Introduction to Health Systems & Health Services Systems
Introduction to Mixed-Methods Research (MMR)
1. Introduction to Mixed-methods Research: MMR
ผศ.ดร.นพ.บวรศม ลีระพันธ์
FM Morning Academic Activity
22 มิ.ย.60
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2. ØThe “Dictatorship” of research question
ØPhilosophy of science
–Quantitative study
–Qualitative study
–Qualifiers and limitations of study methods
ØMixed-methods study (MMR)
ØRoles of MMR for FM research
Outline
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7. Closed Question (Y/N) Open Questions (5W1H)
Is there?
Does it?
Could it?
Would it?
Should it?
What?
When?
Where?
Why?
Who?
How?
Type of Research Questions
8. 1. What
• When (=What time)
• Where (=What place)
• Who/For Whom/By Whom (=What persons)
• How Much/How Many (=What cost, What size)
• Is there (=What actually happens)
2. How (=By what process)
3. Why (=By what reason)
Type of Research Questions: Summarizing
9. The “Dictatorship” of the Research Question
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Research
Paradigms &
Methods
Research
Questions
• Tashakkori & Toddlie, 1998
13. What is Our Philosophy of Science?
Objectivity (วัตถุวิสัย/ภววิสัย) Subjectivity (อัตวิสัย)
• ความจริงมีอยู่แล้วตามธรรมชาติ
และรอคอยการค้นพบของมนุษย์อยู่
(“Truth already exists
somewhere out there and is
waiting for our discovery.”)
• ดังนั้น ความรู้ (knowledge) คือ
ความจริงที่ถูกค้นพบโดยไม่มีอคติ
• ความจริงเป็นสิ่งที่มนุษย์สร้างขึ้น
(“Truth is being constructed”)
• ดังนั้น ความรู้ (knowledge) คือ
ความจริงที่ถูกสร้างขึ้นในบริบททาง
สังคมและวัฒนธรรมของมนุษย์ผู้
สร้้างความรู้นั้นๆ
14. Philosophy of Science
ØWe learn by so many ways: observation, experiment, etc.
ØBut, how we learn what is true and what is not,
depends on our “paradigm” (กระบวนทัศน์).
ØAnd, our “paradigm” depends on:
– Our “ontology” (ภววิทยา): how we see the nature of truth.
– Our “epistemology” (ญาณวิทยา): how we see the nature of
knowledge.
Very confusing?
18. Vincent van Gogh’s Vase with Twelve Sunflowers (1888); The Starry Night (1889)
19. Philosophy of Science
ØOur “paradigm” (กระบวนทัศน์) leads to our “methodology”
(วิธีวิทยา) and our “methods” (ระเบียบวิธีวิจัย): how we find
the truth and the knowledge:
• Study design
• Type of data & data collection methods
• Data analytic/synthetic methods
20. 1) Problem Identification (การระบุปัญหาที่ต้องการศึกษาวิจัย)
2) Research Questions (การตั้งคำถามวิจัย):
• What, Who, When, Where, How, Why, etc.
3) Study Design (การออกแบบการวิจัย):
• Cross-sectional, Retrospective Cohort, Prospective Case-Control, Clinical Trial, etc.
4) Data Collection (การเก็บข้อมูล):
• Primary vs. Secondary Data
• Quantitative (“Sampling”) vs. Qualitative Data (Selection of “Key Informants”)
5) Data Analysis/Synthesis (การวิเคราะห์/สังเคราะห์ข้อมูล):
• QUAN: Statistical Analysis, etc.
• QUAL: Content Analysis, Thematic Analysis, etc.
• MMR: Mixed-methods Research
Research Methods
21. 1) Problem Identification (การระบุปัญหาที่ต้องการศึกษาวิจัย)
2) Research Questions (การตั้งคำถามวิจัย):
• What, Who, When, Where, How, Why, etc.
3) Study Design (การออกแบบการวิจัย):
• Cross-sectional, Retrospective Cohort, Prospective Case-Control, Clinical Trial, etc.
4) Data Collection (การเก็บข้อมูล):
• Primary vs. Secondary Data
• Quantitative (“Sampling”) vs. Qualitative Data (Selection of “Key Informants”)
5) Data Analysis/Synthesis (การวิเคราะห์/สังเคราะห์ข้อมูล):
• QUAN: Statistical Analysis, etc.
• QUAL: Content Analysis, Thematic Analysis, etc.
• MMR: Mixed-methods Research
Design, Data Collection, Data Analysis
“3D of research”
24. Type of Research Questions
Source: Gilson, editor (2012). Health Policy and Systems Research: A Methodology Reader.
25. Quantitative Study Qualitative Study
• Objective
• Test theory; driven by hypothesis
• Measurable; report statistical
analysis; basic element of analysis
is numbers; establishes
relationships, causation
• Reasoning is logistic and deductive
• Uses instruments; researcher is
separate
• Strives for generalization; facts are
context-free and value-free
• Sample size is a concern: n
• Subjective
• Develops theory; driven by
research questions
• Interpretive; report rich narrative,
individual interpretation; basic
element of analysis is words/ideas;
describes meaning, discovery
• Reasoning is dialectic and inductive
• Uses communications/observation;
researcher is a part of process
• Strives for uniqueness; facts are
context-specific and value-laden
• Sample size is not a concern; seeks
informal-rich informants
Source: Adapated from Anderson (2006): www.icoe.org/webfm_send/1936
30. Skills for QUAN/QUAL Study
“สังเคราะห์ (synthesize)”
“วิเคราะห์ (analyze)”
QUAN/QUAL Data
• Theory/Hypothesis
• Theory/Hypothesis
QUAN/QUAL Data
“สังเกต (observe)”
32. Probably not this kind of observation!
Source: www.blueflashgames.net
33. Deep Listening & Learning
Source: Senge, P., Scharmer, C.O., Jaworski, J. & Flowers, B.S. (2004). Presence- Exploring Profound Change in People, Organizations and Society.
เปรียบเทียบกับสิ่งที่รู้ (“Downloading”)
ตัดสินคนพูด (“Judging”)
34. Deep Listening & Learning
Source: Senge, P., Scharmer, C.O., Jaworski, J. & Flowers, B.S. (2004). Presence- Exploring Profound Change in People, Organizations and Society.
เปิดความคิด
เปิดใจ
เปิดเจตจำนง
เรียนรู้จากปัจจุบันขณะ, “มหาสติ”
35. Deep Listening & Learning
• Multiple levels of how we can learn from listening:
① “Downloading” (ตัดสินคนพูด, เปรียบเทียบกับสิ่งที่เคยรู้):
e.g. to test our knowledge, to test our hypotheses
② “Observing”, “Open Mind” (เปิดความคิด, ได้มุมมองหรือข้อมูลใหม่):
e.g. to understand and gain new knowledge of why and
how do people think or behave in a certain way
③ “Sensing”, “Open Heart” (เปิดใจ, เอาใจเขามาใส่ใจเรา):
e.g. to empathize people we met
④ “Presencing”, “Open Will” (เปิดเจตจำนง, เรียนรู้จากปัจจุบันขณะ):
e.g to create our own insight or knowledge
43. How exactly the two methods are “mixed”?
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44. Planning MMR
Source: Creswell (2008).
• Topic: “pain diary” used by patients with chronic pain
• Research Qs:
– Q1: Is the use of pain diary (cost)-effective?
– Q2: In which groups of patients that the use of pain diary are
effective (e.g. patients with cancer pain vs. patients with non-cancer
chronic pain)?
– Q3: What are the experiences of patients using pain diary?
– Q4: How does pain diary help patients to cope with chronic pain?
By what mechanism(s)?
– Q5: Why is the pain diary not effective in some patients?
45. Considerations in Planning MMR
Source: Adapted from Creswell et al (2003).
Timing Weighting Mixing Theorizing
• No
sequence,
Concurrent
• Sequential,
Qualitative
first
• Sequential,
Quantitative
first
• Equal
• Qualitative
• Quantitative
• Integrating
• Connecting
• Embedding
• Explicit
• Implicit