2. 2
CONTENT
1. PROJECT INTRODUCTION
• OVERVIEW
• AIM & OBJECTIVES
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
• INTRODUCTION
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
• BACKGROUND
• IMPACT OF LANDSLIDES
• CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES
• TYPES OF LANDSLIDES
• LANDSLIDE HAZARD ZONATION
• THE HIMALAYAS
• LOSSES DUE TO LANDSLIDES- STATISTICS
3. CASE STUDY- UTTARAKHAND
• ABOU THE STATE
• VULNERABILITY PROFILE
• POPULATION AT RISK
• AREAS HIGHLY PRONE TO SEVERE LANDSLIDE
• SETTLEMENT PATTERN
4. RECOMMENDED REMEDIAL MEASURES
• DIRECT METHODS
• INDIRECT METHODS
5. PLANNING AND APPROACH
• DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN
• SYSTEMATIC APPROACH
6. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
3. 3
OVERVIEW
According to the statistics, the situation of the disasters in India, either natural or man-
made, are increasing due to various reasons, be it growth of the population or large
scale urbanization or the change in climate. Therefore, it is now the basic need of the
country to have strategies and plans to minimize the impact caused by the disasters
and make necessary disaster specific guidelines for the development of the towns and
cities of India.
Landslides play a vital role in transformation or maturation of geography and
represents high hazard in many parts of the world. In some cases, social and economic
damage caused by landslides is more than caused by other natural hazards in hilly
areas. Despite of such broad spectrum of landslides, a very few methods exists to map
and evaluate the risk associated with landslides.
This whole study gives a brief idea of landslides and how various areas are affected by
the landslides, followed by the study of the construction techniques used in landslide
prone areas and landslide mitigation.
4. 4
AIM
“To study the impacts of landslides on society, the risk factors associated and to
provide strategies and planning guidelines for the landslide prone areas”.
OBJECTIVES
•Study the various areas prone to landslides in India with special emphasis on the
Himalayas, being more susceptible to landslides.
•Study the causes of landslides and the social & economical loss caused by the
landslides in past.
•Give a brief idea of hazards associated with the landslides.
•To reduce vulnerability and to minimize the loss caused by landslides through better
planning process.
•Provide better planning guidelines, rules & regulations and construction techniques
for landslide prone areas.
5. 5
SCOPE
•By the proper study of landslides, proper zone mapping can be done and hazardous
areas can be well studied.
•It will create an awareness among the local people regarding vernacular materials and
construction techniques to be used in landslide prone areas.
•Probability of less damage in future events of landslides by making proper planning
and design guidelines, especially for hilly areas.
•For the betterment of the people living in hilly areas.
6. 6
INTRODUCTION
•Wide variety of names for the denudation
process:
i. MASS MOVEMENT
ii. SLOPE MOVEMENT
iii. LANDSLIDES
• Landslides are defined as the mass
movement of rock, debris or earth down the
slope. (Cruden, 1991)
•Movement occurs when the shear stresses
exceeds the shear strength of the material.
SOURCE: PDF- INTRODUCTION TO LANDSLIDES PART 1: TYPES & CAUSES
INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AEROSPACE SURVEY & EARTH SCIENCES, NETHERLANDS.
FIGURE2: AN AERIAL VIEW SHOWS RESCUERS SEARCHING FOR SURVIVORS
AMONG DEBRIS AT THE SITE OF A LANDSLIDE IN CHINA
SOURCE: www.bbc.co.uk
FIGURE1: IMAGE SHOWING LANDSLIDE IN UTTARAKHAND CAUSING HEAVY
DAMAGE TO SOCIAL & ECONOMICAL LOSS SOURCE: zeenews.india.com
FIGURE 3: LANDSLIDE DIAGRAMS SOURCE: www.pinterest.com
7. FIGURE4: DIAGRAM SHOWING THE PROCESS OF LANDSLIDE AND THE TERMINOLOGIES
SOURCE: www.colasula.com POSTED BY NASIKHATUN NIKMAH ON JANUARY 22, 2015
7
8. 8
BACKGROUND
EARTHQUAKE
MORE THAN 58.6% LANDMASS IS PRONE TO EARTHQUAKES OF
MODERATE TO VERY HIGH INTENSITY
FLOODS
12% OR OVER 40 MILLION HECTARES OF LAND
CYCLONES & TSUNAMIS
CLOSE TO 5700KM OUT OF 7515 KM OF COASTLINE
DROUGHTS
68% OF CULTIVABLE AREAS PRONE TO DROUGHTS
LANDSLIDES
HILLY AREAS ESPECIALLY HIMALAYAS BEING THE YOUNG
MOUNTAINS
India is vulnerable to a large number of disaster, in varying degrees:
SOURCE: 1.REPORT ON VULNERABILITY PROFILE OF INDIA, NDMA
2. SEMINAR BY MS.SHIVANI CHOUHAN ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN
LITERATUREREVIEW
9. 9
IMPACT OF LANDSLIDES
Worldwide landslide activity is increasing
due to:
•Increased urbanization and development
in landslide-prone areas.
• Continued deforestation of landslide prone
areas
• Increased regional precipitation caused
by changing climate patterns
Economic losses due to landslides:
•DIRECT COSTS
Repair, replacement, or maintenance resulting
from damage to property or infrastructure due
to landslides.
•INDIRECT COSTS
Loss of productivity and revenues
Reduced land value
Loss of tax revenues
Landslide mitigation measures
Loss of human or animal productivity
Adverse effect on water quality/ sedimentation/
siltation of reservoirs
10. GEOLOGICAL CAUSES
WEATHERED
MATERIALS
SHEARED MATERIALS
JOINTED OR
FISSURED MATERIAL
RAIN OR SNOWFALL
EARTHQUAKES
MORPHOLOGICAL
CAUSES
SLOPE ANGLE
UPLIFT
REBOUND
EROSION
VEGETATION
CHANGE
SLOPE LOADING
PHYSICAL CAUSES
TOPOGRAPHY
TECTONIC ACTIVITY
PHYSICAL
WEATHERING
HYDROGEO-LOGICAL
FACTORS
HUMAN CAUSE
DEFORESTATION
EXCAVATION
POLLUTION
LOADING
MINING &
QUARRYING
LAND USE
10
CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES
Two main parameters are:
1. An increase of shear stress 2. A decrease of material strength
11. TYPES OF LANDSLIDES
FIGURE 5: MAJOR TYPES OF LANDSLIDES
SOURCE: PDF- INTRODUCTION TO LANDSLIDES PART 1: TYPES & CAUSES
INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AEROSPACE SURVEY & EARTH SCIENCES, NETHERLANDS.
11
12. 12
SOURCE: 1. www.bmtpc.org VULNERABILITY ATLAS OF INDIA. FIGURE 6: LANDSLIDE HAZARD ZONATION MAP OF INDIA
LANDSLIDE HAZARD
ZONATION MAP OF INDIA
•Jammu & Kashmir
•Himachal Pradesh
•Uttarakhand
•Sikkim
•Meghalaya
•Nagaland
•Manipur
•Mizoram
•Tripura
•Assam
•Arunachal
Pradesh
STATES HIGHLY PRONE TO
LANDSLIDE
•It is estimated that economic
loss due to landslides may reach
1-2% of the gross national
product in many developing
countries
•80% of the reported fatalities
due to landslides are within the
developing countries.
•Himalayan region is the most
prone area to landslides as can
be seen in the map.
13. 0.18
0.14
0.09
0.01
N-E HIMALAYA
N-W HIMALAYA
WESTERN GHATS & KONKAN HILLS
EASTERN GHATS
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
N-E HIMALAYA N-W HIMALAYA
WESTERN GHATS
& KONKAN HILLS
EASTERN GHATS
LAND AREA PRONE TO
LANDSLIDES
0.18 0.14 0.09 0.01
13
SOURCE: 1. www.portal.gsi.gov.in
In million sq.km
In million sq.km
BAR CHART SHOWING THE PERCENTAGE OF LAND AREA PRONE TO LANDSLIDES IN INDIA
14. 14
THE HIMALAYAS
SOURCE: THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY- PLATE TECTONICS.
www.geolsoc.org.uk
SOURCE: FROM THIS DYNAMIC EARTH BY
KIOUS AND TILLING, COURTESY OF THE
US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
The Himalayas are a mountain range in Asia separating the plains of
the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau.
CONTINENTAL COLLISION
As the Indian subcontinent pushes
against Eurasia, pressure is released in
the form of earthquakes. The constant
crashing of the two plates formed the
Himalayan mountain range.
SOURCE: www.jabalpur.nic.in
FIGURE 7: MAP SHOWING THE HIMALAYAN
MOUNTAIN RANGE
FIGURE 8: SECTION OF THE TECTONIC
PLATE MOVEMENT
FIGURE 9:FIGURE SHOWING THE CONTINENTAL COLLISION OF
INDIAN AND EURASIAN PLATE CAUSING THE HIMALAYAS TO
FORM.
SOURCE: USGS; GOOGLE EARTH, THE WALL STREET JOURNAL
FIGURE 10: MIGRATION OF INDIA
16. 16
CASE STUDY : UTTARAKHAND
LOCATION: 28⁰34’-31⁰27’ N
latitude
77⁰34’-81⁰02’ E
longitude
GEOGRAPHIC AREA: 53484 SQ.M
POPULATION (2011): 1,01,16,752
FIGURE 11: MAP SHOWING THE LOCATON OF UTTARAKHAND
SOURCE: www.ukfws.org
DISTRICTS: 13
DIVISIONS: 2 (KUMAON &
GARHWAL)
ZONES: 3 (UPPER HILLS, MIDDLE
HILLS, FOOTHILLS)
DENSITY: 189 PER SQ.KM
17. 17
CASE STUDY : UTTARAKHAND
VULNERABILITY PROFILE
SOURCE: VULNERABILITY ATLAS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH
FIGURE 11: MAP OF UTTARAKHAND SHOWING THE REGIONS PRONE TO LANDSLIDES
AREAS WITH DENSE POPULATION AND
VULNERABLE TO SEVERE LANDSLIDES
SOURCE: CENSUS 2011
POPULATION AT RISK- 77% OF
THE TOTAL STATE POPULATION
LIVES IN HIGH RISK ZONES.
AREAS MOST PRONE TO SEVERE
LANDSLIDES: RUDRAPRAYAG,
PITHORAGARH, BAGESHWAR,
TEHRI GARHWAL, CHAMOLI
SETTLEMENT PATTERN:
•SETTLEMENT SEEN ALONG THE
RIVERS
•SETTLEMENT NEAR THE FOOR
OF THE MOUNTAINS
•SETTLEMENT IN RIVER VALLEYS
18. 18
RECOMMENEDED REMEDIAL MEASURES OR METHODS
SOURCE: IS 14680:1999, INDIAN STANDARD- LANDSLIDE CONTROL GUIDELINES
DIRECT METHODS
RESTRAINING
STRUCTURES
PRESSURE
EASINGBY
EXCAVATION
SLOPE
RECONSTRUCTION
ROCK
REINFORCEMENT
INDIRECT
METHODS
EROSION
CONTROL
SURFACE
DRAINAGE
SUB-SURFACE
DRAIANGE
RESTRAINING STRUCTURES
•DRY BANDED AND MORTAR MASONRY WALL
•GABIONS OR SAUSAGE WALL
•CONCRETE RETAINING WALL
•ANCHORED WALLS
•RESTRAINING PILES
FIGURE 12: RESTRAINING STRUCTURES USING EMPTY BITUMEN DRUMS
19. 19
PRESSURE EASING BY
EXCAVATION
RECOMMENEDED REMEDIAL MEASURES OR METHODS
FIGURE 13: VARIOUS EXCAVATION TECHNIQUES USED IN LANDSLIDE PREVENTION
SOURCE: IS 14680:1999, INDIAN STANDARD- LANDSLIDE CONTROL GUIDELINES
SURFACE DRAINAGE
FIGURE 14: DRAIN DETAILS
21. 21
REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. PDF- INTRODUCTION TO LANDSLIDES PART 1: TYPES & CAUSES, INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AEROSPACE SURVEY &
EARTH SCIENCES, NETHERLANDS
2. www.colasula.com POSTED BY NASIKHATUN NIKMAH ON JANUARY 22, 2015
3. REPORT ON VULNERABILITY PROFILE OF INDIA, NDMA
4. SEMINAR BY MS.SHIVANI CHOUHAN ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN
5. www.bmtpc.org VULNERABILITY ATLAS OF INDIA
6. CRUDEN, D. (1993). THE MULTILINGUAL LANDSLIDE GLOSSARY. RICHMOND,BC: BITECH PUBLISHERS.
7. Dr.Bindi Varghese, N. I. DISASTER MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF UTTARAKHAND. BANGALORE: CHRIST UNIVERSITY,
BANGALORE.
8. INDIA, G. O. (n.d.). VULNERABILITY ATLAS OF INDIA. Retrieved OCTOBER 2016, from BMTPC: www.bmtpc.org
9. MANAGEMENT, N. I. (2015). UTTARAKHAND DISASTER 2013. NEW DELHI: NIDM, MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS,
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
10. NEMCOK, V. H. (1972, 1978, 1988, 1990, 1996). LANDSLIDE: INTRODUCTION.
11. WIKIPEDIA. (n.d.). HIMALAYAS. Retrieved 2016, from WIKIPEDIA: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas
12. MAPS OF INDIA, www.mapsofindia.com
