MULTIDISCIPLINRY NATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES.pptx
Fahrenheit 451 Quotes Analysis
1. Fahrenheit 451 Quotes Analysis
Happiness is something many people vie for but can't quite reach. It's something that is a result of
fully developing one's potential. In Ray Bradbury's, Fahrenheit–451, the main character, Guy
Montag, experiences internal conflicts such as his sudden realization of unhappiness and his
insatiable home life. Marriage can play a big role in how a person feels about their life. It is evident
that both Montag and his wife, Mildred, are both dissatisfied with their relationship. "The small
crystal bottle of sleeping pills which earlier today had been filled with 30 capsules and which now
lay uncapped and empty in the light of the tiny flare" (11). This quote refers to Montag finding
Mildred overdosed on sleeping pills in the middle of the night. You can infer that Mildred is
unhappy by her attempt at suicide. Montag is also unhappy as Bradbury explains Montag's thoughts
by saying "If only someone else's flesh and brain and memory. If only they could have taken her
mind along to the dry cleaner's and emptied the pockets and steamed and cleansed it and reblocked
it and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"He felt his smile slide away, melt, fold over and down on itself like a tallow skin, like the stuff of a
fantastic candle burning too long and now collapsing and now blown out" (9). Montag compares his
once fiery smile to a tallow skin and he describes his smile like it is melting away as if he can feel it
doing so. This quote is also symbolic as it symbolizes the destruction of Montag's effervescence
through the melting of his smile. "People were more often–he search for a simile, found one in his
work–torches, blazing away until they whiffed out" (8). Montag uses this simile to compare people.
He rarely saw people's faces that would make you throw back and tremble your innermost thought.
This shows that like Montag, people in his society are also unknowing of
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2. Candles Research Papers
Candles are very interesting to learn about. The history of candles go way back. They even have
candles made of tallow (fat from rendered animal fat). Well now in modern times they are mostly
made of wax. Now don't get confused because there are many different types of wax you can
use.Now lets have a jouney down the memory of candles.
Wick
Wick– is the little string pointing out of the candle. When you set it on fire the heat travels to the
body of the wax and instantly turns into a liquid and vaporizes. During this process the heat travels 3
different ways at once. These processes are known as conduction, convection, and radiation.
Conduction carries heat down the wick to melt more wax at the top of the candlestick. Convection
draws heat ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It has no viscoelasticity, it can be polished, it burns with a sooty flame, it's a poor conductor. All the
light a candle makes comes from a chemical reaction called combustion. Candles can also be made
out of beeswax, cream wax, paraffin wax, gel wax, bayberry wax, palm wax, and soy wax. Candles
wax will be used for future decades coming up.
How Candles Are Made and What of Candles can be made out of wax or something called tallow.
Tallow is a hard fatty substance made from rendered animal fat. Tallow consist of a chemical combo
of fatty acids with glycerin. A little borax added or phosphorus is sometimes added to make the ash
fusible. Different types of candle wax burns at different temperatures. The harder the wax the longer
the burn–time. The color of the candles makes little to no difference in how fast a candle burns
(colored candles burn faster).
Conclusion
Candles were made by the Romans beginning about 500 BC. With the growth of candles we now
make them out of wax instead of tallow as listed above. The manufacture of candles became an
industrialized mass market in the mid 19th century. Candles were once and now but not that much
used as a source of light before electricity was discovered, and the light bulb discovered.Overall
candles have a very interesting background that most people don't even know about but after reading
this you should be fully packed with a good explanation of
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3. Candles In Medieval Times
Ever wonder how lights came to be medieval times? Well you'll learn about how chandlers made
this period lit. Chandlers are the people of candle making.The two types of candles that were made
was the tallow and the wax. Their was no heaters and at night there was no light switch to flip on so
the flame was used to keep warm and at times help see when the eye couldn't. Similar to other
working european people of this time, most chandlers lived within towns close by or over their
workshops.
The chandlers homes trash was discarded into the streets or dropped into water works just as
everyone else did of this time. Towns were small with stone made walls or wood but since they were
made so compact it was like sharing walls .Their living ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cotton strands were weaved then submerge in tallow,left to be cooled,then repeated being dunk until
the wanted size. Tallow kept a great amount of smell of animal through the making and whenever
the candle was burned. This candle looked like dark yellow. They were usually sold by weight in
bundles.In addition these candles were brighter when lighten. So tallow was thought to be less
profitable compared to beeswax materials. Although tallow candles were refrained to most
people,the product was in big demand.
Wax candles had little odor or smoke when burned. They were favored to those who could get them.
The wealthy cathedral required to have these type of candles since they were one of the largest
purchasers. The making of these candles gave great business. The process to making this was similar
to making the tallow candles, just not the stinky odor. Even beekeepers were sometime know to the
candles. Whenever they retained bees they lived close enough to keep an I on the hives but also
close to town
There were two guilds– one was for the wax chandlers another was for the tallow chandlers. Tallow
chandlers worked with skinners and butchers.Making candles, was heavily influenced. It even
became a European law that in churches sixty seven percent was to be
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4. The Birchbark House Character Analysis
The Birchbark House
Characters
The characters in The Birchbark House are Omakayas a hardworking and nice girl, Angeline
Omakayas's sister and she is perfect and nice but sometimes can be mean, Big Pinch Omakayas's
brother he is very selfish and self centered, Baby Neewo Omakayas's baby brother who is young and
small, Deydey Omakayas's father who is smart and strict, Yellow Kettle Omakayas's mother who is
loving and hardworking, Old Tallow the Omakayas's families friend who is nice at times and very
hardworking and brave.
Summary
The Birchbark House is a story by Louise Erdrich is told in four sections those four sections each
one is a season in one year of a little girl's life. At the start of the story we find out about an outbreak
of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Several years later there is a girl named Omakayas who is 8 years old and has parents a sister named
Angeline and two brothers named Big Pinch and baby Neewo. As springtime is almost over
Omakayas and her family will have to start building the summer birchbark house. After Omakayas
is sent by her mom to get a pair of scissors from a women in town named Old Tallow who
Omakayas has an unusual connection with. On her way back she encounters a two bear cubs and
think they are orphans but once the mother bear comes out Omakayas is very scared and talks to the
bear respectfully and then Omakayas eventually gets away from the bear. As the summer progresses
Omakayas thinks about the encounter with the bears and Omakayas's father Deydey finally comes
home from his trip. As summer fades away and early signs of fall come in the family starts to move
into the fall home in town. While moving in they are trying hard to harvest wild rice and other types
of food. Meanwhile Omakayas talks to Nokomis. Nokomis tells her to
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5. How Does Eric Schlosser Use Ethos In Fast Food Nation
"Fast Food Nation" written by Eric Schlosser unfolds the brutal truth behind that juicy hamburger
from your favorite fast–food restaurant. Part 1: The book divulged the origins of the most popular
fast food chains.Part 2: The growth of Fast food corporations has taken a negative effect on society.
Fast food changed the land of America by expanding their franchises. First of all, Schlosser
approaches his book by using logos to support his claim by giving facts. Schlosser uses logos,
pathos, and ethos in order for him to persuade his audience that his studies are credible. Schlosser
uses anecdotes to give a more relatable story for the reader to connect with. Through his research, he
finds out how greedy corporations care more about their profits. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Most Slaughterhouse Plants supervisors weren't the most sympathetic beings. All they care for is the
production of meat and how much can be accomplished in a day. The mindset in American meat
industries changes it's all about quantity, not quality. Illegal and illiterate immigrants come to the
United States and establish themselves to working at slaughterhouses plants. Many of these
industries did not provide any medical benefit and poor wages. Workers on a daily basis are risking
their lives for a small amount of cash. Immigrants will work anywhere to be able to support their
families. The ruthless greedy plants won't care to lose an employee. There's always someone eager
to work. " Indeed, the rate of these of cumulative trauma injuries in Meatpacking industry is far
higher than the rate in any other American industry. It is almost 35 times higher than the national
average in an industry. Many slaughterhouses workers make a knife cut every two or three seconds a
accumulates which adds up to 10,000 cut during an 8–hour shift if the night has become dull
additional pressure is placed on the worker's tendons, joints, and nerves. A dull knife causes pain to
extend the cutting hand all the way down to the spine." (173) Ill or in pain, workers have to sacrifice
their health and stand for long periods hours before their shift is over. Workers have to breathe
through their mouth to minimize
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
6. The Instruments Of A Contract
Abstract A contract is essential to permeate a concept implementation between two or multiple
parties. When a person agrees to buy a home, there is a contract with the provider same is the case to
our home furniture that we achieve by contracting with the respective utility providers. Therefore, a
contract is essential to enforce a potential into action. In the pursuit of the instruments of a contract,
it is noted that there a potential similarity and subtle disparity between oral and written contracts.
However, justifying an oral contract than a reasonable doubt can be a daunting than proving a
written contract. Some contracts demand to be transcribed and will not take effect until the vital
components are enforced in signed, written ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, the ultimate purpose of the rule is to separate the extrinsic and intrinsic features of
evidence regarding the direct statements to the agreement and its significant antecedent. By that, it
will eliminate the alterations that can influence components of a contract and possible ambiguities
that will contradict the commitment and compliance of a preceding written instrument. In the recent
past, most Australian and English courts would emphasize on the practice and application of solving
contractual disputes traditionally. The traditional system renders the court a freedom to practice
jurisdiction without considering the extrinsic values of the transaction. However, with the
intervention of the modern parole framework of assessing evidence, judges admit it is easy to
administer justice. The jurisdiction is verified after critically evaluating the background of the
parties and the contract in a significant correlation to the core aim of a contract. Additionally, in
some instances, the court will consider evidence of prior negotiations. However it is practical in the
case where the parties are unaware of the belying facts and that these facts will not manifest any
form of biasedness amongst the contradicting parties. The approach enables the Australian
jurisdiction to obtain adequate background research of a case to administer
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7. Fahrenheit 451, By Ray Bradbury
Clarisse's allusion is important because it reflects her purpose and also reflects her own
characteristics. Clarisse's name comes from the Latin word, Clarus, meaning "clearly", this reflects
her characteristics because Clarisse's complexion is pale, and bright which can be referred to as
"clear". In the novel, Bradbury writes in the novel,"Her face was slender and milk–white, and in it
was a kind of gentle hunger that touched over everything with tireless curiosity. It was a look,
almost, of pale surprise; the dark eyes were so fixed to the world that no move escaped them. Her
dress was white and it whispered. He almost thought he heard the motion of her hands as she
walked, and the infinitely small sound now, the white stir of her face." ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, she places him on his path of self examination, and widens his horizons, making him
reflect upon his life. In the novel, Bradbury writes, "He felt his body divide itself into a hotness and
a coldness, a softness and a hardness, a trembling and a not trembling, the two halves grinding one
upon the other." The quote shows how after taking a barrage of questions from Clarisse, Guy starts
to realize his conflicting feelings, Bradbury emphasizes this conflict with a variety of comparisons.
In another instance, after talking with Clarisse, Montag reflects on wether he is happy. This can be
seen when Ray writes,"The music was almost loud enough so he could follow the tune. He felt his
smile slide away, melt, fold over, and down on itself like a tallow skin, like the stuff of a fantastic
candle burning too long and now collapsing and now blown out. Darkness. He was not
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
8. How Does Eric Schlosser Use Ethos In Fast Food Nation
"Fast Food Nation" written by Eric Schlosser unfolds the brutal truth behind that juicy hamburger
from your favorite fast–food restaurant. Part 1: The book divulged the origins of the most popular
fast food chains.Part 2: The growth of Fast food corporations has taken a negative effect on society.
Fast food changed the land of America by expanding their franchises. First of all, Schlosser
approaches his book by using logos to support his claim by giving facts. Schlosser uses logos,
pathos, and ethos in order for him to persuade his audience that his studies are credible. Schlosser
uses anecdotes to give a more relatable story for the reader to connect with. Through his research, he
finds out how greedy corporations care more about their profits. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Most Slaughterhouse Plants supervisors weren't the most sympathetic beings. All they care for is the
production of meat and how much can be accomplished in a day. The mindset in American meat
industries changes it's all about quantity, not quality. Illegal and illiterate immigrants come to the
United States and establish themselves to working at slaughterhouses plants. Many of these
industries did not provide any medical benefit and poor wages. Workers on a daily basis are risking
their lives for a small amount of cash. Immigrants will work anywhere to be able to support their
families. The ruthless greedy plants won't care to lose an employee. There's always someone eager
to work. " Indeed, the rate of these of cumulative trauma injuries in Meatpacking industry is far
higher than the rate in any other American industry. It is almost 35 times higher than the national
average in an industry. Many slaughterhouses workers make a knife cut every two or three seconds a
accumulates which adds up to 10,000 cut during an 8–hour shift if the night has become dull
additional pressure is placed on the worker's tendons, joints, and nerves. A dull knife causes pain to
extend the cutting hand all the way down to the spine." (173) Ill or in pain, workers have to sacrifice
their health and stand for long periods hours before their shift is over. Workers have to breathe
through their mouth to minimize
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
9. Great Gatsby Dialectical Journal
1. Augmented– "becoming larger in size or value." ...."and my small earnings from the flocked were
only a little augmented by my mornings' work at the rectory and occasional service at the Hall,
when they needed extra hands. 2. Vexation– "being annoyed, frustrated, or worried." "I felt my face
flush, and my vexation at blushing just made my cheeks and throat burn all the hotter." 3. Ague–
"fever or shivering fit." "All this day I have felt a grudging of ague, and now it rises and my head
pounds, and I do feel a most dreadful ache probing at my bones." 4. Loamy– "soil composed of a
mixture of sand, clay, slit, and organic matter. "Our village has a fair prospect, and that morn the air
was rich with summer's loamy fragrance." 5. Clough– "a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
I do not blame the Bradfords for leaving at all. The Bradford family was clearly "above" everyone
else in town in their station, and could do whatever they felt like they wanted to do . If a plague like
this broke out today, where there was no cure, I would be hard–pressed to stay in my own home and
not try everything I could to keep my family safe. 5. I don't really think that he could have
persuaded the whole town to quarantine if his basis was self–loathing. Because the fact that he got
the ex–minister to help him convince the people that it was the right way to go. I do think he was
acting in everyone's best interests, it was the grave–digging and bedside sitting and not stopping for
rest that was his self–loathing taking over. 6. The men in the novel, other than Michael and young
Brand, really came across as undesirable. We heard how they worked, drank, and got their wives
pregnant, and that was about it. However, I think that a lot of that strength that the women had was
realistic, because they got their strength from the things that they went through. However, if I was in
that time and place, I would not be able to marry any of those men because of all their bad qualities.
Anna becomes so strong and independent when she realizes that men come and go, but her strength
is what will last a life
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10. Who Is Responsible For The Deaths Of Romeo And Juliet
The play, "Romeo and Juliet" by William Shakespeare is a classic Elizabethan–styled tragedy, with
two star–crossed lovers doomed by their families' long standing feud. In the play, Shakespeare
constantly outlines the theme of hate and its destructiveness, conveying a strong moral tale to the
audience and characters. Juliet's hate and resentment towards her parents became the spark that later
on caused the destructive death of Romeo, Juliet and Paris. Furthermore, the hate–filled feud
between the Montagues and Capulets lead to the tragic death of Tybalt and Mercutio, causing a great
deal of destructiveness. Finally, the damage that both houses suffered at the end of the play puts
forward the strong moral of "hate only destroys" to the audience.
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11. List Item Research Paper
If you believed that being a vegetarian is difficult enough, the world decided to make the lives of
people who decided to live without animal foods, even more difficult. Harmless foods such as cake
or cheese can be filled with doubtful ingredients, and the worst part is most of the labels on the
foods contain jargon that nobody understands. Moreover, a few labels do not mention particular
rogue ingredients. Therefore, in order to avoid eating things like stomachs of calves or human hair,
avoid purchasing food at the store or carefully read the labeling of the product.
Let's take a look at 10 shocking foods that might not be vegetarian.
List Item
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A few alcoholic drinks, especially cider, wine and beer, are purified using animal–derived
substances, such as gelatin, chitosan (made from crustaceans) and ... Show more content on
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Beef tallow is a rendered form of mutton or beef fat.
List Item
Most white sugar is refined with bone char, which is prepared from the bones of animals from
Pakistan, India, Argentina and Afghanistan. In addition, powdered sugar and brown sugar can be
culprits.
List Item
Several cake mixes use lard (pig fat) to make themselves tastier.
List Item
Rennet is found in hard cheese such as parmiagiano–reggiano and some cheddars. It consists of
enzymes obtained from the stomachs of sheep.
List Item
A new spray–on coating designed to extend the shelf life of a banana may contain chitosan, a
derivative of crab and shrimp shells that can make banana not–so–vegetarian–friendly if it infiltrates
the yellow fruit.
List Item
12. Some bagels are made with L–cysteine, an amino acid which comes from human hair, pig bristles,
sheep wool and the feathers of ducks.
List Item
Oils contain healthy omega–3 fatty acids that are derived from fish.
List Item
Some brands of dry–roasted nuts use a gelatin–based coating to get the flavorings and salt to stick.
List
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13. No Wonder They Call Me A Bitch Analysis
Ann Hodgman, a freelance writer and former food critic, decides to write a review of various types
of dog foods in her piece, "No Wonder They Call Me a Bitch." The research aims to answer the
questions that always puzzled her as a child. Questions about the ingredients in the dog foods and
whether it taste like human food. The writer spends a week eating dog food to answer these
questions. Her results, however, reveals a disappointing truth that dog food is not as glamorous as
she once thought, instead it lacks the quality, health and taste it advertises. The first disappointment
she encounters is the quality of the dog foods. Hodgman expected to open packages filled with real
meat, as advertisers relentlessly remind buyers of a dog's love for real meat. The Gaines burger
could neither be described as poor beef, rich beef or even beef at all. It couldn't be fried and did not
have that "real beef smell". Ann describes it as being very malleable, "something you could make at
home if you had a Play–DOH Fun Factory." (107). The Kal Kan pedigree meals were also amiss.
Ann's words to describe these are lumpy, purple, stringy and veiny. ... Show more content on
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This is where Hodgman learns the meaning of by–products. The Gaines burger packaging specifies
that there are no meat by–products, but after reading the back she finds that there are poultry by–
products instead. Poultry by–products are said to contain what she describes as "carcass remnants"
like necks, intestines and other parts she isn't sure about. Another distasteful discovery is that these
foods are not predominantly meat. Most dog foods, especially Gaines burger, have soy listed as the
main ingredient, which over time can cause health issues in dogs. On the other hand, Purina O.N.E
meals contain beef tallow as a promoter of good skin and hair coat, but Hodgman found that beef
tallow just improved taste and edibility. This explains its non–meat
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14. The Candle Maker In The Middle Ages
The Candle Maker
In the middle ages if someone was a kid they would usually drink ale or wine. The peasants were the
lowest class including people such as the candle maker, which provided candles from royalty to
peasants. The job of a candle maker was very messy, and the daily life of one is just like any
peasant's. Even though the candle maker was a peasant they helped out with royalty in big ways.
The Candle Maker is important in the Middle Ages because they made the only possible light source
back then. The candle maker's job helped the rich and poor. Since, some peasants couldn't afford
beeswax candles they bought tallow candles which were made out of animal fat. The animal fat
burned faster than the beeswax candles, and had a smokier flame than beeswax candles. Which is
why the tallow candles were cheaper. Rich people usually bought beeswax candles because they
lasted longer and were nicer than the tallow candles. Also, tallow candles gave off a foul stench. The
daily life of a candle maker was like a peasants. The houses were not very sanitary and nice. They
had dirt floors and used mud the way we use cement today. The food was bland and plain. They
usually had small gardens that had little vegetables in them. Also, they couldn't have livestock
unless they had enough money which very few peasants had. Clothing was plain with little pattern.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Anyone who disagreed with the Church's teachings were called heretics, or someone who rejects
faith. Sometimes, people's culture affected their social standing, because the catholic church was at
the center of the Medieval Ages. People sometimes tried to pay their way into heaven. Also, if
somwone didn't have nice enough clothes they couldn't go to teachings. One religion believed that
there was no afterlife and that the dead were just reborn. But, if the dead was a sinner they called
them an untouchable and instead being reborn into a human they would be reborn into an
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15. Why Are Candles Important In The Middle Ages
Middle Ages most early cultures relied primarily on candle rendered from animal and During the
Middle Ages candles became more prevalent in worship It was at this time that beeswax was used to
make candles.
These beeswax candles were made much like the Romans made their candles with tallow Beeswax
was a drastic improvement from the tallow, but limited quantities were available, which made it
expensive limiting it to clergy and the upper class.Middle Ages. Most early Western cultures relied
primarily on candles rendered from animal fat.
Historians have found evidence that many other early civilizations developed wicked candles using
waxes made from available plants and insects. Early Chinese candles are said to have been molded
in paper tubes, using rolled rice paper for the wick, and wax from an indigenous insect ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are several Biblical references to candles, and the Emperor Constantine is reported to have
called for the use of candles during an Easter service in the 4th century. Candles also served a
religious purpose as well, with traditions going back into Hebrew tradition and adapted by
Christians. A candle was always kept lighted in a church to symbolize the presence of God as well
as to light other candles when needed. Alter candles were also used as symbols as well as helping
the priest saying mass to read the scriptures and prayers.
Votive candles were and still are often to be found in churches, which for a small donation, would be
lighted and placed in holders when one said a prayer for another person. Processional candles were
also used by to light the way when the priest, deacons, and alter boys proceeded up the aisle with the
cross to the altar to begin mass. Finally, larger candles were used in the Bell, Book, and Candle
ceremony of
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16. The Birchbark House Summary
The Birchbark House is a story that portrays the life of a young Ojibwa Native American girl,
Omakayas. During the cycle of the four seasons, Omakayas comes to a greater understanding of life,
herself, and the relationship between the two. Throughout the year's events, the spiritual connection
between humans and nature, the necessity of confronting ones fears and the values: courage, and
loyalty are all explored. The story starts out with a short prologue that describes how a baby girl is
abandoned by a group of fur traders because they are afraid of being infected with smallpox, a
disease that killed everyone else in the Ojibwa community. One of the fur traders imagines that if
anyone were to come back and rescue the little girl, it would ... Show more content on
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This novel generally embraces the view of Omakayas, the narrative escapes a "univocal perspective"
by slipping into the thoughts of surrounding characters and creatures in order to dramatize motives
that Omakayas has refused to envision or understand (Bloom, 1998). For example, after portraying
Omakayas' anger at her brother Pinch, the narrative shifts to Pinch's point of view: "It was hard
being Big Pinch, harder than his sisters would ever know" (Erdrich,
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17. Las Bahamas Memory
The time I went to Las Bahamas was a very special time for me and my family. In there I had a lot
of good memories but I think that some are more special that others. It was are second day there,
and me and my brother were woken up by nooks. After the hundred nook, I got my lacy ass up and
drag my feet to the door. When I opened the door I sow that it was my persons. My dad started
scrumming at us about how late it was and why we were still asleep. They came inside the room and
stared talking about the plans for the day. After that I got a tallow and hided to the restroom to tack a
shower. When I got in the shower the water was wormed but all of the sadden it got very hot. As the
hot water touch my skin I stared to jump and
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18. Ketogenic Diet On Exercise Metabolism, And
Ketogenic diet refers to low carb diet, or low carb high fat (LCHF), in which the body produces
ketones in the liver to be used as energy. This diet focuses on eating high fat, adequate protein, and
low carbohydrate foods, which could be beneficial to our bodies if we consume the right types of fat
such as avocado, beef tallow, butter, chicken Fat, non–hydrogenated Lard, macadamia nuts,
mayonnaise (watch out for added carbs), olive Oil, coconut Oil, coconut Butter, red Palm oil, and
peanut Butter
According to The Effects of a Ketogenic Diet on Exercise Metabolism and Physical Performance in
Off–Road Cyclists study, ketogenic diet stimulated some positive changes in body mass, body
composition, and in the lipid and lipoprotein profiles. In the study, they found significant increase in
the relative values of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and oxygen uptake at lactate threshold
(VO2 LT) after the ketogenic diet, which can be a result of body mass and fat mass reduction, and/or
the greater oxygen uptake necessary to obtain the same energy yield as on a mixed diet, due to
increased fat oxidation or by enhanced sympathetic activation. There was also a significant increase
in max work load and work load at lactate threshold, as well ... Show more content on
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Furthermore, following a ketogenic diet there was a significant decrease in the respiratory exchange
ratio (RER) values at rest and
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19. Benjamin Franklin: A Brief Biography
Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston Massachusetts in 1706. He was the youngest son in a family
of 17children. His father, Josiah Franklin, was a tallow chandler, seller of soap and candles. His
father could not provide much education for his many children. So when Benjamin was ten years
old, his father took him out of school to teach him how to make soap and candles. The young
Benjamin did not like the business, and after two years he went to work with his older brother
James. James work at New England Courant as a printer and publisher. Benjamin worked with his
brother for five years. By working with the newspaper. He made many friends with apprentice
booksellers, from which he borrowed their books. He would not buy food in order to buy
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20. Candles, A Remarkable, Yet Simple Creation
Candles are a remarkable, yet simple creation. Understanding the origin of candles, types of candles,
benefits, uses, and how they work is most often ignored. Fragrant smells and vibrant colors can
occasionally overpower their overall importance. The history of candles may be unknown in some
instances, but studies have found evidence relating back to the Ancient Egyptians before 3,000 B.C.
It has also been found that the Ancient Romans developed the wicked candle later after 3,000 B.C.
(Communications, 2015) For hundreds of centuries, the creation of the candle has remained popular
for its uses throughout the world. Although candles continue to have admirable qualities throughout
their existence, explanation of candles often goes unnoticed and overlooked. Candle waxes have a
complex history along with several uses and benefits suitable for use in situations, such as when the
power goes out or to ward off bugs.
Origin
The history of candles may be unknown in some instances, but studies have found evidence relating
back to the Ancient Egyptians. The Ancient Egyptians used torches or other known as rushlights.
The cores of the reeds of torches, were soaked in melted animal fat and lit with a fire source.
Although unlike a true candle, the torches or rushlights did not have a wick. Later after 3,000 B.C.,
the Ancient Romans developed the wicked candle. Rolled papyrus was dipped in melted animal fat
(also known as tallow) or beeswax then lit with fire. The light from the flame
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21. Lord Capulets To Blame For Romeo And Juliet's Death
The Capulets as one are to blame for the death of Romeo and Juliet.The reason Romeo and Juliet
killed themselves is because the Capulets pushed Juliet to get married to a man she didn't love. "An
you be not, hang, beg, starve, die in the streets, for, by my soul, I'll ne'er acknowledge thee." (3.5.
221)This evidence shares that Lord Capulet is the reason this tragic event happened to Romeo and
Juliet. This means that Lord Capulet will disown his only child if she didn't go through with the
marriage plans she made for her, without her consent. The Capulets are the reason that Juliet wanted
to die with Romeo. Paris was dead, romeo was dead, Juliet didn't have anything left. "But fettle your
fine joints 'gainst Thursday next to go with Paris to
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22. The Game Of Silence Louise Erdrich Summary
Introduction Louise Erdrich is an Ojibwe author born in Minnesota, she writes stories based on her
culture. She wrote The Game of Silence in 2005 as a sequel to The Birchbark house. The Game of
Silence is written in a second person's point of view, based on an Ojibwe tribe. You will read a
summary of The Game of Silence, as well as a review, then learn about the themes, background on
Louise Erdrich, and her significance and motivations. Book summary The main character is named
Omakayes, or little frog, her name was given to her because she never had a first step she hopped.
She is the daughter of Mikwam and Yellow Kettle, sister of Angeline, and sister of Pinch. They are
all part of the Ojibwe tribe led by Old Tallow, Omakayes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
She was always willing to learn more about her Ojibwe culture which is the reason she wrote about
it. Erdrich used her works to teach others about her background. She grew up in the upper midwest
where the Ojibwe tribe is located. Her mother and grandparents were also very into their culture.
"That was the difference, too, in the way the chimookmanag lived.", (page 131). She tells the
differences she would have lived born into a tribe, she lives her culture through her books.
According to a selco article Erdrich has been interested in her culture since she was a little girl
(Biography 3). She tells tales through her books of her own experiences. She wrote the Birchbark
book series in 2000 just after she moved to Minneapolis in 1999. Once she moved to Minneapolis
she opened Birchbark Books with her sister where she sold many of her own works along with
others. The series title was dedicated to her
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23. Character Development Of Old Tallow And Omakayas In The...
Paper 2 Character development plays a vital role in stories to create a developing plot. In many
books, it is common to see a relationship between two characters blossom as the story progresses.
Evidence of this can be seen in The Birchbark House between two main characters, Omakayas and
Old Tallow. From the beginning of the story, Omakayas feels a sense of connection with Old Tallow,
but she is not able to pinpoint what exactly makes that connection between the two so strong.
Through life experiences, maturity, and a sense of affection, Old Tallow and Omakayas's
relationship grows continually throughout the novel. These interactions between the two helps the
reader understand the role that Omakayas learns to embrace and flourish in in her community as she
takes on the crucial role of the healer, as well as the steps it took to get there. The Birchbark House
is not necessarily an action driven book, but one that focuses on the life experience that the
community faces together. Omakayas and Old Tallow both face hardships throughout the novel, but
they don't face them alone. One of the most substantial life experiences that the two faces together is
"the visitor." On page 142 we see this devastating event take place. One quote that sums up the
catastrophic impact of the event is found on page 142 and states, "Indeed, what happened changed
the way Omakayas and her family lived from there on." On this page, we find out that the visitor
was a voyageur who appeared to be rather
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24. Impact of Global Warming on Coastal Wetlands Essay
Impact of Global Warming on Coastal Wetlands
Professor's comment: Jane wrote this research paper for my Advanced Composition course. The
assignment asks the students to read and understand six to ten articles within a research area of their
choice, then synthesize the information so that a reader can quickly understand the present state of
research in that area. Jane chose to look at how increased flooding and salinity might affect coastal
wetland soils and species, and she organized the material clearly and effectively. What I liked
particularly about this review was that it moved logically from the effects of flooding and salinity on
wetland soils to the effects on the plants growing there to the overall effects on the wetland, both ...
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Additionally, Ehhas been shown to decrease even further when soils are flooded with increased
salinity levels (Baldwin and Mendelssohn, 1998; Flynn et al., 1995). Under these conditions, the soil
medium becomes highly reducing and can affect wetland vegetation in two ways. First, and
probably most significant, is the reduction of sulfate (present in seawater) to hydrogen sulfide, a
known phytotoxin that has been shown to reduce wetland vegetation growth and/or survival at
higher concentrations (Flynn et al., 1995). Secondly, highly reducing conditions can interfere with a
plant's ability to uptake nitrogen by altering its form and availability in the soil (Webb et al., 1995).
Other problems created by high salinity soil conditions include the change in water potential
necessary for the plant to overcome the elevated salt concentration in the soil, and the possibility of
toxicity due to uptake of Na+ and Cl– ions (Flynn et al., 1995).
Physiological Responses of Wetland Plants due to Increased Flooding and Salinity
Although tolerance to increased flooding and salinity conditions varies somewhat by species,
wetland species that survive these heightened conditions demonstrate either some or all of the
following characteristics: lowered photosynthetic activity,
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25. Bayberry Candles Essay
Candles have cast a light on man's progress for centuries. However, there is very little known about
the origin of candles. Although it is often written that the first candles were developed by the
Ancient Egyptians who used rushlights, or torches, made by soaking the pithy core of reeds in
molten tallow, the rushlights had no wick like a candle. It is the Romans who are credited with
developing the wick candle, using it to aid travelers at dark, and lighting homes and places of
worship at night.
Like the early Egyptians, the Roman's relied on tallow, gathered from cattle or sheep suet, as the
principal ingredient of candles. It was not until the Middle Ages when beeswax, a substance secreted
by honey bees to make their honeycombs, was introduced. Beeswax candles were a marked
improvement over those made with tallow, for they did not ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, extracting the wax from the bayberries was extremely tedious. As a result, the popularity
of bayberry candles soon diminished.
The growth of the whaling industry in the late 18th century brought the first major change in
candlemaking since the Middle Ages, when spermaceti, a wax obtained by crystallizing sperm
whale oil, became available in quantity. Like beeswax, the spermaceti wax did not elicit a repugnant
odor when burned. Furthermore, spermaceti wax was found harder than both tallow and beeswax. It
did not soften or bend in the summer heat. Historians note that the first "standard candles" were
made from spermaceti wax.
It was during the 19th century when most major developments affecting contemporary
candlemaking occurred. In 1834, inventor Joseph Morgan introduced a machine which allowed
continuous production of molded candles by the use of a cylinder which featured a movable piston
that ejected candles as they
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26. The Industrial Development Of India
It is stated by the several scholars that British Government never interested to the industrial
development of India. During the British period, the growth of industrial output was hindered due to
the utmost poverty of the rural population of India. The large proportion of the middle–class
population had a taste and choice of imported goods instead to indigenous products. The tariff
protection provided by the British government was not enough to protect the industries because the
government was neither interested in the establishment of industrial plants nor in the development of
banks. Even during the period local industries had not given any preferences at the time of allotting
contracts.
The evidences found from the review of various ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
[28] See A.I. Levkovsky, op. cit., pp. 78, 305, 335.
After facing a long time political pressure government of India was relieved in 1947. Since that time
India had been noticed a continuous change in the entrepreneurial history of the India. Due to the
freedom, entrepreneurs gained substantial confidence and self–belief and pursued towards the
fulfillment of their entrepreneurial desires with a new energy. The people expectations from the
government were at altitude for the betterment of their life, including the entrepreneurs who were
expecting necessary infrastructure facility for the development of the country's economy as a whole.
The regional development and need of employment stipulated the path for the establishment of new
ventures in the country. Government of India understood the need to formulate a scheme for
achieving the balanced regional growth and for the development of the economy. To rejuvenate and
to develop the existing industries once again, Government of India launched the first Industrial
Policy, 1948 this policy was revised from time to time (Kuchhal1963). After some times, the
Government came forward with the Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957. But the
main change had been noticed after the adoption of planning commission in 1951. In the first five
year plan (195–1956) the Community Development Program was launched (1952) and focus was
given on power and transport facilities, agriculture and price stability, this initiative had
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27. The Differences Between William Shakespeare's Romeo And...
I can't relate to most of the play scenes from Romeo and Juliet because of many reasons such as the
feud between their families. The Capulet and Montague family have had a family feud between each
other and caused a fight in the town between Tybalt, a Capulet, and Benvolio a friend of Montague.
Tybalt had yelled, "...I hate the word as I hate hell, all Montagues, and thee. Have at thee coward!"
(1, 1, 72). This shows his hatred he has been taught over time in which made all Capulet
descendants, such as Romeo and Juliet, born to hate each other and yet, they end up falling in love at
first sight. I can't relate to this because my family is not against anyone and also, not forcing me into
any marriage proposals similar to in the play as Juliet ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He quickly forgets his love for Rosaline as he set his eyes on Juliet falling in love instantly. I believe
I had an experience similar to this scene when I had liked someone allot from a distance and we
always hung out in the class but then a friend pointed out he always messed with girls and was not a
good person to look into. My friend would tease me about liking this person similar to how
Benvolio and Mercutio were to tease Romeo. "Romeo! Humors! Madman! Passion! Lover! Appear
thou in the likeness of a sigh; speak but one rhyme, and I am satisfied! Cry but 'aye me!' pronounce
but 'love' and 'dove'..." (2, 1, 9). This quote is of Mercutio teasing Romeo believing that he is in love
with Rosaline.
There were many different areas that were important in the play and yet, none were similar from
when I have liked someone. I never had anyone sneak into my backyard, never talked to someone
outside of school that I liked, and more. I do know that my sibling could relate to these though when
she had her boyfriend sneak into the backyard and came over secretly.
In conclusion, Romeo and Juliet is a play that can be relatable to others but not to me. I haven't
personally liked someone truly enough to understand the feelings Romeo had for Juliet or the
feelings he had for
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28. Rhetorical Analysis On Mcdonalds Broke My Heart
Michele–Rose Limongello, Conor O'Brien, Jillian Cottingham, and Dylan Nicaj
WR 100.28
Prof. Desai
23 October, 2018
Rhetorical Analysis Assignment
Malcolm Gladwell's podcast on Revisionist History, "McDonald's Broke My Heart", is centered
around Phil Sokolof's experience of having a heart attack. Sokolof single handedly decided to attack
the issue of unhealthy food head on. Sokolof does this through the help of newspapers and
billboards, to promote a healthier lifestyle within the United States. Malcolm Gladwell discusses
during the podcast how McDonald's oil is unhealthy for humans, through the use of pathos.
Gladwell effectively spreads this message throughout the duration of his podcast. The podcast
informs the listeners how unhealthy McDonald's oil was and how the company needed to make a
change in order to provide its customers with a healthy food option.
Throughout Gladwell's podcast, he raised questions regarding the various issues and health concerns
around McDonald's French fries. The first question raised was, what is the correlation between fast
food itself and genetics? The question raised could be the possibility of genetically passing heart
diseases down through generations, rather than the intake of McDonald's fries. "Sokolof's doctors
tell him his diet and his high cholesterol levels put him at risk for more heart attacks so he decides to
do something about it, not just for himself, but for everyone" (Says). The podcast seemed to focus
more on the new oil used to fry the fries, rather than think about genetic heart disorders. It could
have been possible that Sokolof may have had a genetic heart disorder he did not know about, and
could have been shown through his late ages. It could also have been possible the amount of fried
food Sokolof had put into his body could have led to the high cholesterol problems, which could
lead to possible heart attacks in his future. Allowing the audience to have a better outlook on the real
issues behind McDonald's new way of frying their French fries.
All in all, Gladwell's podcast effectively proves how it is just the food itself, and it is not the
genetics that had led to Sokolof's heart attack. Another question that Gladwell raises, was Sokolof
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29. Indian Policy: Reservations
Indian Policy Reservations: In the 1890s, Buffalo's became an extinct animal as they were hunted
and slaughtered by the American Indians and the Europeans. Their numbers began to rapidly
decrease, and soon enough, less than 2,000 remained. How did it get this way? The American
Indians used bison as their livlihood, they not only use bison for meat, but they were very careful
about using every piece of the Bison they hunted. In an article entitled "A Brief History of Bison"
the "Bison Basics" author creates a chart listing the parts of a bison used by the Indians. (below)
Horns: Arrow Points Utensils (cups, ladles, spoons) Powder horns Decorative headdresses
Medication Bones: Knives, Pipes Arrowheads Splints Shovels War clubs Fat: Candle
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30. Importance Of Wagons For The Oregon Trail
Wagons for the Trail In the Oregon Trail the people had to have wagons to travel but they had to be
easy to repair on their journey like after going through a river. They had to be able to take parts off
of it when needed. For example, when they needed the wagons to float down the river. They would
be sturdy to fit stuff into and they would not break. They would need to have oxen, horses, and
mules to pull their wagons. According to www.oregontrailcenter.org the "bed was a rectangular
wooden box, usually 4 feet wide by 10 feet long. At its front end was a jockey box to hold tools."
The "undercarriage was composed of the wheels, axle assemblies, the reach (which connected the
two axle assemblies), the hounds (which fastened
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31. We're All Dying for a Big Mac Essay
We're Dying for a Big Mac
You have been at the office all day long, slaving over a telephone and a computer terminal. It's lunch
time, and you've got an hour to eat. No problem; there's a McDonald's a mere five minutes from the
office. You could go there–it's hot, it's fast, and it's convenient. Besides, they supposedly have
healthy foods like chicken and fish on the menu. Approximately 45.8 million people are served at
fast food restaurants every day in America, and why not? Fast foods are pre–prepared meals that are
served quickly at several restaurants strategically located throughout nearly every American city.
But there is a downside to the convenience they provide: they simply are not good for us.
Americans are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In fact, poor eating habits and lack of exercise is the leading cause of obesity today (13A). As
Brown argues:
Some fast food restaurants have sixty–seven grams of fat in just one meal; you start with the
burgers, which have fat as they are, then cheese is put on, adding still more fat. Then you get double
burgers and double cheeseburgers along with sauces, which are sometimes made of fat–one–sixth
the maximum recommended daily intake. According to the National Institute of Health (NIH) and
other agencies, Americans should eat 25 percent less fat per day, that would mean a decrease to
about 67 grams. (33)
With fast food restaurants creating bigger burgers every year, Americans are taking in more fat in
one burger than they should for an entire day's worth of meals; for example, a Big Mac at
McDonald's contains 34 grams of fat; a Double Whopper with cheese at Burger King has about 61
grams of fat, and at Wendy's, their triple cheeseburger (now being phased out) has a huge 68 grams.
This year, McDonald's plans to release the biggest burger ever, the Mega Mac, which consists of two
quarter–pound beef patties and "special sauce" which is a mayonnaise–based product (Engle 93).
Many fast food restaurants place certain foods that have a reputation for being good for you on the
menu to make you believe that they
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32. Summary Of The Sign Of Four
The case The Sign of Four is happened after Indian Rebellion of 1857. The spark of the rebellion is
because the grease used on these cartridges was rumored to include tallow derived from beef, which
would be offensive to Hindus, and pork, which would be offensive to Muslims. Sepoy should be
consider as undisciplinable and contrary to belief. In this story Jonathan Small killed Thaddeus
Sholto as a revenge since Sholto's father betrayed Small and his friends. The part, I found very
interesting is when Small first meet Abdullah, Akbar and Singh. "I am with you heart and soul."
(Doyle 45) Under that condition, How could Small trust three Indian people? Small is a frontier
soldiers at that time, facing three Indian guys he should try his best to
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33. Candle Making Through the Centuries Essays
The Evolution of Candles
For thousands of years, before modern electrical lighting systems were developed, candles existed
not for decoration but for the sole purpose of providing artificial light in millions of homes.
Here's a brief history of how the candle making industry flourished, declined and regained its
prominence through the years.
The Ancient Times
During the ancient civilisation, candles were made from tallow, or animal fat, extracted from cattle
and sheep. The first candles were developed by the ancient Egyptians. These candles, known as
rushlights or torches, had no wicks and burned slowly. The Romans were credited for the first
creation of candles with wicks, the ones that resembled the candles that are used today. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was in the late 18th century that the business of candle making with the use of the spermaceti, a
wax obtained by crystallising sperm whale oil, significantly flourished. The spermaceti wax, like
beeswax, burned clearly and do not produce foul, acrid odour. Also, the light being generated was
significantly brighter compared to the ones emitted by tallow and beeswax.
The 19th Century
In the 1820s, French chemist Michel Eugene Chevreul discovered a way to extract stearic acid from
animal fatty acids, which lead to the development of stearin wax. This type of wax, which is hard
and durable, is considered a fundamental element in candle making. In fact, the use of the stearin
candles remained popular in Europe until today.
In 1834, inventor Joseph Morgan developed a machine that allowed the constant production of
moulded candles by using a cylinder with a movable piston that ejects candles as they solidified.
With the introduction of this machine, candles became an affordable commodity for the masses.
In the 1850s, the paraffin wax was introduced after chemists learned how to effectively separate the
naturally–occurring waxy substance from petroleum. Paraffin, an odourless and bluish–white
substance, was considered a helpful element in the candle making process because it burned easily
and continuously. It was also more economical than any other candle fuel.
The
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34. Why Do Food Companies Lie
Food companies are misleading and not 100% honesty about what they say. Food companies would
put just about anything in foods so that they can pay less to make it. We as people know the
common things they tell us an example: how much sugar, fats, and high fructose corn syrup. Most
Companies even give us a number of calories we are eating as well as serving we should eat.
Although, are we truly getting the entire ingredient list, telling us what chemicals are being used?
Food companies should be more honest about the ingredients they use because everyone should
have the right to know what we are eating. ''
The line between ''artificial'' and ''natural'' flavors can often be quite thin – or even impossible to
see.'' Artificial flavors are combined
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35. Internal Conflict In Romeo And Juliet
Conflict is explored alongside and is also the cause of the progression of the story in Romeo and
Juliet. Particularly, due to the time period the play is set in, many conflicts arise between females
and males of the same family, caused by the predetermined ideas of superiority between genders. I
have chosen Act 3, Scene 5 which portrays internal conflict due to the predetermined ideas between
these genders. As we know from the beginning, Juliet loves Romeo and not Paris, when her mother
brings the news of her marriage, she pleads, saying "I pray you, tell my lord and father, madam, I
will not marry yet." Capulet, who is of high status, but is also Juliet's father, rejects the request
immediately. After hearing this, he refers to Juliet as
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36. Ray Kroc Research Paper
Ray Kroc revolutionized the way Americans and fast food chains handle french fries. Perfecting the
french fry was a hard task that required a lot of experimenting. If the fry was too rich in sugar, for
example, the outside would become too crispy, whereas the inside would not be fully cooked. The
perfect french fry is crispy, golden–brown and filled with a fluffy inside. Kroc had turned a simple
potato into an inexpensive snack that was easily mass produced. French fries are slowly killing
Americans. More specifically, the fats that the potato gets fried in is harming its consumers and is
extremely unhealthy. McDonald's went from using beef tallow, an animal–based oil, as their prime
frying liquid to vegetable oil after health concerns.
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37. How N- Is The World 's Best Selling Chemical Herbicide Essay
N–(phosphonomethyl) glycine known as glyphosate is the world's best–selling chemical herbicide.
Usually, it is combined with surfactants called POEA in order to improve the efficiency.
("Glyphosate | Surfactants: A Threat To Fish And Frogs?") The use as herbicide of glyphosate was
discovered by Monsanto chemist John E. Franz in 1970(PENN & LYNCH, 1982). He found out that
glyphosate can block the enzyme that plants need to create amino acids and other important plant
metabolite. Once the glyphosate is absorbed by the plant, it will lead the plant's death by starvation.
("Glyphosate | Glyphosate: mechanism of action", 2016). As the growing use of glyphosate–based
herbicides every year, scientist around the world have raised concerns about glyphosate–based
herbicides' safety. In March 2015 the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
concluded that glyphosate belongs in a 2A category which there is a possibility of causing cancer
("Does glyphosate (Roundup) cause cancer?" 2016). There is also a report showing that animals
exposed to products with glyphosate may drool, vomit, have diarrhea, lose their appetite, or seem
sleepy. ("Glyphosate General Fact Sheet", 2016). All these evidence show that using glyphosate–
based herbicides has its risk and possibility of doing harm to our livings and environment. The aims
of this report are to mentioning the ways of detect glyphosate–based herbicides in water, highlight
the toxicity of glyphosate–based herbicides under the
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38. William Shakespeare 's Romeo And Juliet
Romeo and Juliet is a famous play about love and tragedy written by William Shakespeare in 1597.
He is also known as England's most famous playwright and poet. The play is about two feuding
families who have an 'ancient grudge' with each other and two 'star crossed lovers' who fall in love
and commit suicide. This essay will show the range of conflict from emotional to physical conflict.
In Elizabethan times it was often expected for a play to start with a prologue. In the first line of the
prologue it begins with 'Two households, both alike in dignity,' this shows us that the two
households have an equal standing in society; for example the families are wealthy and are in the
upper–class of society. In the third line it says 'From ancient grudge' suggesting that the families
have had a long standing feud with each other for years and 'break to new mutiny' suggests that the
feud is going to get out of control in the new generation of the families. The word 'mutiny' means
rebellion against authority and this is what's going to happen in the feud later in the play. The phrase
in the sixth line says that 'A pair of star–cross'd lovers take their life' meaning that the lovers looked
to the stars for their destiny and were fated to die together. In Elizabethan times it was normal for
people to look to the stars for their fate because they believed that the signs of Zodiac influenced
people's behaviour and actions. A famous example would be Queen Elizabeth I because she placed
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39. Don T Blame The Eater Summary
"Don't Blame the Eater" by David Zinczenko, emphasizes the relationship between obesity in
children and fast food restaurants. As a child, Zinczenko ate at many types of fast food restaurants,
because his parents were too busy to cook for him. He had the option to eat at fast food because his
neighborhood was invaded by them, eventually that contributed to his obesity and "by age 15 he had
packed 212 pound of torpid teenage tallow won my once lanky 5 foot–10 frame" later he learned
how to have a healthy diet. This essay offers important information about diabetes he said " before
1994 , diabetes in children's was generally caused by a genetic disorder, but today according to the
National Institute of Health, type 2 diabetes accounts for at
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40. Enemy Release Research Paper
Enemy release is perhaps one of the most elementary forms of reasoning behind why a species has
the potential to become invasive in an introduced environment. The enemy release hypothesis
predicts that an exotic species can become invasive upon it introduction as a result of its escape or
'release' of specialist herbivores. It also predicts that phenotypic plasticity will be displayed similarly
in native and invasive ecotypes and that both ecotypes will behave and respond alike in common
environments (Rogers and Siemann, 2005). This prediction is derived from the understanding that
both native and invasive ecotypes have similar genetic contribution to tissue type and quality
(Rogers and Siemann, 2005). Assuming that specialist herbivores are ... Show more content on
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In part, this is explained by the novel weapons hypothesis which predicts that invasive plant species
produce chemicals that are novel to generalists of introduced ranges, requiring adaptive evolution
for invasives to become palatable to generalists (Lankau et al., 2004). It is also generally accepted
that invasives tend to alter the soil composition of their introduced ranges (Zou et al., 2006). In some
instances, it is evident that generalists do not feed on invasives in introduced ranges because they
lack the behavioral adaptations necessary to do so (Lankau et al., 2004). In 2002, a greenhouse study
was performed in LaMarque, Texas where grasshoppers (M. augustipennis) were placed large
mesocosms with Triadica and Celtis (common hackberry) to determine possible behavioral shifts of
herbivores when confined to a single food source (Lankau et al., 2004). In fact, grasshoppers
exhibited more herbivory on the exotic Triadica genotypes when compared to relative consumption
of native Celtis genotypes (Lankau et al., 2004). This study suggests that Triadica sebifera is indeed
palatable to generalist herbivores like grasshoppers in its introduced ranges. Generalists, however,
require selective pressure in order to shift their diets to invasive species like Triadica sebifera
(Lankau et al., 2004). Generalist herbivores display no detrimental effects
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