Learn Key Concepts of Distance Learning

Module 3 – Afstandsonderwijs
Dit programma is gefinancierd met steun
van de Europese Commissie

Doelstelling:
Het doel van de derde module is de introductie
van de term afstandsonderwijs wat inhoudt dat je
onderweg kunt leren, met of zonder handheld-
technologie.
Verwachte eindresultaten:
• Leer de voordelen van afstandsonderwijs
• Zie hoe het gebruik van moderne elektronische
onderwijstechnologie afstandsonderwijs en zelfstandig
leren vergemakkelijkt door het uitgebreide gebruik ervan
• Herken de juiste ICT-hulpmiddelen die kunnen worden
gebruikt in de dagelijkse praktijk van het klaslokaal voor het
transformeren van onderwijs en leren
INTRODUCTIE
Afstandsonderwijs of leren op afstand is een onderwijsgebied dat zich richt op de pedagogie / andragogie, technologie
en educatief systeemontwerp die effectief worden geïntegreerd in het onderwijzen van een student, waarbij de leraar
en de student asynchroon en synchroon kunnen communiceren. Het betreft in feite een leer / lesmethode, een
educatief concept, zeer nauw verwant aan speciale leermaterialen met een gedifferentieerde rol voor de nieuwe leraar
versus de traditionele. In de onderwijsprocedure speelt technologie een cruciale rol, die bemiddeld om zo een
tweerichtingscommunicatie te creëren tussen docenten en leerlingen ten behoeve van het leerproces van de lerenden.
ESCOLA | DIGITAL TEACHING TOOLS FOR ENGINEERING LABS

Wat is leren op afstand?
01
02
03
04
Gebruiksscenarios leren op afstand
Vormen van leren op afstand
Voorbeelden van leren op afstand
05 Samenvatting
Dit programma is gefinancierd met steun van de Europese Commissie. De auteur is als enige
verantwoordelijk voor deze publicatie (mededeling) en de Commissie aanvaardt geen
verantwoordelijkheid voor het gebruik dat kan worden gemaakt van de informatie die erin is
vervat.

CAI - Computer Assisted Instruction (door computer ondersteunde instructie)
CBL - Computer Based Learning (Computer gebaseerd leren)
DL – Distance Learning (Leren op afstand)
TEL - Technology Enhanced Learning (Door technologie verbeterd leren)
PDA – Personal Digital Assistant, also known as Handheld PC (Persoonlijke digitale assistant)
GEBRUIKTE AFKORTINGEN

1. Wat is leren op afstand?

• Leren op afstand (DL) of Afstandsonderwijs is een onderwijsgebied dat zich richt op de pedagogie /
andragogie, technologie en het educatief systeemontwerp dat effectief worden geïntegreerd in het
onderwijzen van studenten, waar de leraar en de student asynchroon en synchroon kunnen
communiceren.
• Het betreft in feite een leer / lesmethode, een educatief concept, zeer nauw verwant aan speciale
leermaterialen met een gedifferentieerde rol voor de nieuwe leraar versus de traditionele. In de
onderwijsprocedure speelt technologie een cruciale rol, die bemiddeld om zo een
tweerichtingscommunicatie te creëren tussen docenten en leerlingen ten behoeve van het
leerproces van de lerenden.
DEFINITIES VOOR LEREN OP AFSTAND

• DL is een instructie bezorgsysteem dat leerlingen verbindt met educatieve bronnen. Het biedt
toegang tot onderwijs voor leerlingen die niet zijn ingeschreven in onderwijsinstellingen en kan de
leerkansen van huidige studenten vergroten. De implementatie van DL is een proces dat beschikbare
bronnen gebruikt en zal evolueren naar opkomende technologieën
• Een generieke, allesomvattende term die wordt gebruikt om te verwijzen naar de fysieke scheiding
van docenten en lerenden.
DEFINITIONS FOR DISTANCE LEARNING

Bekijk deze video's om te
begrijpen wat
afstandsonderwijs is en wat
de mogelijkheden zijn.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=anWBb7PTIMM

Bekijk deze video's om te
begrijpen wat
afstandsonderwijs is en wat
de mogelijkheden zijn.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r6dHK2cXatM

Afstandsonderwijs is
geschikt voor
verschillende leeftijden.
WATCH
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zdveDs6_PD0

ISO / IEC 2382-36: 2013 Informatietechnologie - Woordenschat -
Deel 36: Leren, onderwijs en opleiding beschrijft de belangrijkste
termen en definities met betrekking tot DL, zoals:
• Web gebaseerd leren;
• online leren;
• computerondersteund samenwerkend leren (CSCL);
• computer-gebaseerd leren;
• Gemengd leren en anderen.
Vergelijkbare standaarden, zowel ISO als GOST, worden vermeld in
de referenties.
LEREN OP AFSTAND VOLGENS ISO

Asynchrone communicatie
• Dit is communicatie die niet gelijktijdig is en die
opgenomen instructiemateriaal gebruikt
• Met dit soort technologieën kunnen deelnemers worden
gescheiden in tijd en afstand van het geven van
instructies
• Telecommunicatiesystemen zoals televisie (kabel of
digitaal) of elektronisch opgeslagen media zoals video,
audio en computersoftware behoren tot de
technologieën die gebruikmaken van asynchrone
communicatie
• Voorbeelden van andere technologieën voor asynchroon
afstandsonderwijs: faxapparaten, voicemail,
bulletinboards en e-mail, computerondersteunde
instructies, door de computer beheerde instructie,
computerondersteund onderwijs en computergebaseerd
vergaderen.
Synchrone communicatie
• Dit is een gelijktijdige vorm van communicatie. Het maakt
gebruik van technologieën die live en interactieve
instructie mogelijk maken
• Voorbeelden: audioconferenties, real-time
computercommunicatie en videoconferenties
• Synchrone communicatietechnologieën, zoals video-
teleconferenties op de achtergrond en interactieve
video-teleconferenties van groepen, maken live, realtime
interactie mogelijk tussen docenten en studenten
• Instructeurs, deskundigen en studenten zien en horen
elkaar op alle locaties en houden zich bezig met
interactie, vergelijkbaar met face-to-face interactie in het
klaslokaal.
SOORTEN COMMUNICATIE IN LEREN OP AFSTAND
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKxK2dLk_Ng
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bTU9bo4kKYI

Voordelen van leren op afstand
• DL stelt studenten in staat om het leren rond hun werk en
privé leven in te passen
• Ze kunnen meestal ook hun eigen tempo bepalen
• Studenten kunnen studeren aan elke universiteit over de
hele wereld
• DL is meestal goedkoper dan een voltijdsdiploma
• DL-providers bieden gewoonlijk toegewijde ondersteuning
aan hun online of afstandsonderwijs studenten
• DL kan voor grote groepen studenten worden ingezet
• Studenten kunnen trainen wanneer en waar ze willen, en
kunnen de cursus opdelen in een sectie (het probleem van
concentratieverlies verwijderen)
• Leer terwijl je werkt
• De student kan beslissen hoeveel tijd aan een bepaalde
module moet worden besteed, omdat
afstandsprogramma's de studenten de flexibiliteit bieden
om de tijd volgens eigen behoeften te gebruiken
• DL bespaart tijd en kosten voor reizen.
Nadelen van leren op afstand
• Gebrek aan sociale interactie
• Het is niet ideaal voor alle leerlingen
• Sommige werkgevers aanvaarden geen DL-diploma’s
• Niet alle cursussen die nodig zijn om het diploma te behalen,
worden online aangeboden
• Het kan moeilijk zijn om te beoordelen of studenten de
training daadwerkelijk volledig afronden of er net zo veel
baat bij hebben als bij een klassikale training
• Mogelijk hebben studenten ondersteuning nodig om de
technologie te gebruiken
• De studenten moeten erg gemotiveerd zijn
• Het is niet toepasbaar op alle specialiteiten.
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF DISTANCE LEARNING

Student
Centered
Better
Opportunity
Cost Effective
Chance for
interaction
Students Control
Study Time
Global
Knowledge
Accessibility
Flexibility
A DIFFERENT VIEW
OF BENEFITS FOR
DISTANCE LEARNING

• Online courses are easier than face-to-face courses
• There is no time limit for completing a course
• The quality is lower
• It’s difficult to get a hold of your instructor
• There’s no interaction with other students
• Online courses require less time
• Cheating is more common and easier in online classes
• You have to be very tech-savvy to take an online course
• Anyone can succeed in an online course
• Online courses aren’t recognized by employers
• Online tutors are poor quality
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3K_JoBkxVI0
MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT DISTANCE LEARNING

• To meet the needs of students who are
unable to attend on-campus classes
• To involve outside resources which would
otherwise be unavailable
• To link students from different social, cultural,
economic, and experiential backgrounds
CHALLENGES OF DISTANCE LEARNING

2. Usage scenarios in distance learning

Three usage scenarios are applicable in distance learning:
• Scenario 1. Theoretical and methodological knowledge - The learner is provided with theoretical
and methodological information
• Scenario 2. Communication with the tutor - In addition to Scenario 1, the learner can also
communicate with the tutor
• Scenario 3. Virtual online laboratories - The learner has access to virtual online laboratories and
tools
USAGE SCENARIOS IN DISTANCE LEARNING

• This is the most simple scenario.
• Theoretical and methodological materials are presented to the student through a website.
• The information is presented using different media formats, such as text, images, videos and sounds, pdfs, etc.
• The student’s knowledge may be assessed by the environment with the use of tests, though it is not
mandatory.
Advantages:
• Low cost
• Can be successfully applied in humanitarian
education
Disadvantages:
• Has limited application in engineering education
SCENARIO 1: THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL INFORMATION

• This is a more complex scenario. In addition to the features from Scenario 1, it also offers different forms of
communication between the tutors and the students, such as:
– Forums
– Video conferences
– E-mail and other forms of communication
• In addition to web-based tests, the student’s knowledge can also be assessed with assignments, math and
science problems, essays, etc.
Advantages:
• Improved quality of the educational process
• Reduced educational time
Disadvantages:
• Higher costs
• It is still not enough to provide self-
sufficient engineering education
SCENARIO 2: COMMUNICATION WITH THE TUTOR

• This is the most complex scenario, where virtual online laboratories are used. This scenario may be an
enhancement to Scenarios 1 and 2.
• It not only gives access to information but also to technologies, related with the subject of education.
• The presented systems and/or technologies could be presented on different levels of abstraction.
SCENARIO 3: VIRTUAL ONLINE LABORATORIES
Advantages:
• Can be used to provide self-sufficient
engineering education
• Virtual labs could also be used in traditional
education, therefore the high costs could be
shared between the two types of education
Disadvantages:
• Highest costs, because multiple virtual
laboratories should be available
• Higher quality of the connecting network

3. Forms of distance learning

Distance Learning
FORMS OF DISTANCE LEARNING

E-learning education can be defined as:
• E-learning is instruction that is delivered electronically, in part or
wholly
• E-learning is designed to support individual learning
• E-learning covers a wide set of applications, such as web-based
learning, computer-based learning, virtual classrooms, and digital
collaboration
• The E-learning content is delivered via the Internet, intranet/extranet
(LAN/WAN), audio and videotape, satellite broadcast, interactive TV,
and CD-ROM
DEFINITIONS OF E-LEARNING
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQ6_pEQZsVE

• Empowered by digital technology: E-learning is pedagogy empowered by digital technology.
• Computer enhanced learning: E-learning is a term which is used to refer computer enhanced learning
• Technology enhanced learning: E-learning includes all types of technology enhanced learning (TEL), where technology is used to
support the learning process
• Online learning: Use of E-learning is generally confined to “online learning” carried out through the Internet or Web-based
technology, with no face-to-face interaction
• More than CBL and CAI: E-learning conveys broader meaning than the terms CBL (Computer based learning) and CAI (Computer
assisted instruction)
• More than online learning: E-learning is broader in its meaning that they conveyed through the simple terms like “online
learning” or “online education”
CHARACTERISTICS OF E-LEARNING

Advantages:
• Individualized instructions per learner
• Easy access – no time, place or distance barriers
• Available to Disadvantageous people
• Very flexible in terms of delivery media (like CD, Laptops
and Mobile Phones)
• Increases the motivation of students
• Possibility to use online, offline and live interaction
between the students and teachers
Disadvantages:
• Learners should have knowledge and skills on how to use Internet
and Web technologies
• Teachers should have the necessary competence to provide
qualitative E-learning
• Learners, teachers, parents, educational authorities and society have
negative attitude towards E-learning
• Affects the eyesight and some other parts of the body, due to
physical inactivity
• Isolation and lack of social contacts
• Lack of co-curricular activities
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF E-LEARNING

M-learning education can be defined as:
• Similarly to E-learning, M-learning includes delivering of
instructions electronically
• However, mobile devices are used
• A mobile learning educational process is any learning and
teaching activity that occurs through mobile tools or a mobile
environment
DEFINITIONS OF M-LEARNING
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cv4IrVDeNwQ

• Accessibility - The information is always available whenever the learners need to use it
• Immediacy - The information can be retrieved immediately by the learners
• Interactivity - The learners can interact with peers, teachers and experts efficiently and
effectively through different media
• Context-awareness - The environment can adapt to the learners’ real situation to
provide them with adequate information
• Permanency - The information remains unless the learners purposely remove it
• Other characteristics:
o Flexible Learning, Large mass covered, reduces problems like the poor discipline
and unrest of students
o Most mobile devices have lower prices than desktop PCs
o Similar size and more lightweight than desktop PCs
o Ensure bigger students engagement as M-learning is based on modern
technologies, which students use in their everyday lives
CHARACTERISTICS OF M-LEARNING

Advantages:
• Increases mobility as location does not matter
• Saves time by studying while travelling
• Environmentally-friendly – no printing
• Mobile technology increases interactivity by allowing students to
closely link with their peers, teachers, interest groups worldwide
• Use of relatively inexpensive everyday technologies
• Access to additional free learning content
• Gives disadvantaged social groups an opportunity to improve their
chances in life
Disadvantages:
• Storage capacities of PDA (personal digital assistant) are limited
• A device may become outdated quickly and students have to keep
combating obsolescence
• The buttons on the keypad or stylus pens are small and can be
tricky to manipulate
• Small display
• Network connectivity limitations
• The expenses / costs to develop a qualitative M-learning platform
are high
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF M-LEARNING

• An online tutorial is a self study activity, designed to teach a specific
learning outcome.
• Three types of online tutorials can be defined:
o Recorded tutorials are video or screencast recordings, typically of
a subject expert presenting information and ideas or giving a
demonstration
o Interactive tutorials are a structured collection of navigable web
pages. Individual pages can contain any combination of text,
images, audio, video, self-test questions and other interactive
activities. Interactive tutorials can also contain screencasts
o Web-based serious (educational) games can also be viewed as an
online tutorial
DEFINITIONS OF ONLINE TUTORIAL
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uj_8C2L9bXI

• Modern technologies are used – the information is available
on a website and is accessible from any internet capable
device
• The learner is learning alone using information which is
carefully chosen and prepared – online tutorials/serious
games usually have a certain goal and each of their parts is
aimed at learning a certain important fact/piece of
information
• There is no feedback or control of the learning results – the
knowledge of the learner is not assessed
• Such approach is applicable in life-long learning
CHARACTERISTICS OF ONLINE TUTORIALS

Advantages:
• There are many free tutorials on the internet
• The learner can adjust the learning speed as there is no time frame
• The learner can choose the sequence of the acquired knowledge
• The learner can learn the information when there is a necessity for
it
• The learner’s motivation could be greatly increased, depending on
the source/type of the online tutorial. The web-based educational
games, which offer a completely different approach in learning are
considered as being especially motivating
Disadvantages:
• The learning process is not assessed, nor controlled by a tutor
• The internet offers a great range of online tutorials, and it might be
hard to choose the correct one
• Lack of face-to-face contact with tutors and other students
• No laboratory experience – The learner is not working with real
laboratory equipment, therefore no practical skills are acquired.
This is a significant disadvantage in engineering education
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF ONLINE TUTORIALS

4. Examples for distance learning

• Examples of E-learning:
o E-Learning Shell 02 –
http://e-learning.uni-ruse.bg
o Engine for Virtual Electrical Engineering Equipment at the University of Ruse
https://eveee.uni-ruse.bg
• Examples of M-learning:
o Personalized M-Learning mathematic class –
https://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/526624.mlearning.pdf
• Examples of Online tutorials:
o Electronics tutorials –
http://electronics-tutorials.ws
o Cisco Systems - Learning Games –
https://www.insite.net/cisco_games/
Examples
EXAMPLES OF DISTANCE LEARNING

• E-Learning Shell 02 is the E-learning platform of the University of Ruse.
o http://e-learning.uni-ruse.bg
• The platform provides education through materials and communication, therefore it adopts Learning scenario 2.
In theory, web-based virtual/remote labs could be integrated.
• The following types of educational materials are supported:
o Lectures
o Seminar exercises
o Practical exercises
o Books and lecture notes
E-LEARNING SHELL 02

• The platform supports the following media types:
o Images
o Videos
o Documents
o Binary files (for download)
• The learners’ knowledge can be assessed using:
o Assignments
o Tests
• The platform provides communication through Forums, Chats and E-mail
E-LEARNING SHELL 02

• EVEEE is an engine for Virtual Laboratories at the University of Ruse.
o https://eveee.uni-ruse.bg
• The EVEEE platform provides education through virtual laboratory
exercises, therefore it’s Learning scenario is Type 3.
Labs contain instructions, virtual lab and eventually a report.
• The virtual labs can be integrated in other E-Learning platforms.
• The virtual labs commonly include:
o Instruction with theory and tasks
o Virtual laboratory
o Report
ENGINE FOR VIRTUAL
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING EQUIPMENT

• Other than the virtual labs themselves, the platform supports the common media types:
o Images
o Videos
o Documents
• The learners’ knowledge can be assessed by the tutor
when the students sends their report with experimental
results.
• The platform does not provide a communication channel
but since this is a web-based tool, there are no limitations.
ENGINE FOR VIRTUAL
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING EQUIPMENT

• The study of Matasić et al. presents a typical methodology for M-learning in mathematics classes.
o https://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/526624.mlearning.pdf
• It provides education through different multimedia formats and simulation tools, therefore it is a Type 3 Learning scenario.
• It includes the following types of educational materials:
o Theory
o Videos of the teacher
o Mathematical problems
o Video solution to the problems
o Interactive play
PERSONALIZED M-LEARNING MATHEMATIC CLASS

• The example relies on the following media types:
o Images
o Videos
o Documents
o Web-based interactive tools (simulation/virtual lab)
• The knowledge is not assessed.
• Even though the process does not include communication, learners
could use any form necessary.
PERSONALIZED M-LEARNING MATHEMATIC CLASS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6oLNLCO0vfI

• The website “Electronics Tutorials” has Tutorial materials in the field of electrical and electronic engineering.
o https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/
• The website allows education through well-structured materials in the form of tutorials, therefore it is a Type 1 Learning scenario.
In theory, virtual/remote labs could be integrated.
• The website hosts the following types of educational materials:
o Tutorials
o Examples
ELECTRONIC TUTORIALS

• The learning process is not assessed by the website, therefore it is entirely in the hands of the learner.
• The website uses the following Media types:
o Images
o Text
• Each article contains a section for comments by readers,
which allows communication between the learners
ELECTRONIC TUTORIALS

• Cisco Systems provides several web-based Learning Games, which are
aimed at showing basic rules in network systems.
o https://www.insite.net/cisco_games/
• The website provides educational games, therefore can be classified as
a Type 3 Learning scenario.
• The learning games are flash-based and include:
o Tutorial
o Game controls
o Goals
o The interactive game itself
• The educational games provide guiding hints and assess the results at
the end of the game.
CISCO SYSTEMS – LEARNING GAMES

5. Summary

• Distance learning or distance education is a field of education that focuses on the pedagogy, technology,
and instructional system design that are effectively incorporated in delivering education to students,
where the teacher and the student may communicate asynchronously and synchronously.
• There are three usage scenarios in distance learning: Scenario 1. Theoretical and methodological
knowledge; Scenario 2. Communication with the tutor; Scenario 3. Virtual online laboratories.
• There are three forms of distance learning: E-learning, M-learning and Online tutorials and serious
games. E-learning is delivered electronically, in part or wholly. M-learning requires the use of mobile
devices, such as smartphones, tablets, etc. Online tutorials are self-study activities, designed to teach a
specific learning outcome with the use of information technologies. Serious games also fall into the last
category.
• Examples for each form of DL, such as the E-learning platform of the University of Ruse, an M-learning
mathematic class, the website Electronic tutorials and Cisco Systems’ learning games, are shown. They
are applicable for engineering labs.
SUMMARY

1. Amani Mubarak Al-Khatir Al-Arim, Distance Learning, ERPA 2014, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences
152 ( 2014 ) 82 – 88, doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.159
2. Chris Panagiotakopoulos, Antonis Lionarakis, Michalis Xenos, Open and Distance Learning: Tools of
Information and Communication Technologies for Effective Learning, Proceedings of the sixth Hellenic
European Research on Computer Mathematics and its Applications Conference, HERCMA2003, Athens,
Greece, 2003.
3. https://www.otan.us/content/pdf/dl/WhatIsDL.pdf
4. Jessica Miles, The Cost of Convenience: How Does Distance Education Mix with the Modern-Day Student?,
Handbook of Research on Adult and Community Health Education: Tools, Trends, and Methodologies, 2014,
25, DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-6260-5.ch017
5. Ezgi Pelin Yildiz, Aytekin İşman, Quality Content in Distance Education, Universal Journal of Educational
Research 4(12): 2857-2862, 2016, DOI: 10.13189/ujer.2016.041220
6. Hall, B. (1997). Web-based Training. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
7. Allen, M.W. (2003). Michael Allen's guide to E-learning. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons,
Incorporated. Ally, M. (Ed.). (2009). Mobile learning: Transforming the delivery of education and Training.
Athabasca University Press.
REFERENCES

8. Clark, R.C., and Mayer, R.E. (2003). E-learning and the science of instruction: Proven guidelines for
consumers and designers of multimedia learning. San Francisco, California: John Wiley & Sons,
Incorporated.
9. Quinn, C. (2000). M-learning: Mobile, Wireless and In-Your-Pocket Learning. Line Zine.
10. Shepherd C. (2001). M is for May be. Tactix: Training and Communication Technology in context. p.5.
11. Colazzo, L., Molinari, A., Ronchetti, M., & Trifonova, A. (2003). Towards a Multi-Vendor Mobile Learning
Management System. Proceedings for the World Conference on E-learning. Phoenix, USA. Retrieved April
24, 2007.
12. Polsani, P. (2003). Network learning. In K. Nyinri k. (ed.) Mobile Learning Essay on Philosophy, Psychology
and Education, Vienna: Passage vertaq, 2003 139-150, ISBN – 38511656032.
13. Trifonova, A. (2003). Mobile learning – Review of the literature. Technical Report DIT-03-009,Informatica e
Telecomunicazioni, University of Trento.
14. Sharples, M. (2005). Learning as conversation: Transforming education in the mobile age. Proceedings
Seeing Understanding, Learning in the Mobile Age, Budapest, April 28-30,147-152.
15. https://www.bristol.ac.uk/esu/media/tutorials/design-principles/page_02.htm
REFERENCES

16. Behera, S.K. (2013). E- And M-Learning: A Comparative Study, International Journal on New Trends in
Education and Their Implications, July, Volume: 4 Issue: 3 Article: 08, p.65.
17. https://online.illinois.edu/articles/online-learning/item/2017/02/14/10-common-misconceptions-about-
online-courses
18. Matasić, Iva; Eret, Lidija; Dumančić, Mario (2011). Example of Personalized m-Learning Mathematic Class
("Mobile Learning") // Pre-Conference Proceedings of the Special Focus Symposium on 11th ICESAKS:
Information, Communication and Economic Sciences with Art in the Knowledge Society.
19. ISO/IEC 2382-36:2013 Information technology — Vocabulary — Part 36: Learning, education and training
20. GOST R 52653-2006 Information and communication technologies in education. Terms and definitions
21. ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 36 ‘Information technology for learning, education and training’
https://www.iso.org/committee/45392/x/catalogue/p/1/u/0/w/0/d/0
REFERENCES

escolaproject.eu
Facebook.com/EUESCOLAPROJECT
eu.escola.project@gmail.com
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