Audiometric Test Procedure

Audiometric Test Procedure
Audiometric Test Procedures
Audiometric tests will be documented to include the following information:
i. Tester's name, signature, certificate number and date of certification. ii. The name and signature of
the certified health professional who is responsible for evaluating the audiogram. iii. Date of the
most recent calibrations. iv. Result and date of the sound pressure level measurement in the
audiometric test room.
v. Employee's history, which will indicate any prior exposure to occupational or non–occupational
high noise levels, and any medical or physical conditions that have the potential to affect hearing.
Audiometric tests will be conducted by a licensed or certified health professional that will use
industry standard equipment
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Mccormick Tribune Campus Center Case Study
The McCormick Tribune Campus Center has two primary components, the one–story building that
has multiple different activities for students and guests, and the long stainless steel tube that is
placed directly above the roof of the building. The function of the steel tube is that it is designed to
greatly muffle the noise and vibration generated by the passing commuter trains. According to IIT,
the tube muffles the train noise noise from an average 120 dB to about 70–80 dB outside the
building, about 70 dB inside the building. Sound waves are caused by disturbances in the air. These
disturbances are usually caused by a vibrating object. In the case of the MTCC, the CTA train
railroad is right above the MTCC. As the train is traveling along

Harvey Munson Research Paper
The ears are one of the most complex and interesting systems thats human body has and the sounds
we hear are actually in many different parts deflected, absorbed, and also filtered by our different
body parts. It's then collected by our pinnae (the external part of or ears), whose dimensions further
affect the sound on its way into ear. There, vibrations are translated into signals, which are
interpreted by your brain. In the 1930s, two scientists at Bell Labs, Harvey Fletcher and Wilden A.
Munson researched this process and what they discovered has changed and affected how we as
humans understand the hearing process.
Harvey Fletcher and Wilden Munson revealed, among other things, that the human ear is not linear,
and is not capable of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Loudness button on consumer stereo receivers is an equalization circuit that boosts the highs
and lows as the volume is lowered so the music will sound the same whether soft or loud. Noise–
shaping circuits filter dither and quantization noise into the extreme upper range, where we will
simply notice it less.
To describe the concept of equal loudness regardless of frequency, the unit phon was developed.
Each curve of the equal loudness contours defines a single phon level. For example, the curve that is
40 dB SPL at 1 kHz is defined as 40 phons; 40 phons at 10 kHz is therefore approximately 50 dB
SPL and at 100 Hz slightly more than 60 dB SPL. Phons and decibels SPL are the same for a 1 kHz
tone – an increase of 10 phons is equal to an increase of 10 dB at 1 kHz, but it may be more or less
at other frequencies. Many audio measurements are made using weighting curves that attempt to
skew the results in favor of the way we actually hear. For example, the signal–to–noise ratio of a
microphone preamp might be listed as 108 dB A–weighted, or sometimes just 108 dB(A). This
means that the noise was filtered before measurement to exclude the extreme lows and highs to
approximately the same degree our ears do at 40 phons. The rationale is that if we listen to the
device at that level, then we will perceive the noise floor to be

Limitations And Errors Of Acoustic Intensity
Limitations and errors in measurement of acoustic Intensity
Whoever starts making the measurement of sound intensity should have basic knowledge of its
limitations and errors. Many researchers are focusing more in identifying and studying the errors
and limitations of measurement of sound intensity, the study of errors and limitations is attracting
the researchers more to look into measurement of sound intensity. This preoccupation with errors
and limitations is not the result of a particularly gloomy disposition among the members of the
'intensity community'; it results from the disturbing observation that the accuracy of sound intensity
measurements depends strongly on the sound field under study, in combination with the fact that
small ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The phase error is often expressed in terms of the so–called residual pressure–intensity index, which
should be as large as possible. With high–quality instrumentation and a separation distance of 12
mm this quantity is at least 18 dB above 250 Hz. One can increase the residual pressure–intensity
index by using a larger microphone separation distance, but this conflicts with the high–frequency
optimisation
This is normalized error depends upon single property of sound field
In sound power measurement the error depends upon the ratio between corresponding surfaces
integrated quantities. There is pressure correction technique, which is by knowing the phase error of
the instrumentation from a measurement of the residual pressure–intensity index and subtract the
error.
2. The high frequency performance of sound intensity probes.
The most fundamental limitation of the two–microphone measurement principle is due to the
approximation of the pressure gradient by a difference of pressures at two closely spaced points, this
finite difference approximation obviously imposes an upper frequency limit. In principle the finite
difference error depends on the sound field in a complicated manner, but practice has shown that the
error is acceptably small if kd < 1, where k is wave number and d is microphone separation distance.
One cannot expand the frequency range by using a very small separation between the microphones
since the influence of several

Design Of A Standby Generator
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL and ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING Bachelor of Engineering
Technology in Electrical Services Engineering Program Code: DT083 YEAR 4 Module: Electrical
Plant 2 Lecturer: Thomas Woolmington Student Name Karl Kidd Student Number D02127276
Class Group AAssignment 1 Assignment title: Design of a Standby Generator Date issued 12/2/16
Due by Date returned DECLARATION I hereby certify that the material, which is submitted in this
assignment/project, is entirely my own work and has not been submitted for any academic
assessment other than as part fulfilment of the assessment procedures for the program (DT083)
Bachelor of Engineering Technology in Electrical Services Engineering (B.Eng Tech). Signature of
student:............Karl Kidd.......... Date:............................................. Contents Introduction 1 Choice of
generator 1 Mode of Operating & Starting 2 Load transfer 3 Prevention of islanding 3 Type of
alternator/ exiter unit 4 Engine Type 4 Electrical Interface 5 Fuel and fuel storage 7 Noise Levels 7
Air intake and Exhaust 8 Maintenance 8 Location 8 Containment 8 Fire implications 9 Peak lopping
9 Conclusion 10 Figure 1 The SDMO T22K Generator 1 Figure 2 ATS021 Automatic transfer
switch 2 Figure 3 Switching of non–priority loads 3 Figure 4 MECC ALTE ECP 28–1LN/4
Alternator 4 Figure 5The Mitsubishi S4Q2SD 4 Figure 6 The Apm 303 Standard controller 5 Figure
7 The APM 303 Standard Controller 5 Figure 8 TELYS Optional

The Somatosensory System
Sensation is the input about the physical world that's obtained by the sensory receptors. There are 5
primary human senses: sight, smell, taste, and touch and each are perceived through our eyes, ears,
nose, hands, mouth, etc.
Sight is the ability for our eyes to focus and detect visible light on the preceptors in our eyes which
then create nerve impulses for features like color, brightness, and etc. There are 2 types of
photoreceptors; rods, which are responsible for our ability to see in dim light and cones, which are
responsible for our ability to see in bright light, image clarity, and more. The photoreceptors
transduce light into electrical signals that can be sent to the brain for further processing. Some
neuroanatomists consider the ability of each photoreceptor as type of sensation by itself.
Hearing is the sense of sound perception and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Our sense of touch is controlled by a huge network of nerve endings and touch receptors in the skin
known as the somatosensory system. This system is responsible for all the sensations we feel.
Within the somatosensory system, there are four main types of receptors: mechanoreceptors, pain
receptors, thermoreceptors, and proprioceptors. Mechanoreceptors decipher sensations such as
pressure, vibrations, and texture. The thermoreceptors are responsible for perceiving the temperature
of objects we touch. Pain receptors do exactly as they are named, they are responsible for detecting
the feeling of pain. Finally, proprioceptors sense the position of the different parts of the body in
relation to each other and the surrounding environment. When your hand touches an object, the
mechanoreceptors in the skin are activated, and they start a chain of events by signaling to the
nearest neuron that they touched something until the message reaches the brain, and causes a
reaction (Pediaopolis

Visual-Reinforcement Audiometry
At this visit, I would like to perform tympanometry to rule out a conductive component to the
hearing loss. I would also like to perform Visual–Reinforcement Audiometry to find as many pure–
tone thresholds as to get at least a general picture of how much hearing loss she has. The minimum
results I need to proceed with programming amplification would be a high and low air conduction
threshold via visual reinforcement audiometry in each ear. If I could get a pure–tone air conduction
score at 500 and 2000 Hz for this patient, I could fit a pair of hearing aids on her. The more
thresholds I can find for her, the more finely tuned her hearing aid will be, but at this age, you can
work with a minimum of those four thresholds.
According to H. Gustav Mueller, the Real–Ear Coupler Difference (RECD) is "the difference in
decibels, as a function of frequency, between the sound pressure level produces near the tympanic
membrane in an occluded ear canal by a coupled sound source having a ... Show more content on
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While it is important for children to hear specific voice signals, there is so much more that goes into
development that would be lost if you were to implement digital noise reduction or directional
microphone settings in their hearing aid. Perhaps the best example is the case to be made for
incidental hearing that occurs in a classroom. If the hearing aids were reducing all background noise
except the teacher's voice, the patient would hear the teacher's answers to their classmates'
questions, but they wouldn't be able to hear the questions that prompted said answers. In the same
way, a child would miss out on certain aspects of social development as well because it would be
nearly impossible for a hearing aid to keep up with the unpredictable conversation patterns of
children. Adults are much more likely to speak clearly and facing the person they are speaking to
than a child at recess or in a

Problems Associated With Urban Noise Pollution
Introduction
Urban noise pollution is causing increased health risks in the population. This is due both to the fact
that noise levels, particularly those associated with transport, have increased dramatically since the
mid–twentieth century and that a higher percentage of the world population is now concentrated in
urban systems. This problem has also increased economic costs due to failing health and reduced
productivity of the population, affecting between 0.2% and 2% of gross domestic product in the US.
In the European Union, the costs range between $13 billion and $38 billion per year. In addition,
traffic noise causes the depreciation of properties exposed to high noise levels.
Studies on urban noise are becoming more numerous, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a starting point, vehicles were classified into the following categories: motorcycles, cars
(including cars, trucks, small delivery vans and microbuses), buses, mini–buses (small buses) and
trucks (over 3 tons). Subsequently, we conducted measurements of single noise on the streets of the
city (n = 533 vehicles), seeking to exclude the impact of other vehicles and other sources of noise.
To this end, we used an integrated Extech type II sound level meter (SLM) to evaluate the
instantaneous sound level (Li,1sec) during the approach and passage of each vehicle in front of the
SLM on roads with 1 and 2 lanes. These measurements followed conventional techniques and were
conducted using a tripod and a windscreen at a height of 1.2 m at a distance of 1 m from the road
with A and slow weights. In parallel, we gauged the pace at which every vehicle was voyaging
utilizing manual Bushnell supplies. In all cases, the predominating conditions included level, dry
streets, wind speeds short of what 4 km/h and a low frequency of other clamor sources.
For each type of vehicle, we conducted a regression analysis between the maximum noise level
(when passing in front of the SLM) and speed. Because this yielded low coefficients of
determination, we implemented classification trees to dissociate subgroups depending on the speed
of vehicles. Subsequently, we averaged all noise levels recorded in each subgroup at time zero
(passing in front of the SLM) and

Pollutions : Effecting The Effects Of Noise In The Classroom
To begin the discussion on the effect of noise within a classroom setting, we must first analyze what
noise is. Merriam Webster defines noise as "any sound that is undesired or interferes with one's
hearing of something." Noise can arise from a range of objects. This can include but is not limited to
people, machinery or everyday common objects such as a pencil sharpener. While noise constantly
surrounds us, it is when there is a large amount of a loud level of noise that it begins to impede our
ability to interpret and follow speech. The American Speech–Language Hearing Association
outlines the levels of noise that are comfortable for noise. Noise is measured in decibels (dB), and a
range anywhere from 0 to 70 dB is considered normal. Anything above 85 dB can lead to eventual
hearing loss. While the level of noise within a classroom is well within the normal range, this just
goes to show that noise can have a strong effect on our health. It comes to no surprise then that noise
can lead to difficulty with attention and learning in classrooms.
Now we must explore what the possible noises in a classroom may be. It can range anywhere from
outside noise such as cars passing by to the chairs scrapping on the floor. Noise for a classroom is
often described in two categories: external and internal noises. An external noise is usually a single
event, such as a car honking. An internal noise are noises that are occurring directly within the
classroom, such as a pencil sharpener or

The Basic Properties of Sound Essay
First of all, a sound source radiates power and this results in a sound pressure, where the sound
power is the 'cause' and sound pressure is the 'effect'. But still, we always have to keep in mind that
sound cannot travel through vacuum, simply, because sound propagates as a wave, which creates
'compressions' and 'rarefactions', as it interacts with the particles of the medium. If there is no
medium, then there are no particles and of course, there is no interaction wave–particles interaction
and as a result, no sound is produced. This specific fact, was proven by Robert Boyle (17th century),
a researcher who showed through multiple experiments, that a bell, ringing in vacuum medium
cannot be heard. We have to mention here, that sound ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The unit of frequency in SI (System International) is the hertz (Hz), where one hertz is equivalent to
one cycle per second. Human beings can hear sound from vibrating objects in the range between
20–20.000 Hz (this range may vary depending on age, health, e.t.c.). Pitch, on the other hand is the
human sensation of frequency, the ability to tell the difference between different frequencies of
sound, which are organized into classes of pitches. A high pitch sound corresponds to a high
frequency sound wave and a low pitch sound corresponds to a low frequency sound wave. In music,
pitch is a technical term, used to describe how high or low a note is.
Intensity vs Loudness
Sound intensity is defined as the sound power per unit area. We usually measure the intensity in a
vertical direction (90o) in relation to a given unit area, through which the sound energy is flowing.
Intensity is very useful in locating sound sources, since it provides a measure of direction and
magnitude (SI unit: W/m2). The most common and easiest alternative way to measure sound
intensity is by using the logarithmic decibel (dB) scale. The threshold of hearing is assigned a sound
level of 0 dB (1*10–12 W/m2). A sound 10 times more 'intense' corresponds to a sound level of
10dB, a sound 100 times more intense corresponds to a sound level of 20dB and finally, a sound
1000 times more intense corresponds to a sound level of

Noise Of Electrical Power Stations Essay
Noise analysis was performed at three locations: offices, Laboratories and control rooms near
turbine in three electric power stations ( Shupra Elkhiema, Cairo west and Cairo south) . Noise
parameters were determined (e.g: LAeq,T, LCeq,T, LC–LA and noise climate L10–L90 for each
measurement location. The start of measurements was in Shopra Elkhiema electrical power station,
Figure 1 shows the noise spectra measured at control rooms, laboratories and offices within
frequency range of 16–250Hz. The low frequency noises that causes complaints in control rooms,
laboratories and offices is usually generated from the air conditioning or ventilation system,
turbines, transformers and water pumps which presents in the station. Table 3 shows the
measurement parameters selected for the study of low frequency noise in station. The acoustic
pressure at 50 Hz is due to air conditioning which is audible especially in the control room because
it exceeds 50dB. Also, in some offices the sound of air condition cause annoyance and cause worker
complaints. Both control rooms and laboratory located near turbine. Also, the building which
contains offices located near water pumps.
Shopra Elkhiema electrical power station
Location
Equivalent continuous SPL (dB)
Mean(SD)
LC – LA
L10
L90
L10 – L90
A–weighted
LA eq.T
C–weighted
LC eq.T
Laboratory
51.3(0.34)
77.5(0.73)
26.2(0.40)
71.6(0.67)
68.4(0.59)
3.2(0.16)
Control room

65.9(0.43)
81.5(0.56)
15.6(0.37)
81.8(0.16)
79.3(0.38)
2.5(0.25)
Office

The Pathophysiology Of Pina Ossicles
1.Pinna
Pinna is the outer ear it is made of cartilage that have a ridged surface. The main purpose of the
pinna is that; it funnels sound into the external auditory canal. This sound wave then hits the
tympanic membrane (Mohua, 2016).
2. External Auditory Canal
The auditory canal is the tube like structure just before the tympanic membrane. The task of the
auditory canal is to transport sound waves to the tympanic membrane (Mohua, 2016).
3.4.9. Ossicles
The ossicles are three little bones, which are located in the middle ear. The names of the bones are in
order; first is the malleus this bone is attached to the tympanic membrane. Next is the incus this the
second bone and is attached to the malleus. Last but not least the stapes is after the malleus but
before the oval window (Debara, T.I 2016). The main role for the ossicles are that they receive
vibrations from the tympanic membrane. When the ossicles receives the vibrations they then
amplify automatically; enabling them to transmit these vibrations to the oval window (Debara, T.I
2016). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5.Semi–circular Canal
The semi–circular canal is connected to the cochlea. It is filled with fluid and is also known as the
organ which keeps everything in balance (Roberts and Roberts, 2010). The main purpose of the
semi–circular canal is that it senses movement and keep a balance in the head (Wright, 2007).

Sound Waves Lab
To fully understand how to determine the velocity of sound in air, many concepts have to be
understood prior to the experiment. Sound waves transmitted through a fluid are a type of
longitudinal wave. These mechanical waves are formed when energy passes through a medium and
moves particles in the same direction or parallel to the energy. The particles move in a series of high
pressure and low pressure regions. The energy will compress some areas of the medium, creating a
high pressure region. In between these high pressure regions will be a rarefaction, these are the low
pressure regions (Figure 1). As the energy moves through the medium the sections of high and low
pressure will move. Through a complete process the particles move slightly as they will oscillate
around their original position.
Figure 1: Compression and rarefaction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is 21m/s below the accepted value of speed in air at 0 ℃. At 24.4 ℃ the accepted value is
345m/s, 35m/s faster than the experimental value. Assuming that the speed of sound at any
temperature can be measured from a simple calculation, this experiment can be used to measure the
frequency of an unmarked tuning fork. By completing the experiment in the exact same process one
can determine the wavelength. Once the wavelength was determined using the temperature the
speed could be calculated. Both wavelength and speed are variables in the velocity of sound formula
(v = ƛf ). Using algebra, frequency could be determined by substituting wavelength and speed. The
percent error for this lab could have been affected by not accurately determining the point of which
the sound reached its loudest point. If the peak of sound was not measured accurately, the
experimental value would be off the actual measurement. This would effect the wavelength which
would in turn directly affect the speed value because the frequency was a given, constant

Sound Waves Affecting The Brain's Perception Of Sound
The normal range that humans are able to hear from is 20 hz to 20kHz. The average human can hear
up to 20 hertz, After using the resources provided in Physics class I discovered I can hear between
19hz and 20hz. I could sometimes hear the 20hz but sometimes I could not. I am about average for
the highest frequency I could hear. Sound is made of pressure waves which when they travel
oscillate or vibrate. Each wave travels at a certain frequency based on how much the sound moves.
Sound is created when air molecules are pushed in a certain direction causing them to vibrate. This
creates sound waves. Sound moves by vibrations and are caused by compression or some form of
pressure. The higher frequency at which the wave oscillates the higher the ... Show more content on
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Based on the second resource in Physics, I could not district between frequencies as well as I
should. My issue was could tell there was a difference in pitch I just could not tell if it was higher or
lower once they got super similar to one another. The biology behind it is that once a pitch has
traveled through the ear and the cochlea has transferred it to the brain, the arcuate fasciculus
produces the process of distinguishing which pitch is higher or lower than another. Some people can
do this better than others based on the way their brain works. But it is all pitch recognition in your
brain. Tiny sound waves inside your ear help you tune the pitch and pick up sound waves. They take
the sound waves and turn them into nerve signals causing the brain to interpret sound. The enter
form the outer ear and travel through the passage of the ear canal. It then reaches the eardrum where
the vibrations translate into the sound we hear. It then goes to the cochlea, a snail–shaped structure
that contains fluid in the ear. The sound causes the liquid inside to ripple. The wave goes across to
the basilar

Music Therapy Argumentative Analysis
"Music is the most unpolitical activity there is today. It doesn't matter what your gender is, what
your sexuality is, where you came from, or how you got here; all that matters is that we come
together and play like we've known each other forever." This was spoken by Jack Stamp and was
directed toward the musicians he was conducting in the Iowa All–State Honor Band in 2016.
Everyone hears music at least once a day; whether in the car or at a store. Music surrounds the earth
with an atmosphere of sound. It's in elevators, movies, the radio, television, and even used as
ringtones on cellular devices. Listening to these different sounds affect how the human body
functions. Music has many different effects on a person's body. Music ... Show more content on
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This is a special type of hearing loss that causes ringing in the ears. Of professional musicians, 57
percent will suffer from tinnitus by the time their career is over. Professional musicians that have
hearing loss and tinnitus include Ozzy Osbourne, Neil Young, and Phil Collins. Tinnitus is caused
by loud noises, constant exposure to loud music, or loud and sudden sounds. For these musicians,
it's from the constant exposure to loud music. Most professional musicians perform in concerts.
These concerts are the main cause of tinnitus and hearing loss.
Though people can suffer from hearing loss, music can help with common problems such as blood
pressure and mental health disorders. The positives of listening to music influence behaviors and
emotions that can influence how a day is going to go. Listening to classical music is a great way to
calm the body and mind while helping the physical health of the

Concert Hall Acoustics: Focus on Chan Shun Concert Hall...
Concert Hall Acoustics: Focus on Chan Shun Concert Hall
The Chan Centre for the Performing Arts is an acoustic marvel. It was built in 1997 and was
designed by Bing Thom Architects in conjunction with Artec Consultants and Theatre Projects and
is situated at the University of British Columbia. The Centre has won many awards for it's
architectural design and acoustics. David Harrington, the Artistic Director/Violinist of Kronos
Quartet says it very well: "The Chan Centre...has the rare distinction of being one of the world's
greatest concert halls...[We had] been searching for a deepness and a life to our sound, which we
found [here]...What a great accomplishment to...build a concert hall where music seems more alive
than ever!". This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A short time later, the same sound will reach the listener from the reflective surfaces around them
such as the walls and ceiling, this is called the early sound. This first group of reflections will reach
the listener 50–80ms after the direct sound. This time delay has a significant effect on the overall
sound heard by the listener. Then more reflected sound will arrive "thick and fast from all directions,
but become smaller and closer together merging after time into what is called reverberant sound"
(Rossing, Moore & Wheeler). If the source keeps emitting sound, reverberant sound builds up until
it reaches equilibrium. When a sound stops, the sound pressure level will decrease at a constant rate
until it becomes inaudible. However for impulsive sounds the decay of reverberant sound begins
immediately and there is no equilibrium. Sound will die out quicker in a room that is occupied due
to absorption by the occupants, as an audience absorbs sound in proportion to its size. When
listening to a" full size symphony orchestra most listeners find sitting 60ft from source, which is
roughly the centre of many of the world's best concert halls, to have optimum direct sound"
(Beranek 2004). The timing of the early sounds is the basis for creating good acoustics and the
timing of these first reflections is affected by their reflection direction.
Our auditory system has a remarkable

Essay on Acoustic Waves in Physics
Acoustic Waves in Physics
An acoustic wave can simply be described as a longitudinal wave. A longitudinal wave is a wave
that vibrates and moves in the direction of its propagation. This means the medium is either in the
same or opposite direction of the way the wave travels. Acoustic waves are a form of Mechanical
longitudinal waves; these waves are otherwise known as compression waves or compressional
waves. Compressional waves obviously produce compression, decompression, and rarefaction to
travel. In Physics, the acoustic wave has an equation to describe the evolution of acoustic pressure
and particle velocity as a function. The general equation is:
Acoustic waves have multiple equations, but this version is the ... Show more content on
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The molecules seem to move when something pushes them and forces the molecules to bump into
each other. This process makes the compression and rare factor that I have talked about before.
Acoustic waves are an isolation of pressure that travel in a wave pattern. Acoustic waves cause a
vibration that leads to your ear that allows us to hear. These acoustic waves are defined by three
different characteristics. These characteristics are amplitude, frequency and wave length. Amplitude
is the energy in a wave. The amplitude affects its volume or sound. The number of waves that pass a
point at each second, the higher the frequency, the higher the pitch compared to those who have low
frequencies. You can describe these waves as the waves that allow humans and other species to hear.
There is not different types of acoustic waves. The acoustic wave is a longitudinal compressional
wave. [8] There are no other kind of acoustic waves, sometimes they have different equations but
that is because some are higher and or stronger than others.
Acoustic waves in fact can be reflected. It is said that the waves can possibly exhibit different sorts
of phenomena. Diffraction, interference and reflection are all examples of phenomena the wave can
go through. This brings to topic an important difference between acoustic waves and sound waves.
Without acoustic waves it would be

Construction Engineering : Construction Science And...
Construction BTEC Subsidiary Diploma in Construction & the Built Environment Unit 4 –
Construction Science and Materials Liam Mc Ardle Mrs C Keyes Scenario: A property developer is
converting an old railway station into retail and office accommodation. The client is keen to make
the working environment for the staff as comfortable as possible. As a consultant, explain how this
can be done by addressing the relevant grading criteria. http://hdimagesnew.com/wp–
content/uploads/2015/11/Old–Railway–Station–Images–9.jpg The railway station above would be
very well suited to being able to convert the building into a retail or office space. The ground is very
flat and level at the station and it is quite isolated which allows the people in the office to have some
privacy. The railway station is very large which allow enough space for a shop if it was used for
retail or enough space for of a large modern office. I hope to convert this railway station into a retail
& modern comfortable office space, like the one below.
http://bizbeatblog.dallasnews.com/files/2016/04/schoolinside.jpg Introduction For this assignment I
have to develop a decent understanding of the factors of human comfort within any building. The
people must feel comfortable within their own work environment and workplace. To be able to offer
them the comfort they need to be able to work to the best of their ability, I need to learn about the
factors that can affect how comfortable

Analysis Of Florence Nightingale 's ' Unnecessary Noise '...
More than 50 percent of residences in aged care homes have different forms of cognitive
impairment and dementia, and the number is increasing day by day. It is predicted that most of them
are with dementia live their end stages of life in Residential homes or other assisted living facilities.
There are different studies are conducting to increase the quality of life in nursing homes. There are
different sets of recommendations that can make significant changing in the quality of life both the
therapeutic and environmental factors are important. The optimal environment (light, sound and
sign) can encourage and support independence while promoting safety (Joosse 2012). People who
live in nursing homes have great exposure to large amounts of stimuli such as sound, signage, and
light. Studies show that of all stimuli, noise has the most significant and damaging effect on people
with dementia. Florence Nightingale wrote in her 1859 Book Notes on Nursing 'unnecessary noise
is the most cruel abuse of care which can be inflicted on either the sick or well''(Florence
Nightingale 1859) Noise has a large impact on the health status of an individual. It is a major
contributing factor of stress, confusion and agitation among them. A recent study states that noise
levels in a nursing home were found in the range of 60–75 dB, which is equivalent to a busy road
traffic .Minimizing noise level, is a great intervention to reduce some of the behavioral changes in
people with dementia.

Literature Review On Noise And Smartphone Noise
2 Literature Review
Based on the research design and challenges for this dissertation, the scope of the literature review
includes three key areas that will be discussed hereafter:
1. Noise and smartphone noise data collection. o Noise and indices. o Noise data collection
applications. o Participatory sensing.
2. Noise mapping. o Noise data. o Predicting Noise Exposure Levels.
3. Estimating a total number of buildings and population exposed to noise levels >55 dB.
2.1 Noise and Smartphone Noise Data Collection
2.1.1 Noise
Sound waves oscillate air molecules producing alternating sound pressure levels. The varying
frequencies and amplitude of these sound waves can be detected by the human ear. To the human
ear, the frequency is perceived as pitch and amplitude perceived as loudness (Bies and Hanson,
2003). Sound pressure level is commonly expressed using a weighted system because the highest
sound pressure level tolerated by the human ear is 10 million times larger than the smallest. There
are many noise weightings which are a spectrum of amplitude vs frequency, designed to measure
specific frequency ranges. When measuring environmental noise it is practical to measure only the
frequencies that the human ear can hear. Epidemiological studies have indicated that the human
auditory system is capable of detecting a frequency range between 20 and 20,000 Hz and is most
sensitive to frequencies between 1 and 5 kHz (Peters et al., 2011). Considering this, a noise
weighting system

Noise characterisation is a critical research area for...
Noise characterisation is a critical research area for varied domains and applications. The domains
include marine, aviation, transport, civil engineering etc. The applications could include numerous
military and non military applications like fatigue failures in material, human comfort, acoustics
stealth, marine mammal habitat assessment, condition based monitoring of machineries etc. In many
engineering situations, machines are mounted on flexible structures such as the ships deck, aircraft
fuselage, car or train chasis, building floors etc.
When in operation machines may transmit noise and vibrations to the receiving structures, causing
unwanted noise and vibration problems close to remote from source location. In recent years, noise
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus an accurate characterization of the dynamic behaviour of vibrating system and emanating
noise with respect to its frequency, amplitude, and power over a broad range of frequencies is
needed to develop reliable simulation models, suggest passive design strategies and propose active
control concepts. [2]. Three elements namely the source, path and receiver play an important role in
noise generation and transmission. The field of acoustics and vibration majorly deals with the
characterisation and control of noise source and noise transmission path ( air borne and structure
borne paths). While for airborne sound, a sourcepath– receiver model has been a practically proven
model, inherent physical problems have prevented a similar approach being adopted for structure
borne sound. Also, most Literature have stated that it is the structure borne sound source which are
the main cause of noise problems [3], [4] and due complexity of built up structures, characterisation
of structure borne noise source and transmission has been a major field of applied research till date.
Most research publications available on sound shielding pertains to problem connected with
lessening noise in industrial, housing, public buildings and surface and air transport vehicles. The
field of shipboard acoustics has found relatively weak expression in scientific and technical
literature till as far as 1960s. Ship board acoustics are distinguished from architectural acoustics by
several

Resonant Characteristics Of The Acoustic Theory Of Speech...
According to the acoustic theory of speech production, what we know to be speech output results
from a source of sound energy (e.g. the larynx) modulated by a transfer (filter) function which is
determined by the shape of the resonator (vocal tract). This model, often referred to as the "source–
filter theory of speech production," originates from the works of Gunner Fant (1960, 1980) and
Stevens and House (1955, 1961) (Haskins Laboratory, Yale University 2008). Source filter theory
puts forth two distinct and important ideas; one is that the specific articulatory postures that the
vocal tract takes on results in the production of specific sounds, which is why speakers can deduce
the shape of the vocal tract upon hearing a speech sound. The other is that while the source may
produce a sound, the filter will select only a portion of the harmonics within that sound to be
amplified and issued from the mouth (Behrman, A. 2017).
Resonant Characteristics of the Vocal Tract
Because source filter theory breaks up speech production into the resonator and the source, it allows
us the advantage of assessing the contributions of each. When examining the glottal source, it is
important to keep in mind its acoustic characteristics. The glottal source, perceived as a buzzing
noise when not filtered through a resonator, has a fundamental frequency and corresponding
harmonics. The first characteristic to consider would be whether the sound is voiced or voiceless.
When a sound is voiced, the

Polyvinyl Chloride
Today, there are many instruments all around us. All the way from guitars to the stylophone, many
of which take advantage of pressure waves through pipes in order to produce sound. As a
percussionist, I have had seven years of personal experience with most of those years being on the
xylophone and vibraphone, so when I first discovered PVC instruments over the Summer, I was
hooked on the idea, and because polyvinyl chloride is cheap, it is a great choice for the creation of
homemade instruments. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is sometimes referred to as a synthetic resin,
subclassified into thermosetting and thermoplastic resins. PVC is a thermoplastic resin, which
means that heating the material will cause it to re–soften and become moldable ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a PVC instrument, practically the opposite occurs, as when the open end of the tube is struck by
the beater, a pocket of high pressure air is sent through the tube, resonating it at the frequency that is
determined by its length as well as the width of the openings (the diameter of the inside of the tube),
which gives the instrument the properties of a Helmholtz resonator (Johnson). A Helmholtz
resonator is "a container of gas with an open hole" that operates when "A volume of air ... vibrates
because of the 'springiness' of the air inside" with a common example being blowing on the neck of
a bottle in order to produce a sound (McLennan). Resonance, which is produced by oscillating air, is
a "phenomenon that occurs when the frequency of a vibration forced on an object matches the
object's natural frequency and a dramatic increase in amplitude occurs" (Hewitt 521). Resonance
causes the tubes of varying lengths to produce different pitches. Tubes used in musical instruments
are either open at one end, or open at both (excluding the rain stick), which allows for nodes and
antinodes to form within the tube. Nodes are "pivot" points on

Sound Waves
Timeline
November 1st: I decided to brainstormed possible topics about sound waves, what interests me and
what I would like to learn about.
November 4th: I started to research the basics and a sound wave and its properties. I also to notes on
what a sound wave is and how frequency affects a sound wave.
November 7th:
Possible Topics
What is a sound wave
The Nature Of a Sound Wave
Sound waves through different mediums
Instrumental sound waves
How microphones and headphones work
How humans interpret sound (range of hearing)
Convert Sound Waves Into Electromagnetic Energy
The Speed of Sound
The Doppler effect
Properties
How you measure sound waves
Real life examples on sound waves
Wild life sound waves
Reflection, Refraction, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sound waves through different mediums
The velocity of a sound wave is affected by two properties of matter: the elastic properties and
density. The relationship is described by the following equation.
Where: Cij is the elastic properties and p is the density.
Elastic Properties
The speed of sound is also different for different types of solids, liquids, and gases. One of the
reasons for this is that the elastic properties are different for different materials. Elastic properties
relate to the tendency of a material to maintain its shape and not deform when a force is applied to
it. A material such as steel will experience a smaller deformation than rubber when a force is applied
to the materials. Steel is a rigid material while rubber deforms easily and is a more flexible material.

The phase of matter has a large impact upon the elastic properties of a medium. In general, the bond
strength between particles is strongest in solid materials and is weakest in the gaseous state. As a
result, sound waves travel faster in solids than in liquids, and faster in liquids than in gasses. While
the density of a medium also affects the speed of sound, the elastic properties have a greater
influence on the wave speed.
Density
The density of a medium is the second factor that affects the speed of sound. Density describes the
mass of a substance per volume. A substance that is more dense per volume has more mass per
volume.
Sounds travels even

Vocal Loudness
This article, A case study on vocal loudness with a young adult with autism spectrum disorder and
developmental delay, the authors Pack, Bernhardt, Radanov, and Marinova–Todd dive into a short
term case study in which ten to twelve adults with a significant history of developmental delay go
through nine, thirty–minute treatment sessions in total which the volume of their voice is recorded
in comparison to both non–speech and speech sounds as well as spontaneous or planned speech. The
sessions use the Advancing Language and Literacy group, also known as ALL, in which the
participants were provided with individual therapy to help moderate their vocal loudness. The
purpose of this study was to focus attention on the intonation and enunciation of speech, specifically
for those with developmental delays, as well as to allow for further research and studies in this field.
The article then begins to elaborate on how the suprasegmental aspects of speech and the relativity
with competence in social communication are a deficit for those on the spectrum. Discussing the
importance of proper prosody and voice is addressed as a key component in reciprocated ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What was interesting about this article is that it is meant to set the stage for further research and
studies. I enjoyed that aspect of the article because it gives the idea that there is still more to be
learned about this subject that was not addressed in their information. I would recommend this
article to anyone who finds interest in the connection of social awareness of those with ASD and the
intonation of speech in general as it provided context to further research on the topic. By providing
the connection between vocal loudness and social settings it presents valid reason to investigate the

The Negative Effects Of Animals In Zoos
Negative Effects of Animals in Zoos Zoos, often described as establishments with indoor and
outdoor settings where live animals are kept, play a vital role in conserving wild species. Zoo
establishments serve the purpose of educating zoo visitors about animals and for providing those
animals with proper care, but they are typically used for public exhibition. Most people see zoos as
places to take their children to learn more about animals, and as a form of entertainment by allowing
people to walk around and look at animals in cages. Others see zoos as places that confine animals
from their natural habitat, and as places that interfere with the natural order of the animals. There are
many factors that contribute to the negative effects of animals being in zoos, most being the zoo's
management, faculty, and the visitors.
How zoo faculties are managed is one of the many ways that animals in zoos can be affected
negatively. According to Smit, "[t]he obvious managerial goal with such facilities is to achieve a
level of integration of facilities and services, but a level of integration which is driven by the needs
of animals in any given zoological facility" (Smit). Smit believes that facilities and services should
be combined in a way that has a favorable effect towards the animals. An example of this would be
when animal cages are built to accommodate their inhabitants (Smit). Animal cages must be
structured well enough for the safety of the animals and in a way that the

The Electric Guitar In The 1920's
Music reflects the cultural trends and artistic inspiration of that current time. Because of how rapidly
changing society is, music has shifted through different stages quickly and thus has had the need for
innovation. The electric guitar was born out of necessity to keep up with the musical trends of the
1920's and has since been a powerful influence in driving the music we have today. Contemporary
music has been strongly influenced by the Electric Guitar. It is staple instrument that is used in
nearly every genre and within every time period of the last century. Arguably, the Fender
Stratocaster has solidified its legacy as the most iconic instrument in contemporary music. In this
paper, I will argue that the success of the Electric Guitar was driven by technological, economical,
and cultural movements of the 20th century. . ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the early 1800's Madrid was a thriving artistic centre which a huge emphasis on the arts. The
guitar was meant to be used as a tool for serious composers, Many notable composers such as
Ferandiere, Moretti, and Abreu were making music reflective of the political turmoil that was
happening in Europe at the time (Tyler 330). The modern guitar can be divided into the components
of the strings, the soundboard, and the soundbox. Overall, these components make up the system of
using a guitar. When a guitar string is plucked, it vibrates and creates a pressure wave consisting of
compressions and rarefactions. It is then transmitted by fluctuating air pressure. Because the strings
are attached to the soundboard, the sound is able to able to communicate the vibrations better. The
sound is then naturally amplified through the soundhole, which projects the vibrations to an audible
level (Schneider

High Intensity Focused Ultrasound Medical Physics
High Intensity Focused Ultrasound
Medical Physics
DJARI, Bryan
Introduction
Medical science has been established since the earliest time of the 1800's. Using physics, scientist
from all over the world are able to physically upgrade and improve both the effectivity and
efficiency. In the fields of medicine, sounds, is an important factor to study. From many ranges of
sound, ultrasound are sound or other vibrations having an ultrasonic frequency. With the use of
ultrasound, doctors are able to scan the body of patient accurately, whether to create images of
organs and structures in your body or to visualise blood or fluids flowing through the body. One
major technology HIFU is a high intensity focused ultrasound that uses sound waves to disintegrate
tumour cells or any other hazardous cells in the human body. During the course of its development,
HIFU has been applied to a variety of clinical problems. The first application of HIFU was in
neurosurgery to treat patients with neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease. Other
application of HIFU includes; preventing haemorrhage from organs during surgery or ultrasound
aided drug delivery to the brain. Many of the applications of HIFU that are currently under
investigation are in cancer treatment of numerous types, for example, liver, prostate, bladder kidney
and many more. HIFU is a reliable technology due to the fact that it is able to send a focused
therapeutic treatment to a specific region without damaging the

Acoustic Spaces And Ambient Noise Levels
Introduction
A range of observations were conducted to assess acoustic spaces in terms of their characteristics
and ambient noise levels. Using a Digitech QM 1589 (see figure one) three studies were measured
in order to successfully account for characteristic behaviours and differentiate between ambient
noise levels. These studies where assessed under A and C weightings and in fast and slow settings. A
weighting follows the frequency sensitivity of the human ear at low
Figure One: Digitech QM 1589 (http://www.jaycar.com.au/) 2016 levels while C weighting is the
frequency sensitivity of the human ear at very high noise levels (Hear Forever, 2013). Measurement
One is the sound pressure level of 8 acoustic environments that where examined to establish the
quietest space possible, maintaining a reliable and consistent source of results. Measurement Two
follows the assessment of Clarendon Street, a busy road; involving the observations of cars, trucks
and trams that share the road. Measurement Three is the analysis between A and C weighted testing
of pink noise from a single speaker repeated at 1 and 4 metres validating the application of the
Inverse Square Law.
measurement one
In this measurement and observation 8 possibly quiet acoustic spaces where assessed to find the
quietest space possible; among assessed are JMC Academy's facilities including the library,
classroom 1, the sound studio and the vending machine area. Following the examination of these
spaces revolving

The Velocity And Wave Speed
Velocity: In reference to waves, the velocity can be described as the distance a point on the wave,
for example the crest, moves or shifts in a given period of time. This means that the velocity or
wave speed, is the metres the wave travels per second. A wave may have a high frequency, vibrating
back and back, but can still have a low velocity. Hence, a wave can be moving back and forth with a
low frequency and still have a velocity. Therefore we can get the equation– v = λ/T or v = f λ.
Wavelength: The wavelength is the distance from one point on a wave to the same point on the next
wave along. We can measure the wavelength of a wave from one peak of a wave to another. One
wave length can be seen or described as the distance between to peaks or troughs of a wave.
Equation– v = d/T therefore... d = v x T (m)
Behaviour of the waves
Reflection: This is when a wave approaches the boundary between two mediums, when this happens
a part of the wave undergoes reflection across the boundary. The amount of reflection from the wave
depends on the variation of the two mediums. Sound waves reflecting off surfaces can lead to two
different wave occurrences, either an echo or a reverberation. Reverberation usually happens in a
room with a particular height, width and length of roughly 17 meters. This sound wave which the
human brain receives barely lasts for more than a minute fraction of a second; the human brain
stored a particular sound in memory for up to 0.1 seconds. When the

Identifying The Components Of A Client 's Health History
2. Identify the components included in a client's health history. Biographic Data–The client's
demographic data, should include the name, address, age, sex, marital status, occupation, religion,
health care financing, and their primary care provider. Chief Complaint–The reason for the visit
should be obtained and documented in the client's own words. History of Present Illness–Gather
more information about the present illness by asking questions such as: When did the symptoms
start? Did it occur suddenly or gradually or increased over time? How often does the problem
occur? What is the intensity of the pain? Can you rate it from 0 to 10? How much sputum, vomit, or
discharge came up or out? What color was it? Was it watery, thick, or ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, diseases that require particular attention includes: heart disease, cancer, diabetes,
hypertension, obesity, allergies, arthritis, tuberculosis, bleeding, alcoholism, and mental health
disorders. Lifestyles–Ask the client about their personal habits such as the amount of tobacco,
alcohol, caffeine, or recreational drugs consumed. Also, obtain their normal daily diets, special diets,
or ethnic food patterns; and the amount of meals and snacks per day. Likewise, who cooks and do
the shopping? In addition, ask about the client's sleep pattern. What time do you go to bed/ what
time do you wake up? Any you having any problems sleeping? Have you tried anything to correct
this problem? Furthermore, ask about the daily living activities. Are you having any problems
performing basic activities such as eating, grooming, dressing, elimination, or locomotion? Are you
having any problems with preparing foods, shopping, transportation, housekeeping, laundry, or the
ability to use the telephone, handle finances, or manage your medication. Finally, ask the client do
you exercise and how well do you tolerate the activity? Do you have any other hobbies? Social
Data–Ask the client who helps them during times of stress? What effects have your illnesses had on
the family and are there any family problems affecting your illness? Do you have any religion or
beliefs that could affect your health or recovery? Moreover, find out about the client's education.

'An Analysis Of Simone's Song Oklahoma'
The song initially sounds like a show tune, with a happy piano instrumental that sounds like it may
have been taken from a classic broadway show. She actually addresses this early on in the lyrics
"This is a show tune. But the show hasn't been written for it, yet" This was an immediate indicator
that she was using this style of music purposefully and ironically. The same repetitive and "joyful"
sound continues for the first minute and a half of the song without changing. The instrumental
sounds very persistent and seems to forcefully drag along the vocal line. About 2 minutes into the
music we finally hear a change, the ticking beat remains the same but the piano chords become
minor and suddenly sound much more ominous. Gradually the instrumentation becomes more
dramatic and forceful, however rather than reaching a climax, it returns to original melody. It is not
until the very end of the song that there is finally a sense of climax and resolution.
The vocal line tells a very different story entirely. There is nothing happy about Simone's ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If I were to simply listen to the instrumental, I would guess that this was a happy song possibly from
the musical Oklahoma. I feel that Simone did this to create a sense of irony. The falsely happy tune
is possibly meant to represent how society was trying to mask the true horrors of the civil rights
movement. African Americans were meant to be grateful for the "separate but equal" Jim Crow laws
in place at the time. The anger and defiance in the vocals paired with the wholesome happy sound of
the piano creates tension and a overall feeling of dissonance. "Can't you see it? Can't you feel it? It's
all in the air. I can't stand the pressure much longer" I feel like her vocals represent the struggles of
the African Americans fighting for equal rights, while the piano shows the forceful, unchanging and
fake demeanor of those fighting against civil

Fibreglass Vs Mass Loaded Vinyl
Sound Insulation Materials: Fibreglass vs Mass Loaded Vinyl (MLV)
Background Science
Sound
The sound waves that we encounter in our daily lives exist as pressure vibrations in the air, water,
and solid mediums that they travel through – dissipating and becoming weaker as the displacement
from the initial source increases. As sound is transmitted in the form of a travelling wave, the
pressure varies and is dependent on both the displacement and time passed from its emission,
according to the following equation: y=Asin 2π/λ(x–vt)
Where A is the amplitude, λ is the wavelength, v is the wave speed, t is the time elapsed, and (x,y) is
the displacement of the wave.
Just like any type of wave, sound waves transmit energy of a magnitude proportional to the square
of the wave's amplitude (E=kA^2). This can mean large amounts of high amplitude sound waves
cause significant destruction, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is increasingly prevalent as our cities become ever more densely populated and built–up. To try
and reduce this disruption and isolate the sound inside or out of different spaces, acoustic insulation
can be used – often labelled soundproofing. There are several different types, each with the common
aim to decrease the sound pressure level in certain different spaces. Many techniques, such as
damping, reflection, diffusion and cancellation, can all be used to achieve this.
Damping is the reduction of any resonance in a room, through the absorption of either the acoustic
resonance in the air or mechanical resonance in the room's structure. As friction and interference
exists on the boundaries between air and solids, materials with a high surface area exposed can be
used to absorb acoustic resonance, and this resistance dampens the sound pressure. A possible
example of this is foam or any spongy material, as they contain a high surface area compared to a
flat–surfaced

Automotive Applications For Noise Vibration And Vibration
Automotive Applications for Noise, Vibration and Harshness
Project Report on
EMERGENCY VEHICLE SIREN NOISE
85–525
Department of Mechanical, Automotive and Materials Engineering
University of Windsor
Submitted To: Dr. Colin Novak
Prepared By:
Deeksha Vashisht (104142091)
Wenjun Hu (104014572)
Sambath Kumaar Balasubramanian Thangamani (104123898)
DATE: November 09, 2014
Table of Contents
ABSTRACT: 3
1. INTRODUCTION: 3
2. WHAT IS EMERGENCY VEHICLE SIREN NOISE (EVSN)? 4
HISTORY: 4
WORKING: 4
3. TYPES OF SIRENS USED ON EMERGENCY VEHICLES: 5
4. TYPES OF SIREN TONES USED IN EMERGENCY VEHICLES 5
5. SIREN CHARACTERISTICS: 6
6. PERCEIVED URGENCY 6
7. SHADOWING DUE TO VEHICLES OR BARRIERS ON ROAD 6
8. NOISE CONTROL FACTORS 7
9. MASKING OF ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a result, an increasing number of vehicles have sound–proof design and acoustic surrounding
systems. However, when those in–car appliances operate simultaneously, it can be difficult for
drivers to detect the approach of emergency vehicles such as ambulances, police, and fire–fighting
trucks. This is one of the reasons why most accidents between emergency vehicles and motorists
happen at intersections [1]. Those collisions impede the emergency service travels from reaching the

destinations on time. In the United States, it is claimed that the most frequent emergency service
cases were about emergency vehicle crashes and patient handing mishaps [2].
Even though the emergency vehicles have implemented visual device, the visual warning
mechanism cannot take effect if the receivers are not facing towards the vehicle. Many collision
incidents indicate that drivers did not recognize the coming emergency vehicles with flashing lights
and they delayed the reflection of clearing roads in urban area [3]. It is not constrained to elderly or
hearing impaired drivers. Therefore, the audible warning siren is important to prevent collisions
which are caused by drivers not responding to the sign of warning from emergency travel.
Due to the improvement of in–car sound control design mentioned above, the siren can be difficult
to penetrate into the cabin of a vehicle when the distance is greater than 8–12 m [4]. Tests were
conducted to improve the audibility

Super Senses Lab Report
Burt Stephens
01–15–2015
Super Senses
Purpose:
The purpose of this lab is to tune your senses of sight and sound.
Introduction:
Sound is created when energy travels as waves of pressure through matter such as air, water, or even
solid materials. Virtually everything that vibrates can yield sound. When something oscillates it
pushes the particles around it, and those particles in turn push the air particles around them, moving
the pulse of the vibration in all directions from the source. Sight is created when light bounces off an
object, and refracted from the cornea and the lens and an image is focused on the retina. Refraction
is the bending of a wave when it enters a medium where its speed is different. The refraction of light
when ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most noticeable was the humming of the interstate near my house. I also noticed the faint sound of
live music coming from bars close by. The music would fade in and out throughout the experiment.
The loudest sound I encountered was the exhaust of a Hemi V8 Dodge Charger that had started a
few houses down, which was a low grumble that I recognized from previous encounters. Most of the
sounds I heard were man made except for a few small gusts of wind that blew by.
While observing an unlit candle I recorded a smooth red texture, and that it was a cylinder in shape.
The candle had a blackened wick and an indention from previous use. After lighting the candle I
notice a cinnamon smell emitting from it. At first, when light the candle the flame itself was smaller
and then became a little larger and steadier with fewer flickers. After the flame steadied a light
smoke emerged out of the top of the flame, and then would fade out, then come back a little
stronger, then fade out again. The wax melted into a transparent red that pooled up at the base of the
wick. The flame produce more heat vertically than horizontally. The extinguished candle produced a
lot of

Notes On Sound And Noise
2.1 SOUND AND NOISE:
Sound is the variation of pressure in an elastic medium (such as air) caused by a mechanical
disturbance. The movement of molecules in a transmitting medium caused by a disturbance results
in pressure oscillations above (compressions) and below (rarefactions) the ambient pressure level.
The oscillation of sound pressure variations is referred to as a sound wave. A sound wave will move
through an ideal medium longitudinally and omnidirectionally. The oscillation frequency of a sound
wave determines the pitch of a sound, which is measured in Hertz (Hz). The healthy human ear can
typically discern frequencies between 20 and 20,000 Hz. The amplitude of the pressure oscillations
of a sound wave describes the amount of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hard surfaces such as smooth wood or metal often reflect sound waves well but attenuate sound
poorly. Conversely, soft, porous surfaces usually reflect sound waves poorly but attenuate sound
waves well. Reflected sound waves can increase the overall SPL in an area, as the reflected wave
essentially becomes an additional sound source. Sound behaves predictably in the far–field (i.e., far
enough away from individual sound sources relative to the size of the sound sources) and most
sound measurement equipment can only accurately measure SPLs in the far field. The measurement
of sound generated by a source within a reflective chamber (reverberant–field) is more difficult
because the large number of reflections increase the overall SPL if the measurement is also made
within the reflective chamber. SPLs measured in the reverberant–field of the ear cannot directly be
compared to SPLs in the free–field without first compensating for the higher SPLs at certain
frequencies caused by the resonance of the ear canal.
2.2 AUDITION:
Audition, or the perception of sound, is accomplished via the complex transformation from sound
pressure waves to electrical nerve impulses and interpretation in the brain. The human ear is divided
into three main parts; the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear (see Figure 2.1). The outer ear
consists of the pinna (or auricle), which is the visible portion of

Lab Report Physics
The experiment was measured in terms of its pitch in order to find the best tone from the clarinet.
The pitch and the sound of clarinet is really dependent on its reed. (3) There are several different
sizes, or thicknesses, of reeds and the 3½ reed would be able to produce the most in–tune pitch. The
sound stays as important matter in our life; it is the natural potential of most organisms and also the
one that would used the most essentially. Sound is the awareness produced by stimulation of an
person's hearing system by vibrations transmitted through the air or other medium. (1) It can be any
kind of auditory effects if that creates reception of waves and their perception by the brain. So what
are some possible factors that would create the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It's in woodwind family with piccolo, flute, oboe, and saxophone. Breath support is not just a
blowing hard. The breath support means that there is a single force which goes against another
force, which implies that it's with nice pitch whereas blowing hard implies a single force with no
opposing force to balance out so that it cannot have a great tone. (4) The embouchure must be set
before attack the note, or a sound of it. The roles of the tongue are to circulate, or build the sound, to
attack, and to stop notes. (2) As other wind instruments, clarinet rise pitch when it becomes warmer.
Oppositely, when it's cold, the pitch of clarinet drops down. When the pitch rises, it is getting sharp
whereas getting flat when pitch drops. Moisture from the breathing condenses inside of the clarinet
and more readily in the cold ; playing a wood instrument in very cold air may cause the increase of
the possibility of cracking sounds.

Acoustic Guitar Research Paper
Energy of the Acoustic Guitar
Energy is the capacity of a physical system performing work. It exists in an abundant amount of
forms such as sound, electrical, chemical, gravitational, and kinetic. Sound is the movement of
energy through a medium, typically air or water, that travels in waves due to vibrations caused by an
object or person. Har–Mose, the Ancient Egyptian singer who owned the oldest known preserved
guitar–like instrument found 3500 years ago would never know what his creation evolved into. The
guitar is an ancient noble instrument whose history can be traced back thousands of years. The
acoustic guitar today has a flat–backed rounded body that narrows in the middle, a long fretted neck
and usually six strings requiring no electronic amplification. The acoustic guitar has had a major
impact on society as scientific research has proven that playing an instrument can lead to an increase
in confidence and cooperation, both valuable skills. In most music genres the guitar is known to be
the most prominent instrument played. Every type of acoustic guitar produces a unique sound from
the material of the string, composition of the body and the air between them. This makes the
acoustic guitar one of the most popular instrument as it is adaptable with its vibrant sounds and
energy it produces. The acoustic guitar is a very energetic instrument because of the physical
structure of the guitar, the intensity of the sounds, the way the human ear perceives the sounds and
how

Amplitude Means The Loudness Of Sound
Amplitude is the amount that air particles are disturbed, also means the "loudness" of sound.
b. The frequency of the soundwave for human hearing can range from 20 hz to 20,000 hz.
c. A transducer is a device that can transfer one type of energy to another. An example of this is
headphones.
2. Outer– The outer ear structure has the auricle and the auditory canal. The auditory canal ends at
the tympanic membrane or better known as the eardrum. Sound waves that come in the auditory
canal hit the tympanic membrane, which then will vibrate.
Middle– The middle ear is only involved in hearing. The middle ear is between the tympanic
membrane and the round and oval windows. There are three bones in the middle ear: the malleus,
incus and stapes. Vibrations ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is called the theosseous labyrinth. The 3 parts of this are the semicircular canals, cochlea, and
vestibule. The cochlea has the vital job of sending electrical signals to the brain. Then the brain
takes these signals and transfers the signals into noises and sound.
3. a. The basilar membrane
b. The bass guitar has a deep and low sound. Deep sounds disturb the fibers in the basilar
membrane. The vibrations from all the instruments move across the tectorial membrane so if it was
because of that, more than just the bass wouldn't be heard.
4.a Static equilibrium responds to head position changes. Maculae is what tells the brain the location
of the head. The maculae have tiny hairs called otoliths, which make up the otolithic membrane.
When the head moves, otoliths respond to changes in gravity, which pulls on the otolithic
membrane. A plate then covers the otoliths, which causes them to bend and send signals to the
vestibular nerve. The vestibular nerve tells the brain the location of the head.
b. Inner ear
c. The receptors respond to angular motions. Hair cells called cupulas drags along the endolymph
and the cupulas bend. The hair cells are stimulated and the signals are sent to the vestibular nerve.
The signals are then sent to the cerebellum, this causes the cupulas to bend the other

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