2. 08/31/17 2
Benign Prostatic
Hyperplasia
īŽ Generalised disease of the
prostate due to hormonal
derangement which leads
to enlargement of the gland
(increase in the number of
epithelial cells and stromal
tissue)to cause
compression of the urethra
leading to symptoms
3. BPH
Proposed Etiologies
īŽ Cause not completely understood
īŽ Reawakening of the urogenital sinus to proliferate
īŽ Change in hormonal milieu with alterations in the
testosterone/estrogen balance
īŽ Induction of prostatic growth factors
īŽ Increased stem cells/decreased stromal cell death
īŽ Accumulation of dihydroxytestosterone, stimulation by
estrogen and prostatic growth hormone actions
4. 08/31/17 4
BPH facts
īŽ Occurs in 50% of men over 50 and in 80% of
men over 80 have BPH
īŽ BPH progresses differently in every individual
īŽ Many men with BPH may have mild
symptoms and may never need treatment
īŽ BPH does not predispose to the
development of prostate cancer
7. BPH
Pathophysiology
īŽ Slow and insidious changes over time
īŽ Complex interactions between prostatic urethral
resistance, intravesical pressure, detrussor
functionality, neurologic integrity, and general
physical health.
īŽ Initial hypertrophyī detrussor decompensationī
poor toneī diverticula formationī increasing urine
volumeī hydronephrosisī upper tract dysfunction
8. 08/31/17 8
Complications
īŽ Urinary retention
īŽ UTI
īŽ Sepsis secondary to UTI
īŽ Residual urine
īŽ Calculi
īŽ Renal failure
īŽ Hematuria
īŽ Hernias, hemorroids, bowel habit change
9. 08/31/17 9
Clinical manifestations
īŽ Voiding symptoms
īŽ decrease in the urinary stream
īŽ Straining
īŽ Dribbling at the end of urination
īŽ Intermittency
īŽ Hesitancy
īŽ Pain or burning during urination
īŽ Feeling of incomplete bladder emptying
10. 08/31/17 10
Clinical manifestations
īŽ Irritative symptoms
urinary frequency
urgency
dysuria
bladder pain
nocturia
incontinence
symptoms associated with infection
12. Other Relevant History
īŽ GU History (STD, trauma, surgery)
īŽ Other disorders (eg. neurologic,
diabetes)
īŽ Medications (anti-cholinergics)
īŽ Functional Status
14. AUA Symptom Score Sheet
Not at all
Less
than 1
time
in 5
Less
than
half the
time
About half
the time
More
than
half
the
time
Almost
always
Your
score
Incomplete emptying
Over the past month, how often have you had a sensation of not emptying your
bladder completely after you finish urinating?
0 1 2 3 4 5
Frequency
Over the past month, how often have you had to urinate again less than two hours after
you finished urinating?
0 1 2 3 4 5
Intermittency
Over the past month, how often have you found you stopped and started again several
times when you urinated?
0 1 2 3 4 5
Urgency
Over the last month, how difficult have you found it to postpone urination? 0 1 2 3 4 5
Weak stream
Over the past month, how often have you had a weak urinary stream? 0 1 2 3 4 5
Straining
Over the past month, how often have you had to push or strain to begin urination? 0 1 2 3 4 5
Â
Â
None 1 time 2 times 3 times 4 times
5 times
or more
Your
score
Nocturia
Over the past month, many times did you most typically get up to urinate from the
time you went to bed until the time you got up in the morning?
0 1 2 3 4 5
Quality of life due to urinary symptoms
Delighted Pleased Mostly satisfied
Mixed â about equally
satisfied and dissatisfied
Mostly
dissatisfied
Unhappy Terrible
If you were to spend the rest of your life with your
urinary condition the way it is now, how would you
feel about that?
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Â
Total score: 0-7 Mildly symptomatic; 8-19 moderately symptomatic; 20-35 severely symptomatic.
16. BPH
Danger Signs on DRE
īŽ Firm to hard nodules
īŽ Irregularities, unequal lobes
īŽ Induration
īŽ Stony hard prostate
īŽ Any palpable nodular abnormality
suggests cancer and warrants
investigation
17. Optional Evaluations and
Diagnostic Tests
īŽ Urine cytology in patients with:
īŽ Predominance of irritative voiding symptoms.
īŽ Smoking history
īŽ Flow rate and post-void residual
īŽ Not necessary before medical therapy but should be
considered in those undergoing invasive therapy or
those with neurologic conditions
īŽ Upper tract evaluation if hematuria, increased creatinine
īŽ Cystoscopy
18.
19. 08/31/17 19
PSA
īŽ Elevated levels of PSA
īŽ 0 â 4 ng/ml
īŽ
Prostatic pathology
īŽ Correlates with tumor mass
īŽ Some men with prostate cancer have
normal PSA levels
20. BPH SYMPTOMS
Differential Diagnosis
īŽ Urethral stricture
īŽ Bladder neck contracture
īŽ Carcinoma of the prostate
īŽ Carcinoma of the bladder
īŽ Bladder calculi
īŽ Urinary tract infection and prostatitis
īŽ Neurogenic bladder
21. BPH TREATMENT
INDICATIONS
Absolute vs Relative
īŽ Severe obstruction
īŽ Urinary retention
īŽ Signs of upper tract
dilatation and renal
insufficiency
īŽ Moderate symptoms
of prostatism
īŽ Recurrent UTIâs
īŽ Hematuria
īŽ Quality of life issues
22. Treatment Options
īŽ Mild to severe symptoms with little
âbotherâ
īŽ Manage with watchful waiting.
īŽ
Risk of therapy outweighs the benefit of
medical or surgical treatment
īŽ Moderate to severe symptoms with
bother
īŽ Management options include watchful
waiting, medical management and surgical
treatment.
23. Therapy
īŽ Watchful waiting and behavioral modification
īŽ Medical Management
īŽ Alpha blockers
īŽ 5-alpha reductase inhibitors
īŽ Combination therapy
īŽ Surgical Management
īŽ Office based therapy
īŽ OR based therapy
īŽ Urethral stents
24. Watchful Waiting and Behavioral
Modification
īŽ âis the preferred management technique in
patients with mild symptoms and minimal botherâ
īŽ AUA score < 7,
īŽ 1/3 improve on own.
25. Watchful Waiting and Behavioral
Modification
īŽ Decrease caffeine, alcohol )diuretic effect(
īŽ Avoid taking large amounts of fluid over a short
period of time
īŽ Void whenever the urge is present, every 2-3 hours
īŽ Maintain normal fluid intake, do not restrict fluid
īŽ Avoid bladder irritants to include dairy products,
artificial sweeteners, carbonated beverages
īŽ Limit nighttime fluid consumption
īŽ BPH symptoms can be variable, intermittent
27. Benefits
Convenient
No loss of work
time
Minimal risk
Disadvantages
Expensive
Drug Interactions
Must be taken every day
Manages the problem
instead of fixing it
medication
īŽ
īŽ
īŽ īŽ
īŽ
īŽ
īŽ
28. 08/31/17 28
Medical Management
Alpha adrenergic receptor blockers
īŽ promote smooth muscle relaxation in the prostate
īŽ Relaxation of the muscles facilitates urinary flow
īŽ Doxazosin (Cardura), Terazosin (Hytrin),
Tamsulosin (Flomax), Alfuzosin (Uroxatral)
īŽ Side effects: postural hypotension, dizziness,
fatigue,
īŽ Other problems can occur when pt is also taking
cardiac or other hypertensive drugs
29. Alpha-Adrenergic Blockers
īŽ Equal clinical effectiveness
īŽ Slight differences in adverse event profile
īŽ
Orthostasis (lower in tamsulosin)
īŽ
Ejaculatory dysfunction (higher in tamsulosin)
īŽ
Decreased energy levels
īŽ
Nasal congestion
īŽ
Increase in CHF risk with doxazosin
īŽ Must titrate doxazosin and terazosin to
effective levels
30. 08/31/17 30
Medical Management
5 alpha reductase inhibitor ) finasteride: Proscar(
īŽ Reduce size of prostate gland by up to 30 %by up to 30 %
īŽ Blocks the enzyme of 5 alpha reductase which is
nec, for the conversion of testosterone to
dihydroxytestostersone
īŽ Regression of hyperplastic growth
īŽ Donât work immediatelyDonât work immediately
īŽ Small effect on symptom score and flow ratesSmall effect on symptom score and flow rates
31. 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitors
īŽ Agents are effective and appropriate treatment for
patients with lower urinary tract symptoms and
demonstrable enlargement of the prostate.
īŽ Average prostate size is 30 ccâs. Original studies
showed benefit only in men with prostate sizes
greater than 50 ccâs.
32. 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitors
īŽ Finasteride (Proscar) and Dutasteride (Avodart)
īŽ Less effective for relief of BPH symptoms
than alpha blockers
īŽ Adverse events include
īŽ
Decreased libido
īŽ
Worsened sexual function (erectile dysfunction)
īŽ
decrease volume of ejaculation
īŽ
Breast enlargement and tenderness
īŽ Reduces risk of urinary retention by 3%/year.
īŽ PSA must be doubled if screening for prostate
cancer
33. Combination Therapy
īŽ Concomitant use of alpha blockers and
5-alpha reductase inhibitors
īŽ Should be reserved for patients who
are at significant risk of progression
and adverse outcome
īŽ
Poor surgical candidate
īŽ
Patient wants to avoid surgery
īŽ
Significant cost associated with dual
medications
34. 08/31/17 34
Medical Management
īŽ Herbal therapy â
saw palmetto fruit â
use to improve
urinary symptoms
and urinary flow
īŽ Problem with herbal
therapy â long term
effectiveness
36. Surgical Management
īŽ Office based therapies:
īŽ Transurethral microwave therapy (TUMT)
īŽ Transurethral needle ablation (TUNA)
īŽ
Therapies are effective
or partially effective for
relieving the symptoms of BPH
īŽ
Significant side effects/complications
associated with these treatments
have prompted a FDA warning
37. Surgical Management
īŽ OR based therapies
īŽ Open simple prostatectomy
īŽ TURP
īŽ Transurethral incision of the prostate
īŽ Laser photoselective vaporization of the
prostate (green light laser PVP)
īŽ Laser Prostatectomy
38. Surgical Management
īŽ Patients may select surgical treatment as initial
therapy if moderate or severe bother is present.
īŽ Patients who have developed complications of
BPH (i.e urinary retention, renal insufficiency,
recurrent UTI) are best treated surgically.
īŽ New surgical treatment have not demonstrated
better outcomes than TURP to date.
39. BPH TREATMENT
Surgical
īŽ Indicated for AUA score >16
īŽ Transurethral Prostatectomy(TURP): 18%
morbidity with .2% mortality. 80-90%
improvement at 1 year but 60-75% at 5 years
and 5% require repeat TURP.
īŽ Transurethral Incision of Prostate (TUIP): less
morbidity with similar efficacy indicated for
smaller prostates.
īŽ Open Prostatectomy: indicated for glands >
60 grams or when additional procedure
needed for suprapubic/retropubic approaches
41. the âgold standardâ- TURP
Benefits
Widely available
Effective
Long lasting
Disadvantages
Greater risk of side
effects and complications
1-4 days hospital stay
1-3 days catheter
4-6 week recovery
īŽ
īŽ
īŽ
īŽ
īŽ
īŽ
īŽ
42. possible side effects of
īŽGreater than 5% risk of:
īŽ
Irritative voiding symptoms
īŽ
Bladder neck contracture
īŽ
UTI
īŽRisk of incontinence 1%
īŽDecline in erectile function
īŽ65% of retrograde ejaculation
īŽTUR syndrome (acute hyponatremia from free
water absorption)
īŽHemorrhage
īŽBladder spasms
TURP
43. 08/31/17 43
Preoperative Goals
īŽ Restoration of urinary drainage
īŽ Treatment of any urinary tract infection
īŽ Understanding of procedure,
implications for sexual functioning and
urinary control
44. 08/31/17 44
Preoperative care
īŽ Antibiotics
īŽ Allow pt to discuss concerns about
surgery on sexual functioning
īŽ Prostatic surgery may result in
retrograde ejaculation
45. 08/31/17 45
Postoperative Goals
īŽ No complications
īŽ Restoration of urinary control
īŽ Complete bladder emptying
īŽ Satisfying sexual expression
46. 08/31/17 46
Postoperative Care
īŽ Monitoring
īŽ Continuous irrigation & maintain catheter
patency
īŽ Blood clots and hematuria are expected for
the first 24-36 hours
īŽ After catheter is removed â check for urinary
retention and urinary stream
47. 08/31/17 47
TURP
īŽ Sphincter tone may be poor after
catheter is removed. Kegal exercise
pelvic muscle floor technique is
encouraged. Starting and stopping the
urinary stream is helpful.
īŽ Stool softeners to avoid straining
īŽ Sitting and walking for long periods
should be avoided
48. 08/31/17 48
Discharge planning
īŽ Catheter care
īŽ Managing urinary incontinence
īŽ Oral fluid intake â 2,000-3,000 cc per day
īŽ Observe for s/s of urinary tract infection
īŽ Prevent constipation
īŽ Avoid lifting
īŽ No driving or intercourse after surgery
49. 08/31/17 49
Surgical approaches for
prostatectomy
īŽ Retropubic
īŽ Midline abd. incision
īŽ Perineal
īŽ Incision between the
scrotum and anus
īŽ Suprapubic
īŽ Abdominal incision
52. Destroy prostate tissue with heat
Tissue is left in the body and is expelled
over time (called sloughing)
Transurethral Microwave Therapy (TUMT)
Transurethral Needle Ablation (TUNAÂŽ
)
Interstitial Laser Coagulation (ILC)
Water Induced Thermotherapy (WIT)
heat therapies
īŽ
īŽ
īŽ
īŽ
īŽ
īŽ
53. heat therapies
Benefits
Office treatments
Local anesthesia
Minimally invasive
Reduced risk of
complications as
compared to
invasive surgical
âTURPâ
Disadvantages
Some symptoms will
persist for up to 3
months
Cannot predict who will
respond
May require prolonged
catheterization
īŽ
īŽ
īŽ
īŽ
īŽ
īŽ
īŽ
54. possible side effects of
Urinary Tract Infection
Impotence
Incontinence
heat therapies
īŽ
īŽ
īŽ
55. Laser Photoselective
Vaporization of the Prostate
(Laser PVP)
īŽ TURP-equivalent 7 year improvement in
symptom score and urination parameters
īŽ Decreased risk of bleeding and TUR
syndrome, otherwise similar adverse effect
profile
īŽ May be done on anti-coagulated patients
Editor's Notes
Medications address the desire we all have to find a âcureâ to fix the problem. We all like a âquick and easyâ solution.
They can, however, become less effective over time.
Studies have shown that people tend to become less careful about following directions regarding the dose and/or frequency of taking their medication.
Until recently, the only option we could offer patients for treatment of their symptoms was either an open abdominal surgical procedure, or a trans-urethral resection of the prostate.
Medications address the desire we all have to find a âcureâ to fix the problem. We all like a âquick and easyâ solution.
They can, however, become less effective over time.
Studies have shown that people tend to become less careful about following directions regarding the dose and/or frequency of taking their medication.
Medications address the desire we all have to find a âcureâ to fix the problem. We all like a âquick and easyâ solution.
They can, however, become less effective over time.
Studies have shown that people tend to become less careful about following directions regarding the dose and/or frequency of taking their medication.