- 2. VOCABULARY QUARK: / kwรดrk, kwรคrk /Any of a group of six elementary particles having electric charges of a magnitude one-third or two-thirds that of the electron, regarded as constituents of all hadrons.
- 3. Annihilate: /ษ-nฤซ'ษ-lฤt' / To destroy completely: The naval force was annihilated during the attack. Scarce :/skรขrs/ Insufficient to meet a demand or requirement; short in supply: Fresh vegetables were scarce during the drought
- 4. Heat: /hฤt/A degree of warmth or hotness: The burner was on low heat.
- 5. Matter Something that occupies space and can be perceived by one or more senses.
- 6. What are particles? Particles are the tinyconcentrations of energy.
- 7. What is the smallest known particle? Quark
- 8. What is an atom? Atoms are small particles of matter.
- 9. LARGE ATOMS BIGGER ATOMS Berilium Carbon Oxygen tungsten osmium Supernovae
- 10. What was the first element?
- 11. Universe
- 12. What is universemade up? Hydrogen Helium
- 14. Thank you