1. What is Psychology?
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior. Psychology is a
multifaceted discipline and includes many sub-fields of study such areas as human
development, sports, health, clinical, social behavior and cognitive processes.
Psychology is really a very new science, with most advances happening over the
past 150 years or so. However, it's origins can be traced back to ancient Greece,
400 – 500 years BC. The emphasis was a philosophical one, with great thinkers
such as Socrates influencing Plato, who in turn influenced Aristotle.
Philosophers used to discuss many topics now studied by modern psychology, such
as memory, free will, attraction etc.
In the early days of psychology there were two dominant theoretical perspectives.
An American psychologist named William James (1842-1910) developed an
approach which came to be known as functionalism. He argued that the mind is
constantly changing and it is pointless to look for the building blocks of
experience. Instead, focus should be on how and why an organism does something.
It was suggested that psychologists should look for the underlying cause of
behavior and the mental the processes involved. This emphasis on the causes and
consequences of behavior has influenced contemporary psychology.
Structuralism was the name given to the approach pioneered by Wilhelm Wundt.
The term originated from Edward Titchener, an American psychologist who had
been trained by Wundt. Structuralism relied on trained introspection, a research
method whereby subjects related what was going on in their minds while
performing a certain task. However, it proved to be unreliable method because
2. there was too much individual variation in the experiences and reports of research
subjects.
Despite the failing of introspection Wundt is an important figure in the history of
psychology as he opened the first laboratory dedicated to psychology in 1879, and
its opening is usually thought of as the beginning of modern psychology. Wundt
was important because he separated psychology from philosophy by analyzing the
workings of the mind using more objective and standardized procedures.
With its broad scope, psychology investigates an enormous range of phenomena:
learning and memory, sensation and perception, motivation and emotion, thinking
and language, personality and social behavior, intelligence, child development,
mental illness, and much more.
Furthermore, psychologists examine these topics from a variety of complementary
psychological perspectives.
Each psychological perspective is underpinned by a shared set of assumptions of
what people are like, what is important to study and how to study it. Some conduct
detailed biological studies of the brain, others explore how we process information;
others analyze the role of evolution, and still others study the influence of culture
and society.
SCOPE AND NATURE OF PSYCHOLOGY
The scope of educational psychology is ever-growing due to constantly researches
in this field. The following factors will indicate the scope of educational
psychology:
3. 1. The Learner. The subject-matter of educational psychology is knitted around
the learner. Therefore, the need of knowing the learner and the techniques of
knowing him well. The topics include – the innate abilities and capacities of the
individuals, individual differences and their measurements, the overt, covert,
conscious as well as unconscious behaviour of the learner, the characteristics of his
growth and development and each stage beginning from childhood to adulthood.
2. The Learning Experiences. Educational Psychology helps in deciding what
learning experiences are desirable, at what stage of the growth and development of
the learner, so that these experiences can be acquired with a greater ease and
satisfaction.
3. Learning process: After knowing the learner and deciding what learning
experiences are to be provided, Educational Psychology moves on to the laws,
principles and theories of learning. Other items in the learning process are
remembering and forgetting, perceiving, concept formation, thinking and
reasoning, problem solving, transfer of learning, ways and means of effective learning etc.
REFRENCE
1. APA. (2016), “How does the APA define ‘psychology’?”, APA.org, available at:
http://www.apa.org/support/about-apa.aspx?item=7 (accessed 11 March 2016)
2. Fernald LD (2008). Psychology: Six perspectives (pp. 12–15). Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage Publications.
3. Hockenbury & Hockenbury. Psychology. Worth Publishers, 2010.
