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object persistence formats Sequential access optimized for operations on entire file access to specific objects not efficient Random access optimized for finding specific entire file operations not efficient Relational database primary key foreign key referential integrity structured query language Object-oriented databases standard from object data management group sopport complex data object ID assigned some support for inheritance sharpe learning curve Object-relational databases relational database extended to handle storage of objects use of user-defined data types extended SQL to handle complex object data inheritance tends to be language dependent Solution object persistence formats Sequential access optimized for operations on entire file access to specific objects not efficient Random access optimized for finding specific entire file operations not efficient Relational database primary key foreign key referential integrity structured query language Object-oriented databases standard from object data management group sopport complex data object ID assigned some support for inheritance sharpe learning curve Object-relational databases relational database extended to handle storage of objects use of user-defined data types extended SQL to handle complex object data inheritance tends to be language dependent.

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Discuss the differences in object-oriented (OO) programming languages and \"pre-object-oriented\" (also known as procedural or â€œclassicâ€) programming languages. In particular, address the approach taken to data accessibility / visibility for each of these two broad language categories. Discuss the pros and cons of each approach. Solution In Object oriented languages data doesn\'t move freely.data encapsulation is the property of object oriented languages. Data is binded to objects. In conventiontional languages data will move freely between procedures.No data security provided. In object oriented languages data binding and security is provided. Here data is accessed through methods of class. Data access specifiers are provided like private and protected. Advantage of oops: Data binding and security. Polymorphism Inheritance provides reusability Classes and objects model the real world entities. Cons: Multiple inheritance leads to duplication of data in derived classes. .

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Not all analytes re non-polar hydrophobic substance, but even those are detected by allowing them to be bound to beads with which they show affinity. The different weights added by the beads allows to monitor their elution fairly one-at-a-time, necessary for a non-chaotic non-contaminated chromatogram. Substances that are amphoteric like proteins, with one ionizable motif, one polar motif, and one hydrophobic motif are detected by their anion and cation exchange pattern, and so are large molecules that are polar and or ionizable. The different affinity to one ion or the next and their tendency to exchange cations or anions is part of the information. If some of those substances are biologically, they can adopt several conformations. The one they adopt in living systems i usually the active one, and in that conformation they interact in nature with the ions and hydrophylic proteins of our bodies\' liquid compartments. Also information is derived from their affinity to the other substances, the beads, the eluents, and the ions, and the overall pH. Solution Not all analytes re non-polar hydrophobic substance, but even those are detected by allowing them to be bound to beads with which they show affinity. The different weights added by the beads allows to monitor their elution fairly one-at-a-time, necessary for a non-chaotic non-contaminated chromatogram. Substances that are amphoteric like proteins, with one ionizable motif, one polar motif, and one hydrophobic motif are detected by their anion and cation exchange pattern, and so are large molecules that are polar and or ionizable. The different affinity to one ion or the next and their tendency to exchange cations or anions is part of the information. If some of those substances are biologically, they can adopt several conformations. The one they adopt in living systems i usually the active one, and in that conformation they interact in nature with the ions and hydrophylic proteins of our bodies\' liquid compartments. Also information is derived from their affinity to the other substances, the beads, the eluents, and the ions, and the overall pH..

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Off-balance sheet problems have recurred throughout history, with a similar progression. 1.00 Initially, balance sheets are relatively transparent and off-balance sheet liabilities are minimal or zero. Then, market participants argue that certain items should be excluded as off- balance sheet. 2.00 Complex institutions increase their use of off-shore subsidiaries and swap transactions to avoid disclosing liabilities 3.00 Over time, the exceptions eat away at the foundations of financial statements, and the perception of the riskiness of large institutions becomes disconnected from reality Transparency is one of the central pillars of a well functioning market Lacunae in the system of rules; a. There is a lack of information regarding exposures to risks accompanying derivative transactions, and the potential impact on cash inflows and outflows. b Lack of information regarding how “interconnected” companies are to one another as a result of such transactions Financial reform proposals should promote the flow of information by requiring that companies report all of their assets and liabilities, including derivatives and VIEs, in a transparent, understandable way What it needs: From the various Banks and istitutions playing in the market, had their discussions and pointed below: Companies should show their full liability in their Balance sheets so that investors can make weel aware of the particular instituitions. 1 Companies that fail to disclose material facts should face civil liability 2 Companies must report asset financings on the balance sheet 3 Implementing fair value accounting more broadly may not provide finacial statements users with more transparant and useful reporting From the KPMG discussions on the Off Balance sheet recomndations report , some are identified and tabulated below. 4 The SEC should consider reinstituting a technology -enabled process to streamline updating public company information. 5 The SEC and FASB should collaborate on standard setting to ensure an integrated set of disclosure requirements that is comprehensive and complete and avoids redundancies Solution Off-balance sheet problems have recurred throughout history, with a similar progression. 1.00 Initially, balance sheets are relatively transparent and off-balance sheet liabilities are minimal or zero. Then, market participants argue that certain items should be excluded as off- balance sheet. 2.00 Complex institutions increase their use of off-shore subsidiaries and swap transactions to avoid disclosing liabilities 3.00 Over time, the exceptions eat away at the foundations of financial statements, and the perception of the riskiness of large institutions becomes disconnected from reality Transparency is one of the central pillars of a well functioning market Lacunae in the system of rules; a. There is a lack of information regarding exposures to risks accompanying derivative transactions, and the potential impact on cash inflows and outflows. b Lack of infor.

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Well the only difference between the two structurally is that cyclohexanol is a cycloalkane and phenol is a cycloaklene so I think that you would be able to separate them by distillation. They would be separated by exploiting their boiling points, the lower distilling first. I think you could use fractional distillation (better for substances with smaller boiling point ranges) Since phenols are weakly acidic, the addition of NaOH will make the sodium salt or sodium phenol. This will be soluble in water, while the cyclohexanol will not. If you then add diethyl ether, the cyclohexane will go into that layer (top layer) and the phenol as the sodium salt will stay in the aqueous layer (bottom layer). Solution Well the only difference between the two structurally is that cyclohexanol is a cycloalkane and phenol is a cycloaklene so I think that you would be able to separate them by distillation. They would be separated by exploiting their boiling points, the lower distilling first. I think you could use fractional distillation (better for substances with smaller boiling point ranges) Since phenols are weakly acidic, the addition of NaOH will make the sodium salt or sodium phenol. This will be soluble in water, while the cyclohexanol will not. If you then add diethyl ether, the cyclohexane will go into that layer (top layer) and the phenol as the sodium salt will stay in the aqueous layer (bottom layer)..

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The short answer is no. SN2 reactions are governed by several factors, the most important being how accessible and unhindered the substrate is. Easily accesible carbons such as primary carbons react readily and quickly. Secondary carbons will react too, though this occurs at a much slower rate. Tertiary carbons will not react at all due to steric hinderance. The nucleophile is unable to atttack the backside of the substrate, and since this is the essential mechanism that defines SN2, no reaction occurs. In the case of aspirin synthesis we must define the substrate and nucleophile. Acetic anhydride is the nucleophile (CH3CO2-) and salicylic acid is the substrate. If this were to act as an SN2 reaction, the nucleophile would have to attack the benzene carbon with the -OH group. First off, this carbon is tertiary, so it would not participate in this type of reaction. More importantly, this carbon is in a near-unbreakable benzene ring. Beside the massive amount of steric hinderance via the other ring carbons, this incorporation into the benzene ring does not leave the backside of the reactive carbon exposed. An SN2 reaction will not occur under any circumstance. Solution The short answer is no. SN2 reactions are governed by several factors, the most important being how accessible and unhindered the substrate is. Easily accesible carbons such as primary carbons react readily and quickly. Secondary carbons will react too, though this occurs at a much slower rate. Tertiary carbons will not react at all due to steric hinderance. The nucleophile is unable to atttack the backside of the substrate, and since this is the essential mechanism that defines SN2, no reaction occurs. In the case of aspirin synthesis we must define the substrate and nucleophile. Acetic anhydride is the nucleophile (CH3CO2-) and salicylic acid is the substrate. If this were to act as an SN2 reaction, the nucleophile would have to attack the benzene carbon with the -OH group. First off, this carbon is tertiary, so it would not participate in this type of reaction. More importantly, this carbon is in a near-unbreakable benzene ring. Beside the massive amount of steric hinderance via the other ring carbons, this incorporation into the benzene ring does not leave the backside of the reactive carbon exposed. An SN2 reaction will not occur under any circumstance..

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Technology has taking milestone forwarding steps and they are using with trhose new advanced technologies of that computers. For example let us take one example among all those computer technologies. Mainly the technology i observed is now a days everyone using notepads for writing. Everyone user used top write in paper by using pens and thjese days we cannot see those. It is very important to notice that technology has devoleped alot and writing with the notepads and everything. Technology is devoleping day by day if any conflicts or errors that are occured in that, there may be chance of rectifying those and using more effectively and continuing with the next updated technologies. So they have to notice the conflists that are occured and keep on updating. There are not so much problems with the exisating technologies, because these are devoleping with the more strategic manner and with the perfect plkans and if anything wrong happens there may be a chance of changing those immediately so it is gradually increase the quality of them. Now a days everything is related to the technologies. From staring the day everyone is busy with the digital world it is mainly effecting everyone and now a days all group of people even small childrens are using these because they are technically aware of those tyechnologies. Yes i agree with the new technologies that are devoleping day by day because itr is making us very simple in our life for examle according to you cool pads, phones are using these4 are very much familiar with the peoiple because these can make the peoples work very easy. Solution Technology has taking milestone forwarding steps and they are using with trhose new advanced technologies of that computers. For example let us take one example among all those computer technologies. Mainly the technology i observed is now a days everyone using notepads for writing. Everyone user used top write in paper by using pens and thjese days we cannot see those. It is very important to notice that technology has devoleped alot and writing with the notepads and everything. Technology is devoleping day by day if any conflicts or errors that are occured in that, there may be chance of rectifying those and using more effectively and continuing with the next updated technologies. So they have to notice the conflists that are occured and keep on updating. There are not so much problems with the exisating technologies, because these are devoleping with the more strategic manner and with the perfect plkans and if anything wrong happens there may be a chance of changing those immediately so it is gradually increase the quality of them. Now a days everything is related to the technologies. From staring the day everyone is busy with the digital world it is mainly effecting everyone and now a days all group of people even small childrens are using these because they are technically aware of those tyechnologies. Yes i agree with the new technologies that are devoleping.

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probability= 10100=0.1Simple.Solutionprobability= 10100=0..pdf

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Plantaris muscle The plantaris is one of the superficial muscles of the superficial posterior compartment of the leg, one of the fascial compartments of the leg. It is composed of a thin muscle belly and a long thin tendon. While not as thick as the achilles tendon, the plantaris tendon (which tends to be between 30 and 45 cm in length) is the longest tendon in the human body. Not including the tendon, the plantaris muscle is approximately 5–10 cm long and is absent in 8-12% of the population. It is one of the plantar flexors in the posterior compartment of the leg, along with the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. The plantaris is considered an unimportant muscle and mainly acts with the gastrocnemius. Function] The plantaris acts to weakly plantar flex the ankle joint and flex the knee joint. The plantaris muscle may also provide proprioceptive feedback information to the central nervous system regarding the position of the foot. The unusually high density of proprioceptive receptor end organs supports this notion. Its motor function is so minimal that its long tendon can readily be harvested for reconstruction elsewhere with little functional deficit. Often mistaken for a nerve by new medical students (and thus called the \"freshman nerve\"), the muscle was useful to other primatesfor grasping with their feet.[citation needed] Clinical significance A common injury that is normally attributed to the plantaris muscle is a condition called tennis leg. Although pain in the calf can be attributed to a rupture of the plantaris muscle, recent ultrasound research has shown that tennis leg more commonly arises from tears in the musculotendinous junction of the medial gastrocnemius. In one clinical study, 94 out of 141 patients (66.7%) diagnosed with tennis leg were found with a partial rupture of the gastrocnemius muscle while rupture of the plantaris tendon was only seen in 2 patients (1.4%) Injury may occur from running, jumping, or pushing off one leg as in sports such as tennis, basketball and soccer which require quick foot movement in a certain direction. Isolated plantaris muscle strains are rare and ruptures normally occur in concurrence with injury to other muscles in the posterior compartment of the lower leg. Symptoms of a plantaris muscle rupture may include an audible popping sound in the area during physical activity, swelling, pain in the posterior side of the lower leg, and persistent soreness. It may also be painful when trying to flex the ankle Anatomy of plantaris muscle: a study in adult Indians. Abstract AIM: The plantaris muscle (PM) and its tendon is subject to considerable variation in both the points of origin and of insertion. The present study was carried out to fi nd the different types of origin, insertion and possible variations of the PM in the population of southern costal region of India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 52 embalmed (Formalin fixed) cadaver lower limbs of 26 males (age ranged 48-79 years, mean age 68 years) we.

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Non-coded RNA are small RNA molecule that cannot be translated by host machinery. They are useful tools for medicine and research. Because they are RNA molecules so they can restrict the translation of mRNA. They are very useful for treatment of mutations and chromosomal abnormalities. On the basis of their functions, the following options are true. (Option 1) – To counteract viral infections. Viruses infect by expressing their RNA or expression after transcription of DNA. So, blocking the mRNA of virus is crucial to restrict their infections. (Option 2) - To block expression of an abnormal gene responsible for disease. (Option 4) – To analyze gene function by observing what occur when the gene’s expression is inhibited. *They cannot create mutations because they are not complementary to DNA. Solution Non-coded RNA are small RNA molecule that cannot be translated by host machinery. They are useful tools for medicine and research. Because they are RNA molecules so they can restrict the translation of mRNA. They are very useful for treatment of mutations and chromosomal abnormalities. On the basis of their functions, the following options are true. (Option 1) – To counteract viral infections. Viruses infect by expressing their RNA or expression after transcription of DNA. So, blocking the mRNA of virus is crucial to restrict their infections. (Option 2) - To block expression of an abnormal gene responsible for disease. (Option 4) – To analyze gene function by observing what occur when the gene’s expression is inhibited. *They cannot create mutations because they are not complementary to DNA..

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Just because two compounds have the same melting point does not mean that they exhibit similar interacting characterstics. Melting means that intermolecular bonds that hold molecules together are being broken. Sometimes, when adding impurities into a pure compound, these intermolecular bonds are disturbed by the presence of the impurity. Because of this, the solution will melt at a lower temperature than a pure solid due to disturbed intermolecular bonds (from a solid to another molecule of the same solid) T= H/S Another reason is the change in enthalpy (H) describes the amount of heat required to break the interactions between solid molecules in order to become a liquid. This value does not change much when you add an impurity. The change in entropy (S) describes the entropy gained when going from the much more ordered solid phase to the much less ordered liquid phase. Adding an impurity to the liquid phase increases the entropy of the liquid without affecting the entropy of the solid much; the end result is that S larger for a solid melting into an impure liquid than a pure liquid. Adding an impurity to the liquid phase causes S to increase without changing H. As you can see from the equation above, this situation must cause the melting point (T) to decrease. Therefore, adding an impurity, will cause a substance to melt at a lower temperature. Solution Just because two compounds have the same melting point does not mean that they exhibit similar interacting characterstics. Melting means that intermolecular bonds that hold molecules together are being broken. Sometimes, when adding impurities into a pure compound, these intermolecular bonds are disturbed by the presence of the impurity. Because of this, the solution will melt at a lower temperature than a pure solid due to disturbed intermolecular bonds (from a solid to another molecule of the same solid) T= H/S Another reason is the change in enthalpy (H) describes the amount of heat required to break the interactions between solid molecules in order to become a liquid. This value does not change much when you add an impurity. The change in entropy (S) describes the entropy gained when going from the much more ordered solid phase to the much less ordered liquid phase. Adding an impurity to the liquid phase increases the entropy of the liquid without affecting the entropy of the solid much; the end result is that S larger for a solid melting into an impure liquid than a pure liquid. Adding an impurity to the liquid phase causes S to increase without changing H. As you can see from the equation above, this situation must cause the melting point (T) to decrease. Therefore, adding an impurity, will cause a substance to melt at a lower temperature..

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1. object persistence formats Sequential access optimized for operations on entire file access to specific objects not efficient Random access optimized for finding specific entire file operations not efficient Relational database primary key foreign key referential integrity structured query language Object-oriented databases standard from object data management group sopport complex data object ID assigned some support for inheritance sharpe learning curve Object-relational databases relational database extended to handle storage of objects use of user-defined data types extended SQL to handle complex object data inheritance tends to be language dependent Solution object persistence formats Sequential access optimized for operations on entire file access to specific objects not efficient Random access optimized for finding specific entire file operations not efficient Relational database primary key foreign key referential integrity structured query language Object-oriented databases standard from object data management group sopport complex data object ID assigned some support for inheritance sharpe learning curve Object-relational databases relational database extended to handle storage of objects use of user-defined data types extended SQL to handle complex object data inheritance tends to be language dependent

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