What Is The Conceptual Frameworks Of Both Philosophical...

What Is The Conceptual Frameworks Of Both Philosophical...
In philosophical jurisprudence, legal positivism has made a niche for itself in defining itself in
opposition to a somewhat straight–laced reading of natural law theory. Often the comparison is
based solely on an exceedingly strong and doctrinal interpretation of the two competing models. In
this paper I will examine and distinguish the conceptual frameworks of both philosophical positions,
detailing the "strong" and "weak" theses of natural law ; while in turn also examining the
implications of "hard" and "soft" legal positivism. The finer distinctions between these more tailored
or qualified theses need to be recognized in order to provoke a better understanding of the
disagreement from a conceptual perspective.
Natural Law – "Lex ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In an ancient, modern, and contemporary context, natural law has been identified in not only with
morality but also with the human ability to employ reason and to identify principles of rational
conduct. Rational conduct, by ancient thinkers was more often identified by what is "Good" (be that
in terms of divine eternal truths, or empirical notions of naturalistic perfection or completion)
whereas more modern variant of natural law may identify a rational principle based on other
considerations such as not only what is good, but what right, just, fair, reasonable or practical.
Mark Murphy credits Thomas Aquinas with the natural law maxim "necessarily, law is a rational
standard for conduct" (i.e. the strong thesis – hard necessity). He argues that natural law is often
falsely recognized to be synonymous with a Latin maxim commonly associate with Cicero, St.
Augustine, or Thomas Aquinas is 'lex iniusta non est lex', or 'unjust law is not law'. Subscribing to
this maxim would be a preposterous and gross interpretation of mainstream Thomist natural law.
Although this phrase may provoke reflection upon whether unjust laws ought to be considered valid,
or truly law; this is just an oversimplified version of the logical principle of non–contradiction and
often incorrectly attributed to natural law, in the form of a straw man. There are obviously unjust
laws that were spotted throughout present time, country, and history. These laws may undoubtedly
be considered as
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Project Is Focussed On The Exploitation Of Alm
The research project is focussed on the exploitation of ALM. The main premise of the study is to
understand how to mobilize firm resources (with ALM as an important element) to best serve
individuals whilst identifying how firms can be compensated for the use of the offering within the
customers context. By focussing on serving context, we shift from a mind set of value–in–exchange
to value–in–use where each individual determines the value of the offering themselves during the
use and experience of the offering. This concept of value–in–use already suggests a move away
from a positivist ideal towards an interpretivist one where each individual has their own
interpretation of the offerings value rather than the firm believing that value is embedded within the
offering at the point of purchase. Instead, the firm produces only potential value which is then
uniquely and phenomenologically determined by the customer through the use of the offering.
However, given the research focuses on resource mobilisation and transaction (compensation)
boundaries, it is difficult to acknowledge how an interpretivist philosophy could seek to answer
these research questions. It is for these reasons that critical realism has been identified as an
appropriate philosophical approach for this research, but what is critical realism?
Critical realism has been formed out of frustration with positivism and constructivism and the
associated limitations of the two concepts. Founded by Bhaskar through a

Positionality: Research and Social World
Introduction:
Before joining my Masters in Business administration, I have done few researches at my working
places, not knowing that there are some many methods, approaches, etc. Thanks to Dr. Stephen
Sommerville, for teaching me to do research in the professional way. Let my first research be the
critical review of my own positionality i.e. who am I to me and in the others point of view? Does my
positionality affect the research works I took or will take?
Sitting back and thinking about the research that I have done in the past, I can say that the
positionality had some impact on my research.
In this paper let us see how ....
Literature Review:
First of all what does this word research means?
Let us quickly see ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This approach is diagonally opposite to the positivist approach.
According to Interpretivist, to understand the whole complexity of the world the simple fundamental
laws that are used by positivist are not sufficient. They argue that the observing the intentional
behaviour and actions of human beings is impossible.
Authors Boris Blumberg, Donald Cooper, Pamela Schindler say, Interpretivist argue that simple
fundamental laws are insufficient to understand the whole complexity of social phenomena. More
important, however they claim that an objective observation of the social world is impossible, as the
social world has a meaning for human beings and is constructed by intentional behaviour and
actions. Intentional interpretivism approaches meaning as intentional states of individual minds, to
be understood by locating them within the broader network of an individual's other intentional states
and in a concrete context of social practices and interactions with others.
The basic principles of interpretivism are,
The social world is constructed and is given meaning subjectively by people
The researcher is part of what is observed

Research is driven by interests.
The assumptions of the interpretivism are.
■ the social world is observed by seeing what meanings people give to it and interpreting these
meanings from their viewpoint.
■ Social phenomena can only be understood by looking at the totality. [3]
So for a successful research

The Three Stages Of Epistemology In The School Of Knowledge
The term 'epistemology' is derived from the Greek word episteme, meaning knowledge. It is
concerned with what we can know about reality and how we can know it. It seeks to find out the
relationship between the knower and the known. So, basically it is concerned with the sources, the
extent, the possibilities, the legitimacy and the nature of knowledge. Over the course of philosophy,
rarely, has the philosopher concentrated on all of these issues. Most of them have focused on only
one or two of these issues and have excluded the others. "There is a vast array of views about those
topics, but one virtually universal presupposition is that knowledge is true belief, but not mere true
belief. For example, lucky guesses or true beliefs resulting from wishful thinking are not knowledge.
Thus, a central question in epistemology is: what must be added to true beliefs to convert them into
knowledge" (Klein, 2005). Some key epistemological questions are:
'What is knowledge?'– How we can define the concept of knowledge?
'What is the extent of our knowledge?' – About what sorts of things the knowledge can be acquired?
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He believed that the society had passed through the three stages of explanation. First stage was
theological explanations, which dominated the society for a long time. The second was a more
enlightened stage, metaphysical or philosophical explanations and then came positivism, considered
to be superior to all. According to Comte, the only thing of which we could be absolutely sure of is
one which is observable and measurable and since the data of the natural sciences (biology, physics,
and chemistry) is publically observed, it should be trusted. He argued that the methods used in the
natural sciences can be also applied in the social and human sciences. He supported the use of the
scientific method to validate theories of human

My Philosophy Of Teaching Philosophy
My teaching philosophy is to engage in a mutual exchange of knowledge with the students. I believe
that through helping students to develop skills of critical reflection and critical thinking they will
become able to carry out innovative research and also succeed in work beyond academia. Through
interactive teaching methods such as group work, role play, and joint presentations I seek not only to
encourage students to engage with me as an instructor, but also to exchange and discuss ideas with
their fellow students. I am a firm believer in the value of interdisciplinary teaching and research.
Therefore, I seek to make my students familiar with concepts and research that reaches beyond
political science and is related to law, sociology, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I also offered weekly office hours to provide the students with targeted feedback and help them with
their individual questions. Furthermore, I offered to get in touch with me via e–mail at any time and
regarding all questions related to the class.
A second course I taught as an undergraduate teaching assistant was the Introduction to Social
Structure Analysis of Modern Societies at the Institute for Sociology at Georg–August–University
Göttingen. In this weekly course, I made undergraduate and graduate students familiar with basic
concepts of empirical sociology and introduced them to different fields of sociological studies such
as labor market analysis, analysing educational systems, and studying migration. In addition, I made
myself available outside of the classroom via regularly scheduled office hours as well as providing
my students with my email address so that they could contact me at any time. Doing so allowed me
to clarify any issues they might have had with course material and to help with their individual
research.
As a PhD student, I designed a course together with a colleague for undergraduate and graduate
students. The course was designed for the Spring Seminar entitled Failed States – Problems and
Perspectives in collaboration with the Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes at Technische
Universität Dresden, Germany. Both undergraduate and graduate students participated in this course.
The course made participants familiar

Module Code : Questions On Law, Coercion, And Morality, As...
Student number: 1337596 Module code: CL6310 Module title: Jurisprudence (Essay 1) Module
leader: Professor John Harrington Essay title: HLA Hart stated that the goal of his theory was 'an
improved analysis of the distinctive structure of a ... legal system and a better understanding of the
resemblances and differences between law, coercion, and morality, as types of social phenomena'.
Discuss critically the extent to which Hart realized this goal. Word count: 2819 HLA Hart (hereafter
Hart) in his preface, modestly describes the aim of his book is too elegantly, and clearly explained
further the understanding of law, coercion and morality as different but related social phenomena.
The main strand of The Concept of Law downplayed the elements of coercion, command and
habitual obedience in law, replacing the images of power and violence in the jurisprudential
imagination by conceiving of law as a system of rules upon rules, of social practices informed by
their own criteria of validity and normative obligation. In critically analyzing to what extent Hart
realized his goal will, I will first discuss his theory which he submitted through his principle book
"The Concept of Law "subject to critiques from different academics. My essay will try to portray
short brief of Hart's theory based on "The Concept of Law". Summary of Hart's theory Hart aims to
produce a descriptive theory of law by paying attention to legal–related language and to the internal
attitude

General Positivism And The Interpretive Paradigm
Part 1: Purpose
a) Social Science Research Paradigm
The social science paradigm also known as Post positivism consists of testing hypothesis and
research questions that are developed through reasoning. This is done through measurements and
observation. Social scientists aspire to science and they seek to study human behaviour, interaction
and thought in an organized way; which we can then measure, generalize and replicate. Like any
research, post–positivism needs to be backed up by evidence. When a social science research sets
out a research project, it is their goal to find evidence that can either agree or disagree with the
hypothesis or theories. Post positivism, compared to positivism allows more interaction with the
participants of the research project and seeks to highlight the relationship between universal
properties between the variables. The best way to understand post positivism is by comparing it to
positivism and the interpretive paradigm. Compared to positivism, post positivism is more tolerant
for value–based information, however is not focused on qualitative information like the interpretive
paradigm, instead the research is mainly focused on quantitative data.
b) Literature Review Students are now busier than ever, according to the survey conducted by the
New Zealand Union of Students Association, 63% of students are working while at university, with
an average of 25 hours a week (2010), this causes clashes when it comes to arranging physical group

Compare And Contrast Materialism And Dualism
METAPHYSICS: ONTOLOGY: DUALISM VS. MATERIALISM
The original idea of the word 'philosophy ' was a 'love of wisdom ' (Cowan 2). Philosophy is meant
to explore the 'big questions ' and try to find answers as best we can in the time we have been given.
One of the areas of study in philosophy is metaphysics, which deals in the ideas of the nature of
reality. "We look at the world, and we assume that it is the way it appears to be. It is not." (Carreira
7). There is much to reality that can be discussed, debated, and disagreed upon. Within metaphysics
is the realm of ontology, which poses the question 'what is there? ' (Cowan 146). Two of the major
views in ontology are Dualism and Materialism, both of which deal with the nature of the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Logical positivism is the second presented obstacle to the study of metaphysics and much simpler
than Kant 's "Copernican Revolution". Stared by Schlick and the Vienna Circle the viewpoint of
logical positivism sought to set up science to a standing as a 'unique and privileged ' way of
knowing and get rid of speculative metaphysics (Cowan 150). They contended that knowledge was
only gained through experience and theories were only worthwhile if they could be proven or
disproven by experience (Kenny 799). This 'verification principle ' has undergone several changes
and versions since its original development, but one of the most well–known defenders of the
viewpoint, A.J. Ayer worded it this way: "A proposition is meaningful fi and only if it is empirically
verifiable in principle." (Cowan 151). In other words, an idea or concept is only meaningful if it can
be proven or disproven, even if only in theory. Since the concepts and ideas put forth by
metaphysics are not able to be proven or disproven, even in theory, they are seen by those holding
the logical positivism view point as being completely meaningless. The view point of logical
positivism however, has a fatal flaw built right into it 's very definition and therefore can be
disproven as an obstacle to metaphysics.
The whole principle of logical positivism is that a concept is only of value if it can be proven or
disproven by experience, even if it is only in theory.

Essay on Assessing the View that Religious Language is...
Assessing the View that Religious Language is Meaningless
In recent times one of the most compelling and interesting arguments against God and religion has
come from linguistic philosophy. In very basic terms the argument points out the fact that religion
must necessarily use language in order to express abstract ideas such as God, love and so on, and in
doing so commits a fallacy because as soon as such ideas are put into words they become
meaningless. However, this is a rather large generalisation; the specific arguments go into a lot more
detail and most vary in some way from this basic idea. Before we look at these arguments, though, I
feel it is necessary to emphasise just how important an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ethics, aesthetics and most importantly religious statements are all rendered void as they cannot be
depicted, for example "Stealing is wrong" cannot be mentally depicted in the way that "I stole your
pencil" can. This idea attracted several philosophers, including Moritz Schlick and Rudolf Carnap,
who were working together in Vienna in the early part of the last century, and who expanded
Wittgenstein's work. Their work involved looking at language to see what type of statements were
meaningful or not, and they based their ideas on similar work in epistemology. There is a very
powerful argument in this branch of philosophy that knowledge can only be gained through
empirical experience. The logical positivists applied this idea to language, and came up with the
verification principle. This idea, also put forward by A. J. Ayer, the main British exponent of logical
positivism, is basically that only two types of statement are meaningful. The first is analytic
statements (a priori), which are logical statements that justify themselves, for example "1 + 1 = 2" or
"all bachelors are men." This type of statement is true by definition, and does not

The Objectives Of Positivism
It has to recognise that the positivism doctrine is complex in terms of explaining succinct and
precise manner due to the fact that there are major differences among settings researchers make use
of positivism. The variations for clarifying positivism might be equal in number of authors that
addresses the area of research philosophy. However, within its spirit, positivism is dependent on the
idea that reveals "science is the only approach to learn about the truth" (Alasuutari & Brannen,
2008).
Interpretive, critical and positivist sociology comes up with unique observing standards and
depicting conclusion regarding human behaviour within social context. The objective of "positivist
sociology" aims at understanding the social institutions through depending on observable and
known facts. This often manage proper understanding for how societies work, slight credence
offered the social mechanism study, which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As mentioned by Denscombe (2014), one major mistake that can be highlighted in Positivist social
research is certain assumption that is developed on scientific inquiry. For adopting positivistic
stance, it is not just for adopting specific approaches to develop research studies. Sarantakos (2012)
pointed out that this implies that the study result might incline to be presented as recognised truths
and objective facts.
Today, positivists are less enthusiastic for certain earlier expectations of epistemology. Recognising
the claims for accuracy and objectivity rests over less secure foundation that is once believed aspect
of doubt take place within research for modern proponents that tends to deal within the levels of
partial objectivity and probability. However, such claim might be reduced to the level of modest
approach; positivism must emphasis on the empiricism role, skills for discovering meaning from the
objects and the unison of sciences (Eriksson & Kovalainen,

The Importance Of Theoretical Frameworks In Public...
Professional journals and peer–reviewed publications are an important component in legitimizing
any academic discipline, and the field of public administration is no exception. Similar to other
disciplines, the field of public administration utilizes academic and professional journal publications
as a means to disseminate and share research by scholars and practitioners that presents original
contributions and unique perspectives. However, unlike other disciplines, since the field of public
administration lacks a core theoretical framework for scholars to design and conduct research,
scholars in the field of public administration draw on a myriad of theoretical frameworks in order to
make their scholarly contributions. In this regard, it is not surprising that academic journals in the
field of public administration exhibit a degree of bias in the research they publish and, therefore, the
theoretical frameworks of knowledge they promote. A comparative analysis of four of the major
academic journals in the field of public administration (Public Administration Review,
Administrative Theory & Praxis, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, and The
American Review of Public Administration) will yield important insights about the knowledge
frameworks used in these journals and the implications this has for scholars and practitioners in
public administration.
Theoretical Frameworks
Positivism, Postpositivism, and Functionalism
The positivist theoretical framework is

Alfred Jules Ayer's "Language, Truth and Logic," the Major...
In 1936 Alfred Jules Ayer published a book named, Language, Truth, and Logic. At the time of its
publication, it was understood to be the major thesis of Logical Positivism (Macdonald). In order to
understand the Verification Principle, one must first become somewhat familiar with Logical
Positivism. Logical Positivism is a school of philosophic thought that combines empiricism, the idea
that observational evidence is indispensable for knowledge of the world, with a version of
rationalism incorporating mathematical and logico–linguistic constructs and deductions in
epistemology, the study of knowledge (Log Pos). The Verification Principle states that a statement is
cognitively meaningful if and only if it is either analytic or in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In the future I believe humans will return to the practice of having fewer divorces. According to the
Verification Principle, Logical Positivists believe a large part of philosophy can not be judged as
either true or false. Many statements concerning aesthetics, metaphysics, and theology have been
rendered cognitively meaningless and cannot be proven logically, mathematically, nor by
observation or experiment (Reilly). Woodstock was a great event for music lovers. Tonight the stars
will cease to shine. Is there really life after death? A.J. Ayers and the Logical Positivists believed
that cognitively meaningless statements had no truth in value, and that itself made it a waste of time
to debate them. Karl Popper did not like the requirement that meaningful sentences be verifiable,
stating the positivists' criterion of verifiability was too strong a criterion for science, and proposed
that they be replaced by a criterion of falsifiability (Karl Popper). Popper believed that falsifiability
was a better criterion because it did not invite the philosophical problems inherent in verifying
induction, and it allowed statements from the physical sciences which seemed scientific but which
did not meet the verification criterion (Log Pos). Popper also argues that science should adopt a
methodology based on falsifiability, because no number of experiments can ever prove a

The Pros and Cons of Social Surveys in Sociological...
The Advantages and Limitations of Social Surveys in Sociological Research
To survey something, is to carry out a systematic overview so that a researcher can produce a
comprehensive general report on it. Survey method is often used by positivist sociologists seeking to
test their hypotheses, and to investigate causes and examine variables. As with every other
sociological research, survey has its own advantages and limitations.
Positivist research, which is in the scientific tradition, begins with a hypothesis that can be either
confirmed or rejected according to the data collected. One of the significant advantages of survey
method is that, it can be used to collect data that is a representative ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Also, since subjective opinions might change from time to time, they are unreliable whereas
objective facts can be repeated. This means that to check survey data a researcher can repeat or
replicate the survey under the same conditions and guidelines and it will give the same result,
therefore it is highly reliable.
Another advantage of surveys is that they act as measurement tools. For example Booth and
Rowntree were revolutionary social scientists who used the survey method to measure the extent of
poverty at the end of the 19th century. In more recent cases, Townsend and Mack and Lansley
measured the extent of poverty in modern Britain using the survey method. The thing about surveys
is that they act as measurement tools in the sense that they (normally) present data in statistical
form. Since numbers are more understandable and at times more believable than words, it is no
wonder that surveys help people to see and understand facts – such as the increase or decrease in
poverty in a country – better than, for example, lengthy wordy conclusions from observations.
In spite of these advantages, there are limitations to this. Although survey "can be used to collect
data that is a representative of a larger population", but in reality the representative samples are very
difficult to obtain. A researcher might not always have access the

Quine And Carnap Debate
The end of Metaphysics
Quine and Carnap
9–6–2015
Klassieke Teksten: Quine
Ischa Koekman
S1542540
Introduction
This essay will discuss the status or worth of metaphysics in light of the theories of Willard Orval
Quine and Rudolf Carnap. Both 20th century philosophers rejected metaphysics as a legitimate
branch of philosophy or science for their own reasons. Despite their agreement on this issue they
disagreed on many related topics. To clearly understand either philosophers' views on the worth of
metaphysics one needs to look into the long lasting dispute between these thinkers regarding these
topics.
The backbone of this essay then will be an overview of what is known as the Quine–Carnap debate.
We will discuss the relevant elements ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These truths are of the a priori kind. Theory internal question are answered either by analyticity
alone, or a combination between empiricism and analyticity. Either way these questions depend on
something self–sustaining to build on. Analytic statements, understood as statements true by virtue
of their own meaning, can supply this type of foundation. Saying analytic statements are true by
virtue of their own meaning is really to say they are true by virtue of the linguistic structure typical
for our adopted framework. Carnap, by this notion of analyticity, does not need justification for truth
statements from reality. Analytic statements are true by virtue of their semantic expressions, which
is our construct. Carnap's analytic statements are distinctly different from his synthetic. Synthetic
statements need, in part, evidence and justification from outside. It is not in their definition. Quine's
arguments for the non–existence of the analytic–synthetic distinction is a problem because now that
they are not opposite, isolated concepts they can be seen as two side of the same continuum.
Statements are no longer either synthetic or analytic but analytic/synthetic in varying degrees. What
this means is that analytic statements (if this is the proper name) are (in varying degrees) in need of
justification as well. What this means for Carnap is that his a priori type justifications are no longer
as certain or

The Difference Between Natural Law and Legal Positivism...
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THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NATURAL LAW AND LEGAL POSITIVISM This essay is going
to discuss and analyse the differences between two basic principles– natural law and legal
positivism. According to Hume, there are two realms of human enquiry , one in the field of facts
which is concerned with what ' is ' actually the case and the other in the field of 'ought' that is, what
ought to be the case1. Those who believe in the principle of natural law are known as naturalists
while those who believe in the principle of legal positivism or 'positive law' are known as positivists.
This is a brief overview of the two principles of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is the major difference between positivist and natural law thinkers. Natural law is the
combination of laws and morals while legal positivism is the seperation of laws and morals. Legal
positivism declares that morality is irrelevant to the identification of what is valid law and that the
criteria for the validity of a legal rule or law in a society is that it has the warrant of the sovereign
and will be enforced by the sovereign and its agents. Raz, a positivist, stated that 'the validity of a
law can never depend on its morality' 6 Positive law or positivism is
4 5
www.iep.utm.edu/legalpos/ [April 17 2001][accessed 4th November 2012]
Plato.standford.edu/entries/legal–positivism/ [2003][accessed 4th November 2012] 6 Joseph Raz
The Authority Of Law: Essays On Law And Morality(1979)p. 47
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different from natural law because ' it calls for a certain measure of regularity of observance for
without this feature, it would hardly be entitled to rank as law at all. A natural law on the other hand
may stll be held to be valid even if it is never or scarcely even observed.'7 Legal positivism will
only work in a community where it is widely accepted. Hart suggested that the legal system is a
'closed' logical system where decisions may be deduced by logic. For

Reflection Paper In Nursing
Reflection Paper Julie Benedict University of Mary REFLECTION PAPER 2 Reflection Paper
Experiences and Comfort Levels with Research I have been accepted into the Doctorate of Nursing
Practice: Family Nurse Practitioner Program at the University of Mary to officially begin this fall
semester. I graduated from Concordia College in Moorhead, Minnesota in 2014 and since then have
been employed as an inpatient registered nurse by Sanford Health. I have not participated in
research throughout my career and I do not have a lot of knowledge regarding the development of
research besides the general understanding I gained throughout undergraduate studies. Throughout
these studies, we a moderate amount of gathering of research using databases to find peer reviewed
and relevant data for papers. I did not thoroughly study nursing research, but I did gain proficiency
in the use of databases to find reliable research. Due to my limited use of research and the study of
research, I am not overly confident in initiating and working on research and evidence based
practice projects. Throughout this course, I hope to gain a more in–depth study of research and a
better understanding of how to develop, implement, and bring forth research studies to help dedicate
my current and future careers to the use of research and evidence based practice. Personal Goals
Throughout this course, I hope to accomplish three personal goals. The first goal I hope to
accomplish, is the increased use and

Reflection Paper In Nursing
Reflection Paper Experiences and Comfort Levels with Research I have been accepted to the
Doctorate of Nursing Practice: Family Nurse Practitioner Program at the University of Mary to
officially begin this fall semester. I graduated from Concordia College in Moorhead, Minnesota in
2014 and since then have been employed as an inpatient registered nurse by Sanford Health. I have
not participated in research throughout my career and I do not have a lot of knowledge regarding the
development of research besides the general understanding I gained throughout undergraduate
studies. Throughout these studies, we did a moderate amount of gathering of research using
databases to find peer reviewed and relevant data for papers. I did not thoroughly study nursing
research but I did gain proficiency in the use of databases to find reliable research. Due to my
limited use of research and the study of research, I am not confident in initiating and working on
research and evidence based practice projects. Throughout this course, I hope to gain a more in–
depth study of research and a better understanding of how to develop, implement, and bring forth
research studies to help dedicate my current and future careers to the use of research and evidence
based practice. Personal Goals Throughout this course, I hope to accomplish three personal goals.
The first goal I hope to accomplish, is the increased use and implementation of application.
Application is defined as, "use a concept in a new situation or unprompted use of an abstraction.
Applies what was learned in the classroom into novel situations in the workplace" (Randall, 2010).
In nursing, I believe application is important due to the usual learning environment being a
classroom but the application environment being in front of a patient. I hope throughout this course I
can better apply what I learn through lectures, the course textbook, and discussion with colleagues
to my future patients and fellow healthcare providers in order to provide and develop well informed
research. The second goal I hope to address regarding the affective domain is "valuing". An example
of valuing is, "informs management on matters that one feels strongly about" (Randall, 2010). I
hope to

Essay on A Philosophical Examination of Language
A Philosophical Examination of Language
"Philosophy is language idling."
–Ludwig Wittgenstein Language and philosophy have an intimate connection to one another;
without a philosophical examination of the meanings and structure of language, we cannot easily
ascertain the objective truth of the statements we make, nor can we usefully discuss abstract
concepts. The philosophy of language seeks to understand the concepts expressed by language and
to find a system by which it can effectively and accurately do so. This is more difficult than it
appears at first; philosophers are looking for a theory of language which avoids the minute errors of
meaning and usage which occur in all discussions of abstract concepts and which tend to ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ordinary language theory, on the other hand, suggested that these philosophical problems appear
when language is used improperly; the language itself is perfectly acceptable and can be easily
applied to the discussion of abstract and philosophical concepts without undue modifications, as
long as it is used and interpreted properly (Katz 69). Each of the! ! se movements in linguistic
philosophy had its strengths and weaknesses, and its supporters and detractors. LOGICAL
EMPIRICISM
Pure metaphysical speculation which is not based on fact is, to the empiricists, neither relevant nor
useful. The only truth, in this philosophy, is that which is mathematically provable or experimentally
observable (Katz 18–19). This truth can be divided into two categories: analytic truths are based on
inherent meanings and can be observed through the application of reason, if not experiment;
synthetic truths are those facts which are obtained from the experience of reality (Quine, in
Rosenberg & Travis, 63). How does this apply to linguistic philosophy? Any system of
communication must, in order to be meaningful, include some way to represent the truth accurately;
any empiricist will tell you that this truth is only valuable and meaningful if it can be considered
absolute and provable. In order to be perfectly accurate in representing the truth, language must
conform to a certain set of specifications designed to prevent it from

Thoughts on a Possible Rational Reconstruction of the...
Thoughts on a Possible Rational Reconstruction of the Method of "Rational Reconstruction"
ABSTRACT: Rational reconstructions standardly operate so as to transform a given problematic
philosophical scientific account–particularly of a terminological, methodological or theoretical
entity–into a similar, but more precise, consistent interpretation. This method occupies a central
position in the practice of analytic philosophy. Nevertheless, we encounter–even if only in a very
few specific publications–a vague image of it. This is due on the one hand to the problem of the
intentions of application, i.e., of the normativity of rational reconstruction (descriptive/prescriptive–
ambivalence). It is also due on the other hand to the problem of ... Show more content on
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Nevertheless, we encounter–even in the specific publications–only a vague image of it. Surprisingly,
there are comparatively few specific publications. Historically they concentrate in the phase of
Logical Empiricism. On the other hand we record a quite extensive literature on the latest variant of
rational reconstruction, the "structuralist reconstruction." Besides Kamlah's article, Poser [1971] is
to be mentioned. Further, for Analytical Philosophy directly relevant material includes mainly brief
remarks in preliminaries and digressions, particularly in works of Wolfgang Stegmller, who
established the method in German postwar philosophy. I want to point out his well–known article on
Kant (Stegmller [1967]), which I followed when choosing a title for this paper, as well as his
introduction to the fourth volume of his great series on philosophy of science and Analytical
Philosophy with its section "Neue Betrachtungen ber die Ziele und Aufgaben der
Wissenschaftstheorie" (Stegmller [1973], pp. 1–64). Jrgen Mittelstra has commented for German
Constructivism in some other articles (Mittelstra [1985a], Mittelstra [1985b]). Consequently, a
general, problemizing and coherent "Theory of Rational Reconstruction" that really would deserve
the name (as well as by the way any kind of "Textbook of Rational Reconstruction") has, as it
seems, remained a desideratum. The varied usage within Analytical Philosophy as well as the

Essay on The Burden of Proof in Philosophy and Science
The Burden of Proof in Philosophy and Science
In Language, Truth, and Logic, Alfred J. Ayer describes the revolutionary idea that philosophy is
only useful and significant if it can be proven. This can be otherwise said as the elimination of
metaphysics from the practice. While metaphysics focuses on a priori knowledge questions which
are unanswerable to scientific observation and analysis, Ayer feels that one must at least be able to
establish a "criterion of verifiability" of a statement– by which one can at least determine if truth or
falsity can be discovered. This is also known as the verifiability principle.
"We say that a sentence is factually significant to any given person, if, and ... Show more content on
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We cannot establish the means to verify that there is a transcendent realm of forms in another life
because we have no experience with any other life. We accept something as "good" or "beautiful"
because it is pleasing to us and those around us, not because we have established a way to prove
their goodness or beauty. Ayer would not be convinced that either of these exist because we have no
way of proving anything besides that which we see for ourselves and come. For the same reason, we
cannot verify whether or not our souls live forever. We do not have the ability to even make
assertions about what happens after death, because we have no possible way of even making an
educated guess.
However, metaphysical statements that may lack any means for being literally true, can still have
moral significance. People who truly believe something is true may still reap the benefits of their
belief; such as the confidence or inspiration they might draw from it. These metaphysical claims
"may still serve to express or arouse, emotion, and thus be subject to ethical or aesthetic standards."
Another distinction that Ayer makes in his writings is the difference between strong and weak
factually significant propositions. Strong propositions are those in which "its truth could be

What is the Verification Principle?
The verification principle arose from a movement in the 1920's known as Logical Positivism and, in
particular from a group of philosophers known as the Vienna circle. They applied principles of
science and mathematics to religious language and argued that, like human knowledge, religious
language also had to be empirically verified through experiences if it were to be considered
meaningful. They believed that this was the basis of all forms of empirical testing. From this, Vienna
Circle established that truth and meaning can be identified as two distinct concepts when referring to
religious language. Consequently, statements such as 'God exists' may have meaning to a believer,
however, it would be a completely different matter to state ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
(Ayer, 1952)
In his book, 'Language, Truth and Logic' (1936), A.J. Ayer reinforced the verification principle when
he noted that since the existence of God cannot be rationally demonstrated, it is not even probable
because the term 'God' is a metaphysical term referring to a transcendent being that cannot have any
literal significance. Interestingly, Ayer also rejected atheistic and agnostic statements since any
statement that includes 'God' is meaningless. Ayer argued that since claims about God cannot be
contradicted, they are not significant propositions, they are neither true of false, but cannot be valid.
He writes: "The notion of a being whose essential attributes are non–empirical is not an intelligible
notion at all." In order to understand the verification principle fully, the principle also subsequently
rejects all statements that express unverifiable opinions including moral and ethical statements,
historical statements, religious statements and emotional statements. Ayer maintained the view that
those statements are all meaningless since they cannot be verified. Beliefs about life after death are
also problematic because they suggest that we have a soul. This, however, is a metaphysical
assertion beyond any form of empirical testing. (Ayer, 1952)
The verification principle is known to be one of the most discredited and flawed theories of the 21st
century. The major flaw

The Epistemological Perspectives Of Positivism And Social...
1. The epistemological perspectives of positivism and social constructivism can often be seen as
direct opposed views on knowledge. A positivism approach involves accepting knowledge of things
"that have been verified by the scientific method of formation and testing" (Pool, 1999, Pg. 91).
Positivists focus on the falsification of things and insistence on their verification. Scientist, Karl
Popper, brought new ideals to this approach by making light on the fact it is not possible to prove
something true, but it can ultimately be proven true by never being proved false which can provide
you with long term approximations for knowledge. (Pool, 1999, Pg. 92). The social constructivism
approach answers the issues addressed that the positivism ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
2. I have current experience with an internship at Lockheed Martin Aeronautics. This also happens
to be where I aspire to begin my career so I think it is important for me to reflect on how
engineering plays into this industry. It may come to no surprise that there are very few companies
capable of designing, engineering, manufacturing, and distributing fighter aircraft to the world. This
technology is sold to high ranking and important customers such as the Army, Airforce, the Navy,
and national governments of other countries. This being said, engineering is a key aspect of the
company being able to create the most technologically advanced aircraft, with the best capabilities,
while managing affordability. I believe these aircraft are a great example for showing how
technology can have politics. With the word politics I am referring to the circulation of resources
and power in a culture. I also think it is important to define what I mean by culture. Culture can be
well summarized as a way of life or social norms that are developed by the traditions, values,
religions, economy, and ethnicities particular to a geographical region. Fighter aircraft fall under
what Winner would call an inherently political technology. This is a technology that, "appear to
require or to be strongly compatible with particular kinds of

Personal Reflection
According to Polit and Beck (2017), "the ultimate goal of research is to develop and expand
knowledge" (p. 3). Through my education in the Doctorate of Nurse Practitioner program, I plan to
expand on the knowledge I already have and develop new knowledge that will help me become a
successful student and nurse practitioner. I was first introduced to the concept of research during my
undergraduate nursing program. During the program, I took a class that taught the basic knowledge
of research and how it is used in our daily practice. It was in this class that I learned about evidence–
based practice studies and how to find articles that were based on nursing research. I have no
professional experience being involved in a research project or completing research on my own. I
have been a part of implementing evidence based practice (EBP) interventions at work. Some of the
interventions included implementing the ambulatory blood pressure monitoring system, new
practices for lab draws and ways to decrease infections in central lines. The goals I will make for
this class will address Bloom's Revised Taxonomy of Learning. According to Clark (2015), "the
cognitive domain involves knowledge and the development of intellectual skills." Using this
domain, my goal is to be able to analyze and evaluate research effectively, and apply what I learn to
help expand my education and daily practice. I will accomplish this goal by, distinguishing between
facts and inferences when

The Effect Of Cooperative Learning On Academic Performance...
Methods
Introduction
In this research, an experimental study will be conducted to ascertain the effect of cooperative
learning on academic performance of college students in Saudi Arabia. Here, a quantitative research
approach will be adopted to put a comprehensive investigation pertaining to the effect of
cooperative learning on academic performance of college students in Saudi Arabia through a variety
of sources of information. In order to establish a conceptual phenomenon relevant to the effect of
cooperative learning setting, an experimental research design will be conducted. Primarily, this will
enable the researcher to expose and validate all the principles governing cooperative learning among
Saudi Arabia students along with their effect on the academic performance of these students. In
addition to the quantitative methods of research the researcher will incorporate diverse qualitative
forms of data collection such as pre and post test so that both pragmatic and objective results can be
substantiated. Definitely, this will help in reflecting reality mathematically thereby enhancing the
validity of study results. Therefore, this part of this writing covers a number of methodologies that
will be adopted in the research.
Research Philosophy The philosophy behind the choice of adopting a quantitative research approach
in the proposed study is logical positivism wherein the research will not be confined within just one
parameter, but will consider diverse

“What Are the Major Strengths and Weakness of Dworkin’s...
"What are the major strengths and weakness of Dworkin's theory of law as compared to a positivist
or natural law perspective?" Discuss.
Arguably one of the most influential legal theorists of the 20th century, Ronald Dworkin's dealings
with law's interpretation and integrity has lead to inevitable contradictions with that of positivist
ideology, with his work essentially revitalising a method of thinking that had long been considered
dead and buried. Perhaps most notoriously, Dworkin combated the positivist theory of his former
teacher and predecessor as Professor of Jurisprudence at Oxford University, H.L.A. Hart. When
comparing the two, it is apparent that Dworkin and Hart disagree on a plethora of issues, however
there exist several ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As such, it is possible that numerous conflicting principles may exist in the one scenario. Dworkin
even goes further by introducing the concept of policy defining a policy as 'that kind of standard that
sets out a goal to be reached, generally an improvement in some economic, political, or social
feature of the community'.
The famous US decision of Riggs v Palmer serves to illustrate a considerable strength in Dworkin's
argument concerning rules and principles. The New York court had to decide a case to determine
whether a grandson who poisoned his grandfather to obtain his inheritance was in fact able to collect
such an inheritance. At the time, there existed no statute or law that invalidated his claim as a
beneficiary due to his involvement in the murder. Furthermore, the applicable legal rule seemed to
be that legacies contained in legally valid testamentary dispositions are to be guaranteed by law in
accordance with the wishes of the testator. According to Hart, the court should, in this situation, be
decided upon pre–existing law. Yet despite this, the court majority found that the grandson could not
inherit, instead appealing to moral reasoning by citing the principle that no one should be able to
profit from ones crimes. A similar decision based on principle was handed down 70 years later in the
case of Henningsen v Bloomfield Motors Inc. As a result of these cases, Dworkin is able

Hinduism And Taoism
1. Compare and contrast various views of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Taoism.
Hinduism, one of the oldest religions refers to the collection of faiths and originated in India.
Hinduism was brought to India by nomadic people thousands of years ago and is a polytheistic
system with various gods and goddesses as well as lesser deities. Hinduism is related to Buddhism
because many early ideas found in Hinduism influenced the Buddhist teachings. Founded in the fifth
century by Gautama Siddhartha Buddha, Buddhism took on numerous forms as a religion all over
Asia and is known as a philosophical–religious system. Buddhists make offerings to various
buddhas and do not always worship them as god. Buddhism tries to help individuals overcome the ...
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Principles categorized under yin are femaleness, the moon, completion, cold, darkness, material
forms, and submission. Each principle produces the other, the creation occurs under yang and the
completion of the created thing occurs under yin. All changed in the universe are accomplished and
explained by yin and yang.
3. Articulate how principles of Taoism serve as the foundation of the art of Feng Shui.
Feng Shui is an art of divination and a method of influencing our destiny. The principles of Taoism
serve as the foundation of the art of Feng Shui. Taoism is run by a single principle, the Tao,
however, the Tao is divided into two opposite principles, the ying and yang. Based on this
knowledge, Feng Shui relies on the ability to understand the Tao and find the balance of ying and
yang. Taoism believes that yin, yang and the five agents, wood, fire, metal, water and earth, explain
all events within the universe. Thus, the art of Fend Shui was developed based on the values of
Taoism.
4. Explain the idea of analytic philosophy in contrast with other schools of philosophy.
Analytic philosophy was created as a distinct school of philosophical. In contrast, other schools of
philosophy focus mainly on detailed analysis and examination of philosophical aspects in society.
Although the difference between analytic philosophy and other schools of philosophy is unclear, L.
Jonathon Cohen argues in his book, the Dialogue of reason, that

“Evaluate the Claim That Religious Language Is...
In the debate about religious language, it is important that broadly speaking, there are two types of
language, cognitive and non–cognitive. Cognitive language conveys facts i.e. things that we can
know or be cognisant of. Non–cognitive language conveys information that is not factual; feelings
and emotional claims. Those who believe that religious language is non–cognitive and so
meaningless stem their beliefs from the Logical Positivist. The Logical Positivists were a group of
philosophers who were primarily concerned with the truth contained in statements we can make, or
in other words, with what can be logically posited, or stated. The group began in Vienna, Austria in
the 1920s and gathered around a philosopher called Moritz ... Show more content on
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Brian Davies further argued that the verificationism principle itself is unverifiable; one cannot verify
whether it is true or false and therefore by its own criteria, it is meaningless. Both Ward and Davies's
arguments significantly weaken verificationism. Hick argued that statements are eschatologically
verifiable, so that after someone dies, they can verify all the statements they made when they were
alive, however this is a weak argument against verificationism, and it does not weaken the
verification principle as much as Hick and Davies. One other philosopher who was influenced by
the Logical Positivists (alongside Karl Popper) was Anthony Flew. Flew believed that when you
assert something, you are also asserting (whether you like it or not) that there are facts/evidence that
may count against your assertion. His Falsification principle proposed that a statement was
meaningless if no sense experience could count against it; a statement is meaningful if it is known
what empirical evidence could count against it. Flew uses the parable of the gardener to illustrate his
point; Two explorers return to come across a garden in which had grown flowers and weeds. Even
though there are some areas which are overgrown, there are certain areas that appear to be tended to.
One argues that there is a gardener on account of the flowers, the other argues that they could be no

Positivism Advantages
Positivism developed a particular scientific method and their method uses rationale thinking
(deduction and induction thinking), to try and establish the truth (Usher, 1996). Positivism assumes
that knowledge is gained from observation of the world out there, because it is "absolute and
unchanging" (Donald, Lazarus & Lolwana, 2010, p. 79), for example 2 X 2 = 4 this sum will never
change. In the following essay I will discuss why positivism is attractive, who would benefit from
positivism, why positivists call human beings "things", and what the educational implications are.
Positivism is commonly associated with Auguste Comte and shared the view that the only authentic
knowledge is scientific knowledge, and that such knowledge can only come ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
152): observation statements/ empirical knowledge and analytical statements/ logical knowledge,
and the principle of verifiability/ verification principle– The meaning of a statement is the method of
its verification, a statement is meaningful if and only if it is in principle verifiable (empirically,
directly or indirectly, by observation) or is a tautology of mathematics or logic (Phillips, 1983). The
respect for scientific methods was seen that something was only meaningful if it could be verified
and logical positivists said "verification had to be in terms of simple, direct and indubitable
descriptions of sense experience" (Phillips, 2000, p.

Positivist Theory And Deviant Behavior
Positivist Theory rose to dominance in the 19th century constituting a more hands on, scientific
policy where positivism was perceived as the belief that basic truths will rise once scientific
methods to the study of society have been applied. In regard to criminal behaviour, which will be
further discussed through biological and psychological positivism, positivism foretells that research
has the ability to demonstrate what the main causes are for crime within individuals and what
measures can be taken to eliminate it (Lundberg, 1939). The overall development of positivistic
perspectives instituted a major break within the classical condition where crime became a matter of
individual choice (White, Haines and Asquith, 2009). The 19th century was a period of
consolidation and the rise of capitalism in the commercial mode of production in Europe, along with
this was also a time of new thinking about society and the nature of human beings. The rise of
positivism was also communicated through the implementation of natural scientific methods and
concepts in the study of society, where the acceptance of certain ideas about human experiences and
the rectification of social problems were adopted. This essay will aim to unpack the institutions and
organisations within the positivism time period whilst focusing on both key and ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The theory focuses more on the individual criminal rather than the crime itself and what causes
people to become 'deviant' (Breen and Darlaston–Jones, 2010). The origins of positivist theory lie
within in two elements of scientific research that was developed in the late 19th century. One
element attempts to identify and explain criminal behaviour through biological means, whereas the
second element focuses on psychological factors associated with criminality (White, Haines and
Asquith,

Research Paper On Positivism
Positivism essay
At the end of Nick Heather's (1976) chapter on 'Positivism and psychology' he asks three questions
about positivism. In the following essay I am going to explore positivism as well as the attraction of
positivism. I will also look at why human beings are being described for scientific purposes as if
they were things as well as the educational implications of this. Lastly I will look at the benefits of
positivism.
Heather(1976, p12) states that "positivism is a position in epistemology." Positivism is based on
empiricism which means that all knowledge or ideas are based on sense experience(Phillips, 2000).
There are two types of positivism. The first type is classical positivism which was developed by
philosopher Auguste ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Positivists believed in the unity of the sciences which includes the natural sciences and the social
science(Hahn, Carnap & Neurath, 2001). This unity of science involved the notion that everything
on earth –including people– could be empirically studied (Hahn et al, 2001). I reiterate that
positivism benefits all those who want to take control of those around them. As mentioned before
reinforcement was seen as a way of controlling and any person who wanted control could use
reinforcement as a method (Skinner, 1968). Reinforcement also allowed you to predict certain
behaviours (Skinner, 1968). An example of this could be seen by the elite group for example
teachers. It allowed teachers to be in control and allows teachers to predict that if you use
reinforcement in your classroom then you are guaranteed to get the correct behaviour you
want(Skinner, 1968). A teacher may give a child a sweet for listening in class, which can set an
example to the rest of the children as to how they should be behaving as

The Comparative Method : Moving Beyond Qualitative And...
The Comparative Method: Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies by Charles C.
Ragin describes several aspects of the comparative research process. He describes in detail the
strategies a comparative researcher can employ and the differences and similarities of these
strategies. He notes that the comparative approach is primarily of a qualitative nature and is by its
very nature different from quantitative scientific methodology based upon statistical inference.
During the course of this report, Ragin's "The Comparative Method" will be described by its major
points and descriptions of comparative research. Several weaknesses will be identified and
described. And finally, this report will seek to discuss how these weaknesses can be overcome or
mitigated.
Description of "The Comparative Method".
This book describes several components of comparative research and some factors which influences
this type of research. The author first explains the Distinctiveness of Comparative social Science. He
notes that the comparative method is typically used to refer to the comparison of large macro–social
units. He states that he goals of comparative and non–comparative work are identical; to explain
social phenomena by establishing controls over the conditions and causes of variation. Even though
the underlying goals of both types of research may be the same, there is a wide gulf between
qualitative and quantitative work. Regan describes this gulf as being: 1) wider in

Analytic Philosophy : Modality And The Iron Triangle
Modality and the Iron Triangle
Analytic philosophy had major influences on theories of meaning and the discussion of language. In
this paper, I will discuss some of the most significant people in this period and analyze the success
or lack of success for each theory in the period of analytic philosophy. The names of discussion are
Bertrand Russell, Alfred Ayer, and Saul Kripke. While other influencers of analytic philosophy
certainly exist, I will focus on these authors. Each writer was a founder of a movement of thought or
a beginning step to change in analytic philosophy, so their theories have major consequences on the
understanding on language and meaning. In particular, Russell was a major voice in the circles of
descriptivism, Ayer was a logical empiricist, and Kripke focused on modality and possibility. Rather
than describe each of these authors' views on their respective movements, I will focus on the
consequences of their views on a particular model in the philosophical discussion of meaning: the
iron triangle. This model is a description of meaning with three points based on knowledge, the
method of learning that knowledge, and the possibility of that knowledge. In this paper, I will
describe each philosopher's ideas on the iron triangle, Ayer's specific project on the model, and
Kripke's subsequent challenges to Ayer.
Firstly, Bertrand Russell's approach to meaning is descriptivist, and this theory is integral to
Russell's understanding of the iron triangle. This

Disadvantages Of Positivist Research
Advantages and disadvantages of studying the social media phenomenon with a positivist versus an
interpretivist approach
For years now, there has been a discussion about which epistemology, the positive or the
interpretive, suits the social sciences best. One, could say that "it doesn't matter whether a cat is
black or white, as long as it catches mice" , which, in the context of research in the social sciences,
would mean that it does not matter what approach is used to generate knowledge as long as
knowledge is produced. But as Max Weber believed, both currents are required and both have their
own advantages and disadvantages. The advantages and disadvantages of studying a social
phenomenon with a positivist versus an interpretivist approach ... Show more content on
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It claims that social science should follow the model, methods and techniques of the Sciences to
discover "facts that exist without observation" . These facts, which are based on testable and verified
data, then help to produce theories and thus help explaining behavior. Positivist or objectivist social
scientists, such as the nineteenth century French philosopher Auguste Comte, believe that there is
only one reality and that the methodologies of the sciences can be used to observe and analyze the
collectivity of society empirically as well as generate or establish objective facts and social laws. In
order to stay truly distant, a researcher must "look at the social world as if for the first time" to avoid
judgments and ideology. Moreover, the positivist social scientists should not get morally or
politically involved since this would corrupt their chances of discovering truths. As indicated in the
table by Cohen and Mansion (1994), an objectivistic research is conducted by experiments to
validate theories and the methodologies used are quantitative analysis and mathematical models. In
brief, positivist researchers' object is the search for societal laws, patterns, which explain observable
facts and behavior causally and/ or

Epistobabble Warfare
INTRODUCTION
The article "Marketing: philosophy of science and "epistobabble warfare" is a commentary by the
author Michel Rod published as a qualitative research in an International Journal, Vol. 12 Iss. 2, pp.
120– 129.
Throughout the article Rod articulated his viewpoints on the variety of philosophies involved in
legitimizing the science of marketing research and sought to establish his own perspective of what
he actually believes marketing research should accomplish. This was stated in his thesis statement
that:
"Rather than argue one particular perspective, it is this paper's central thesis that no one
philosophical perspective does or should have a monopoly on what makes a useful contribution to
our understanding of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To further balance his commentary, Rod also looked at the unpopular aspect of the philosophy of
science in marketing, the philosophies that dictate how market research should be conducted to
make a real contribution to society. In quoting Frank Bass on his editorial comment to put it all
together
Gains in fundamental knowledge have been substantial, but, more importantly, what has transpired
has been the development of a system for further development of science in marketing (p. 124.)
Whilst Rod continued in his literature review to explore further philosophies,
Critique
Rod's conceptual paper on Marketing: the philosophy of science and "epistobabble warfare" was not
an easy paper that one could read and understand on the first go. If the topic is not within the subject
area of the reader, then the article further becomes an 'epistobabble' full of 'isims' and 'schisms' that
one would have to ponder on for days.
There is no denying that the reader had to do additional research to fully comprehend Rod's
commentary on the philosophical perspectives involved in conducting a market research.
Nevertheless, by stating his background in medicine where research was/is conducted with less
philosophical debates, save 'ethical ones' the transition for Rod to an area with documented
philosophies in search of truths was a transition for him.

Who is the author of this journal entry? It was interesting to note that Professor Michel Rod is an
associate professor

Health Geography Is A Branch Of Social Science
*Health geography approaches. Health geography is a branch of social science which investigates
the interaction between people and the environment. Health geography views health from an all–
inclusive perspective combining society and space, and it intellectualises the role of place, location,
and geography within the realm of health, wellbeing, and disease. To put it simply, health geography
examines why space and place are central for health variation in the population. As a result,
approaches in health geography are varied, often drawing on different ways of conceptualizing
space, place, and health. As Cattrall and Elliott, (2009) state, it would be a mistake to believe that
there is only one correct approach, instead we should remain open minded and appreciate different
philosophical and epistemological approaches and viewpoints in health and how they contribute to
the enhancement of our understanding of a particular health issue. My answer will be based on
Gatrell and Elliott who discuss these approaches extensively.
The Positivist Approach Positivism applies to "factual" knowledge gained through the senses
including measurement. Oftentimes, positivism research relies on observable, quantifiable,
generalizable data collection later interpreted objectively. In a health context, positivist accounts
seek to uncover causes or aetiological factors; however, the best that can be established is often a
strong association rather than a direct cause. Positivist concerns

Critical Review of Positionality Theory
'Research Reports'... 'Research Data'... 'As per the research observations' ... 'As per the research
findings'... how often do we come across such terms while moving around in the corporate
organizations...?
How simplified our life gets when we have a strong backing of a 'Research' to whatever we
discuss...?
How confident we feel while walking in a conference room with a 'Research Paper' in our hands...?
Well, this is all simply because we 'believe' in the research that we have done and we trust our–self
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Literature Review & Theoretical Framework
An Overview:
The literature that I have been gathering and going through since last few weeks, have just mounted
the evidence that Positionality is interpreted uniquely by the diverse group of people.
Positionality always existed; it's only that people have become more responsive to it now.
Every person is unknowingly or knowingly positioning himself in the mind of the other. This can
occur when a person is in the company of his colleagues, his friends, relatives, or even in his own
house! This impact or the 'impression' as we call it casually can be through very subtle signs of the
person's expressions and responses to some particular views, ideas or opinions. Even a person's
appearance – through the way he presents himself, contributes enormously in constructing an image
or a position of that particular person in the mind of the other.
Looking at a wider perspective, ones own positionality can prove to be a big hurdle in his/her life.
Positionality stops a person from being creative or thinking outside the box. It makes a person very
rigid – very confound. And this in itself is a barrier to your success.
Corporates' today are constantly under pressure. The pressure of giving the right

Concepts Of Modernism : Hinduism, Buddhism, And Taoism
1. Hinduism, Buddhism, and Taoism are polytheistic. They share the same notions of enlightenment,
karma, samsara, and reincarnation. Karma is the belief that what you do will eventually bear similar
fruits. Samsara, on the other hand, is the belief that people live many lives and survives many
lifetimes, though as different beings. Samsara is similar to reincarnation. Enlightenment makes one
to be in the same accord with the universe and one that can choose what to be and when to be.
Hinduism believes in many gods, goddesses, and lesser deities. Buddhism was born out of
Hinduism. Unlike Hinduism, Buddhists do not worship the many gods in Hinduism but sacrifice to
Buddha. Taoists, on the other hand, believe that life should be effortless and should flow with
nature. 2. Tao is the great ultimate in Taoism, which entails the single principle running the universe.
In the universe, there are two opposite principles, where one can be reduced to the other. These
principles are represented by the yin and the yang. All the opposite principles in the universe, hence,
are represented by the yin and the yang. Yang represents principles that govern maleness, heat and
so on. The opposing sides of these principles are femaleness, coldness and such; these are governed
by yang. Ideas of things come from heaven under yang and materialize on earth and yin. 3. While
Taoism is based on the principles that guard the universe and govern it, Feng Shui is based on these
principles to predict the

What Is The Conceptual Frameworks Of Both Philosophical...

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