9. Still Life: Vase with Twelve Sunflowers (1888); The Starry Night (1889)
10. Three Approaches
Positivism
Critical Realism
Relativism/
Interpretivism/Social
Constructionism
What types of
questions asked
about “situation/
intervention (X)”?
Does “X” work?
In reality of “X”,
How does
Is “X” cost-effective? what components of stakeholders and
X do works for
understand “X”?
whom under which
condition?
Related disciplinary
perspectives
Clinical Medicine,
Epidemiology,
Welfare Economics
Policy Analysis,
Organizational
Studies
Anthropology,
Sociology
Key Approaches &
Methods
Deduction (อนุมาน,
Hypothesis driven)
Theory testing and
building
Induction (อุปมาน,
inference of general
laws from instances)
11. Three Approaches
Positivism
Study tools
Critical Realism
Relativism/Interpretivism/
Social Constructionism
• Measurements
through survey, use
of archival and other
data records
• Statistical analysis
• Qualitative data
analysis (through
semi-structured
interview and rigid
interviewing
procedures)
• Multiple data
(review of
documents,
range of
interviewing
methods,
observation)
• Qualitative data
analysis
(through
in-depth
interviewing,
focus-group
interviewing,
documentary
review,
participant
observation,
life histories)
12. Theory U
Source: Senge, P., Scharmer, C.O., Jaworski, J. & Flowers, B.S. (2004). Presence- Exploring Profound Change in People, Organizations and Society.
13. Going Deepeer
• Multiple levels of how we can learn from the fieldwork:
– Downloading: To test our knowledge e.g. test hypotheses
– Observing (using “open mind”): To understand new
knowledge e.g. why and how do people think or behave in a
certain way?
– Sensing (using “open heart”): To empathize people we met
and create our own insight/knowledge
– Presencing (using “open will”)