Non-coded RNA are small RNA molecule that cannot be translated by ho.pdf
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Non-coded RNA are small RNA molecule that cannot be translated by host machinery. They are useful tools for medicine and research. Because they are RNA molecules so they can restrict the translation of mRNA. They are very useful for treatment of mutations and chromosomal abnormalities. On the basis of their functions, the following options are true. (Option 1) – To counteract viral infections. Viruses infect by expressing their RNA or expression after transcription of DNA. So, blocking the mRNA of virus is crucial to restrict their infections. (Option 2) - To block expression of an abnormal gene responsible for disease. (Option 4) – To analyze gene function by observing what occur when the gene’s expression is inhibited. *They cannot create mutations because they are not complementary to DNA. Solution Non-coded RNA are small RNA molecule that cannot be translated by host machinery. They are useful tools for medicine and research. Because they are RNA molecules so they can restrict the translation of mRNA. They are very useful for treatment of mutations and chromosomal abnormalities. On the basis of their functions, the following options are true. (Option 1) – To counteract viral infections. Viruses infect by expressing their RNA or expression after transcription of DNA. So, blocking the mRNA of virus is crucial to restrict their infections. (Option 2) - To block expression of an abnormal gene responsible for disease. (Option 4) – To analyze gene function by observing what occur when the gene’s expression is inhibited. *They cannot create mutations because they are not complementary to DNA..
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The document discusses different RNA interference technologies including antisense RNA, siRNA, and miRNA. It provides details on how antisense RNA binds to mRNA to prevent translation. It also describes how siRNA works through the RNA-induced silencing complex to degrade targeted mRNA. Examples of applications mentioned include using RNAi technologies to treat viral infections and regulate genes involved in diseases. The document outlines different methods used for siRNA transfection into cells, including physical methods like electroporation and chemical methods using lipids or polymers.
sirna and mirna
1. siRNA and miRNA are types of non-coding RNAs that play important roles in post-transcriptional gene regulation. siRNA induces gene silencing through RNA interference, while miRNA binds to target mRNAs to inhibit translation.
2. Both siRNA and miRNA have shown promise in developing therapies for diseases like cancer, asthma, neurodegenerative disorders, and viral infections by silencing genes involved in disease pathways. Delivery methods continue to be improved to enhance their therapeutic potential.
3. The key differences between siRNA and miRNA are their biogenesis, targeting specificity, and mechanisms of gene regulation. siRNA is synthesized from long double-stranded RNA and can perfectly complement target mRNAs, while miRNA originates from
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siRNA and miRNA both regulate gene expression, but through different mechanisms. siRNA targets specific gene sequences, while a single miRNA can regulate many genes. siRNA is found in plants, fungi, and insects but not mammals, which have other antiviral responses. miRNA are small non-coding RNAs around 22 nucleotides long that bind to mRNA to repress translation or promote degradation. They play important roles in development, physiology, and disease when their expression is dysregulated.
SiRNA & MiRNA.pptx
This seminar discusses small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA). siRNA and miRNA are types of small non-coding RNA molecules that play important roles in RNA interference and post-transcriptional gene regulation. The seminar covers the production, mechanisms of action, functions, and differences between siRNA and miRNA. It also discusses the potential roles of miRNA in disease and the nervous system, as well as the importance and therapeutic applications of siRNA and miRNA.
RNA Interference (RNAi) and RNA Induced Gene Silencing
RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural process in cells that uses small RNA molecules to regulate gene expression. Craig Fire and Andrew Mello discovered RNAi in 1998 through their experiments injecting double-stranded RNA into C. elegans worms. They found this silenced or interfered with the expression of genes with complementary RNA sequences. RNAi has important roles in defending against viruses and regulating development, with the small RNAs binding to messenger RNAs to decrease their activity. It has potential applications in gene therapy, functional genomics, agriculture, and more.
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Gene silencing is a mechanism of gene regulation that switches off genes without genetic modification. It can occur at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level. Post-transcriptional gene silencing is achieved through antisense technology or RNA interference (RNAi). Antisense technology uses synthetic nucleic acid molecules that are complementary to mRNA to block translation into proteins. RNAi involves introducing double-stranded RNA that is processed into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that guide the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to degrade mRNAs with complementary sequences, thereby silencing genes. Both antisense technology and RNAi have applications for treating diseases and studying gene function and regulation.
Importance of si rna and micro rna
SiRNA and microRNA are important non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression through RNA interference. SiRNA silences specific genes by degrading mRNA, while microRNA causes translational repression or degradation of target mRNAs. Both are involved in many important biological processes but also have applications and challenges for therapeutic use.
Rna interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process where RNA molecules inhibit gene expression by destroying mRNA. It was discovered as gene silencing in plants and nematodes. RNAi is triggered by double-stranded RNA being cut into small interfering RNAs that target homologous mRNAs for degradation. This protects against viruses and regulates genes. RNAi has many applications, including modulating HIV replication and treating cancer by silencing viral or other genes. It is a powerful new genetic tool with potential for therapeutics.
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The document discusses different RNA interference technologies including antisense RNA, siRNA, and miRNA. It provides details on how antisense RNA binds to mRNA to prevent translation. It also describes how siRNA works through the RNA-induced silencing complex to degrade targeted mRNA. Examples of applications mentioned include using RNAi technologies to treat viral infections and regulate genes involved in diseases. The document outlines different methods used for siRNA transfection into cells, including physical methods like electroporation and chemical methods using lipids or polymers.
sirna and mirna
1. siRNA and miRNA are types of non-coding RNAs that play important roles in post-transcriptional gene regulation. siRNA induces gene silencing through RNA interference, while miRNA binds to target mRNAs to inhibit translation.
2. Both siRNA and miRNA have shown promise in developing therapies for diseases like cancer, asthma, neurodegenerative disorders, and viral infections by silencing genes involved in disease pathways. Delivery methods continue to be improved to enhance their therapeutic potential.
3. The key differences between siRNA and miRNA are their biogenesis, targeting specificity, and mechanisms of gene regulation. siRNA is synthesized from long double-stranded RNA and can perfectly complement target mRNAs, while miRNA originates from
Importance of si rna and microrna
siRNA and miRNA both regulate gene expression, but through different mechanisms. siRNA targets specific gene sequences, while a single miRNA can regulate many genes. siRNA is found in plants, fungi, and insects but not mammals, which have other antiviral responses. miRNA are small non-coding RNAs around 22 nucleotides long that bind to mRNA to repress translation or promote degradation. They play important roles in development, physiology, and disease when their expression is dysregulated.
SiRNA & MiRNA.pptx
This seminar discusses small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA). siRNA and miRNA are types of small non-coding RNA molecules that play important roles in RNA interference and post-transcriptional gene regulation. The seminar covers the production, mechanisms of action, functions, and differences between siRNA and miRNA. It also discusses the potential roles of miRNA in disease and the nervous system, as well as the importance and therapeutic applications of siRNA and miRNA.
RNA Interference (RNAi) and RNA Induced Gene Silencing
RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural process in cells that uses small RNA molecules to regulate gene expression. Craig Fire and Andrew Mello discovered RNAi in 1998 through their experiments injecting double-stranded RNA into C. elegans worms. They found this silenced or interfered with the expression of genes with complementary RNA sequences. RNAi has important roles in defending against viruses and regulating development, with the small RNAs binding to messenger RNAs to decrease their activity. It has potential applications in gene therapy, functional genomics, agriculture, and more.
Gene silencing
Gene silencing is a mechanism of gene regulation that switches off genes without genetic modification. It can occur at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level. Post-transcriptional gene silencing is achieved through antisense technology or RNA interference (RNAi). Antisense technology uses synthetic nucleic acid molecules that are complementary to mRNA to block translation into proteins. RNAi involves introducing double-stranded RNA that is processed into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that guide the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to degrade mRNAs with complementary sequences, thereby silencing genes. Both antisense technology and RNAi have applications for treating diseases and studying gene function and regulation.
Importance of si rna and micro rna
SiRNA and microRNA are important non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression through RNA interference. SiRNA silences specific genes by degrading mRNA, while microRNA causes translational repression or degradation of target mRNAs. Both are involved in many important biological processes but also have applications and challenges for therapeutic use.
Rna interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process where RNA molecules inhibit gene expression by destroying mRNA. It was discovered as gene silencing in plants and nematodes. RNAi is triggered by double-stranded RNA being cut into small interfering RNAs that target homologous mRNAs for degradation. This protects against viruses and regulates genes. RNAi has many applications, including modulating HIV replication and treating cancer by silencing viral or other genes. It is a powerful new genetic tool with potential for therapeutics.
RNA interference (RNAi) in plants
This document discusses RNA interference (RNAi) in plants. It begins by defining RNAi as a biological process where RNA molecules inhibit gene expression by targeting mRNA. It then describes the key components of RNAi - microRNAs, small interfering RNAs, the RISC complex and related enzymes. The document explains the four mechanisms by which siRNAs and miRNAs regulate gene expression, including cleavage, translation inhibition, transcriptional silencing and mRNA degradation. It provides examples of using RNAi technology in plants against insects and pathogens. The document concludes by discussing potential future applications of RNAi, such as developing RNA-based biopesticides and using clay nanosheets to topically deliver RNAi for sustained plant virus protection.
RNA interference (RNAi)
RNAi is a powerful, conserved biological process through which the small, double-stranded RNAs specifically silence the expression of homologous genes, largely through degradation of their cognate mRNA.
siRNA technology
This document discusses siRNA (small interfering RNA) technology. It defines siRNA as a class of double stranded RNA molecules typically 20-24 base pairs in length that interfere with gene expression through mRNA degradation. The document outlines the structure and function of siRNA, including its role in the RNAi pathway. Applications of siRNA technology discussed include using it as a research tool to study gene function and as a potential therapeutic agent, for example to target the ApoB gene for hypercholesterolemia or VEGF for age-related macular degeneration. Challenges to clinical use of siRNA are delivery and specificity, but it remains a promising approach for molecular medicine.
Gene knockoff
RNA interference (RNAi) is a technique that uses double-stranded RNA to silence gene expression. It involves introducing dsRNA into a cell that is complementary to the target mRNA. This dsRNA is processed by the Dicer enzyme into siRNAs which are incorporated into the RISC complex. The RISC complex uses the siRNA to identify and cleave the target mRNA, preventing it from being translated into protein. RNAi provides a valuable tool for studying gene function and has applications in biotechnology, agriculture, and medicine by allowing researchers to knock down gene expression.
Rna interfernce ppt
RNA interference (RNAi) is a mechanism where double-stranded RNA inhibits gene expression. It was discovered in plants, fungi, and animals. The mechanism involves dicer enzymes cleaving long double-stranded RNA into short interfering RNAs (siRNAs). These siRNAs are incorporated into an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) which guides the complex to mRNAs with complementary sequences, resulting in their degradation. RNAi has applications in therapeutics for cancer, viruses, and genetic disorders, as well as research in gene function and pathways.
RNAi silencing- miRNA and siRNA and its applications.pdf
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Gene silencing is a technique that reduces or eliminates protein production from a gene. It occurs through RNA interference, where small interfering RNAs are processed by an enzyme called Dicer and loaded into an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) that targets complementary mRNAs for degradation. There are two main types of gene silencing - transcriptional which alters DNA accessibility, and post-transcriptional via RNAi technologies. RNAi has therapeutic applications for cancer, infectious diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders by knocking down target genes. The first approved RNAi drug, Patisiran, treats hereditary transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis.
Traditionally evolutionary studies are done with DNA. For the miRNA .pdf
Traditionally evolutionary studies are done with DNA. For the miRNA lab, you are going to
observe RNA rather than DNA. How can looking at expression of RNA contribute to
understanding evolution?
Solution
RNA-based evolution has been a debatable topic in the field of evolutionary studies. Most often
and traditionally evolutionary studies are performed using DNA-based information. But many
newly discovered aspects of RNA has made it to a competitive choice in evolutionary studies.
One such aspect of RNA is silencing of gene transcripts, hence regulation of the proteins to be
produced by translation of those transcripts. This process is known as RNA interference and a
class of RNA called micro RNA (miRNAs) play an important role in such gene silencing.
Micro RNAs or miRNAs are small RNA molecules which are not translated into proteins, rather
they act independently to regulate gene expression in cells. The miRNAs are evolutionarily
conserved in most living beings and hence used as a marker for phylogenetic studies. For
identification of novel miRNA genes and finding the origin of miRNA, RNA studies are done.
RNA is now being considered as independent entities and not just a connecting link between
DNA and proteins. RNA in the form of enzymes and catalytic molecules, or even miRNAs, can
carry out RNA processing events. These RNA processing events are passed on from generation
to generation just like heritable DNA changes.Thus, in miRNA lab, RNA expression studies can
contribute in understanding the evolution with respect to RNA..
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This document summarizes a seminar presentation on RNA-based therapeutics. It discusses the types of RNA therapeutics including aptamers, antisense oligonucleotides, RNA interference, and mRNA. It provides a historical overview of key discoveries in RNA therapy and discusses drug delivery methods and applications. The literature review covers several studies on RNA interference and the potential of RNA therapeutics. The conclusion states that significant advances have been made but challenges remain around targeted delivery and stability.
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DOC-20221226-WA0002..pdf
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Si rna
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I am sorry . image is too small. the expression is not clearly.pdf
*** I am sorry . image is too small. the expression is not clearly
Please upload image with bigger size ...then it will be visible clearly
I will be glad to help you
Solution
*** I am sorry . image is too small. the expression is not clearly
Please upload image with bigger size ...then it will be visible clearly
I will be glad to help you.
the molar ratio of Na2S2O3 CL2 = 1 4 moles of.pdf
the molar ratio of Na2S2O3 : CL2 = 1 : 4 moles of Na2S2O3 = moles of Cl2/4 =
0.69/4 = 0.17 mol
Solution
the molar ratio of Na2S2O3 : CL2 = 1 : 4 moles of Na2S2O3 = moles of Cl2/4 =
0.69/4 = 0.17 mol.
More Related Content
Similar to Non-coded RNA are small RNA molecule that cannot be translated by ho.pdf
RNA interference (RNAi) in plants
This document discusses RNA interference (RNAi) in plants. It begins by defining RNAi as a biological process where RNA molecules inhibit gene expression by targeting mRNA. It then describes the key components of RNAi - microRNAs, small interfering RNAs, the RISC complex and related enzymes. The document explains the four mechanisms by which siRNAs and miRNAs regulate gene expression, including cleavage, translation inhibition, transcriptional silencing and mRNA degradation. It provides examples of using RNAi technology in plants against insects and pathogens. The document concludes by discussing potential future applications of RNAi, such as developing RNA-based biopesticides and using clay nanosheets to topically deliver RNAi for sustained plant virus protection.
RNA interference (RNAi)
RNAi is a powerful, conserved biological process through which the small, double-stranded RNAs specifically silence the expression of homologous genes, largely through degradation of their cognate mRNA.
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This document discusses siRNA (small interfering RNA) technology. It defines siRNA as a class of double stranded RNA molecules typically 20-24 base pairs in length that interfere with gene expression through mRNA degradation. The document outlines the structure and function of siRNA, including its role in the RNAi pathway. Applications of siRNA technology discussed include using it as a research tool to study gene function and as a potential therapeutic agent, for example to target the ApoB gene for hypercholesterolemia or VEGF for age-related macular degeneration. Challenges to clinical use of siRNA are delivery and specificity, but it remains a promising approach for molecular medicine.
Gene knockoff
RNA interference (RNAi) is a technique that uses double-stranded RNA to silence gene expression. It involves introducing dsRNA into a cell that is complementary to the target mRNA. This dsRNA is processed by the Dicer enzyme into siRNAs which are incorporated into the RISC complex. The RISC complex uses the siRNA to identify and cleave the target mRNA, preventing it from being translated into protein. RNAi provides a valuable tool for studying gene function and has applications in biotechnology, agriculture, and medicine by allowing researchers to knock down gene expression.
Rna interfernce ppt
RNA interference (RNAi) is a mechanism where double-stranded RNA inhibits gene expression. It was discovered in plants, fungi, and animals. The mechanism involves dicer enzymes cleaving long double-stranded RNA into short interfering RNAs (siRNAs). These siRNAs are incorporated into an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) which guides the complex to mRNAs with complementary sequences, resulting in their degradation. RNAi has applications in therapeutics for cancer, viruses, and genetic disorders, as well as research in gene function and pathways.
RNAi silencing- miRNA and siRNA and its applications.pdf
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. Historically, it was known by other names, including co-suppression, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), and quelling.
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This document discusses gene silencing, which is the suppression or interruption of gene expression at the transcriptional or translational level. It regulates gene expression and prevents certain genes from being expressed. There are several types of gene silencing, including transcriptional silencing through genomic imprinting, paramutation, and transposon silencing. Post-transcriptional gene silencing occurs through RNA interference pathways using small interfering RNA, microRNA, Dicer, and RISC complex. Research methods for gene silencing include antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes, siRNA, and microRNA. Gene silencing has applications in biotechnology and medicine, with advantages such as being cost effective and having high specificity, though it also has disadvantages like potential toxicity.
G0562033042
This document discusses microRNAs (miRNAs), which are small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression. It provides a brief history of miRNA discovery and defines miRNAs and how they differ from siRNAs. The document highlights that miRNAs are encoded in genomes and bind to mRNAs to repress translation or promote degradation. It notes miRNAs play key roles in processes like cell differentiation and growth. The document also summarizes some of the main functions of miRNAs in controlling gene expression and development.
MICRORNAs: A REVIEW STUDY
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Nucleic acids as therapeutic agents
Nucleic acids have potential as therapeutic agents by inhibiting gene expression through various mechanisms. Plasmids can introduce genetic material into cells to produce therapeutic proteins. Oligonucleotides can be used for antisense or antigene applications to selectively block expression of disease-causing proteins. Aptamers and DNAzymes can directly interact with and interfere with proteins implicated in disease. RNA-based therapeutics like RNA aptamers, decoys, antisense RNA, ribozymes, and siRNAs can also inhibit gene expression. MicroRNAs naturally downregulate gene expression and have potential therapeutic applications. Gene and stem cell therapies aim to treat genetic disorders and repair damaged tissue.
Gene silencing
Gene silencing is a technique that reduces or eliminates protein production from a gene. It occurs through RNA interference, where small interfering RNAs are processed by an enzyme called Dicer and loaded into an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) that targets complementary mRNAs for degradation. There are two main types of gene silencing - transcriptional which alters DNA accessibility, and post-transcriptional via RNAi technologies. RNAi has therapeutic applications for cancer, infectious diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders by knocking down target genes. The first approved RNAi drug, Patisiran, treats hereditary transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis.
Traditionally evolutionary studies are done with DNA. For the miRNA .pdf
Traditionally evolutionary studies are done with DNA. For the miRNA lab, you are going to
observe RNA rather than DNA. How can looking at expression of RNA contribute to
understanding evolution?
Solution
RNA-based evolution has been a debatable topic in the field of evolutionary studies. Most often
and traditionally evolutionary studies are performed using DNA-based information. But many
newly discovered aspects of RNA has made it to a competitive choice in evolutionary studies.
One such aspect of RNA is silencing of gene transcripts, hence regulation of the proteins to be
produced by translation of those transcripts. This process is known as RNA interference and a
class of RNA called micro RNA (miRNAs) play an important role in such gene silencing.
Micro RNAs or miRNAs are small RNA molecules which are not translated into proteins, rather
they act independently to regulate gene expression in cells. The miRNAs are evolutionarily
conserved in most living beings and hence used as a marker for phylogenetic studies. For
identification of novel miRNA genes and finding the origin of miRNA, RNA studies are done.
RNA is now being considered as independent entities and not just a connecting link between
DNA and proteins. RNA in the form of enzymes and catalytic molecules, or even miRNAs, can
carry out RNA processing events. These RNA processing events are passed on from generation
to generation just like heritable DNA changes.Thus, in miRNA lab, RNA expression studies can
contribute in understanding the evolution with respect to RNA..
RNA based therapeutic: Paradigms shift in drug discovery and delivery
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on RNA-based therapeutics. It discusses the types of RNA therapeutics including aptamers, antisense oligonucleotides, RNA interference, and mRNA. It provides a historical overview of key discoveries in RNA therapy and discusses drug delivery methods and applications. The literature review covers several studies on RNA interference and the potential of RNA therapeutics. The conclusion states that significant advances have been made but challenges remain around targeted delivery and stability.
Folding - Molecular Biology
Scientists have developed a new RNA repair technology that can help fix defects in RNA that cause diseases. The technology involves finding compounds that target RNA with expanded triplet repeats, which are sequences of three repeated nucleotides associated with neurological and neuromuscular disorders. Researchers were able to demonstrate that small molecules can reverse RNA defects of this type. This development could accelerate treatments for incurable diseases caused by RNA defects, such as Huntington's disease.
DOC-20221226-WA0002..pdf
OliX Pharmaceuticals is developing siRNA therapeutics to treat COVID-19 by targeting viral genes essential for replication. They filed a patent on siRNA designs targeting more than 30 regions in the COVID virus genome. These target highly conserved regions in coronaviruses and could work against SARS, MERS and other coronaviruses. The siRNAs would interfere with viral gene expression through the RNAi pathway, degrading viral mRNA and preventing translation into proteins. Previous research on respiratory illnesses provides a starting point for a COVID-19 therapy. RNAi shows potential as a specific antiviral approach and has been applied in research against coronaviruses like SARS-CoV.
mi RNA and siRNA
This document provides an overview of siRNA and miRNA. It defines siRNA as short interfering RNA that is 20-25 base pairs long and similar to miRNA. miRNA is defined as a non-coding RNA molecule around 21-23 nucleotides that inhibits mRNA expression. Both siRNA and miRNA operate in the RNA interference pathway by being processed by the enzyme Dicer and interfering with gene expression by degrading complementary mRNA. The document also reviews the mechanisms and significance of RNAi, including its role in protecting against viruses, maintaining genome stability, and offering a new experimental tool to repress genes specifically.
Pathways07 mi rna
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression. The document summarizes miRNA biogenesis, function, relevance to human health, and future directions for miRNA research. Specifically, it describes how miRNAs are transcribed from DNA and processed through several steps by protein complexes into mature miRNAs that bind to messenger RNAs to inhibit translation or promote degradation. Hundreds of miRNAs have been found in humans, and each may target hundreds of mRNAs. Dysregulation of miRNAs has been linked to diseases like cancer, heart disease, and neurological disorders. Continued research on miRNAs may reveal new insights into gene regulation and disease pathways.
Si rna
This document discusses small interfering RNA (siRNA), which are double stranded RNA molecules that play a role in RNA interference (RNAi) pathways by interfering with gene expression of complementary nucleotide sequences. siRNAs are naturally produced by the enzyme Dicer but can also be artificially introduced. The document provides details on siRNA structure, the RNAi mechanism, guidelines for effective siRNA design, methods of siRNA synthesis, delivery methods, and applications in gene silencing research and potential therapies.
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I am sorry . image is too small. the expression is not clearly.pdf
*** I am sorry . image is too small. the expression is not clearly
Please upload image with bigger size ...then it will be visible clearly
I will be glad to help you
Solution
*** I am sorry . image is too small. the expression is not clearly
Please upload image with bigger size ...then it will be visible clearly
I will be glad to help you.
the molar ratio of Na2S2O3 CL2 = 1 4 moles of.pdf
the molar ratio of Na2S2O3 : CL2 = 1 : 4 moles of Na2S2O3 = moles of Cl2/4 =
0.69/4 = 0.17 mol
Solution
the molar ratio of Na2S2O3 : CL2 = 1 : 4 moles of Na2S2O3 = moles of Cl2/4 =
0.69/4 = 0.17 mol.
object persistence formats Sequential access optimized for operat.pdf
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Solution
object persistence formats Sequential access optimized for operations on entire file access to
specific objects not efficient Random access optimized for finding specific entire file
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The answer is b.) 4 Distribution coefficient = .pdf
The answer is: b.) 4 Distribution coefficient = solubility of A in diethyl
ether/solubility of A in water = (20/100)/(5.0/100) = 4
Solution
The answer is: b.) 4 Distribution coefficient = solubility of A in diethyl
ether/solubility of A in water = (20/100)/(5.0/100) = 4.
Not all analytes re non-polar hydrophobic substan.pdf
Not all analytes re non-polar hydrophobic substance, but even those are detected by
allowing them to be bound to beads with which they show affinity. The different weights added
by the beads allows to monitor their elution fairly one-at-a-time, necessary for a non-chaotic
non-contaminated chromatogram. Substances that are amphoteric like proteins, with one
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cation exchange pattern, and so are large molecules that are polar and or ionizable. The different
affinity to one ion or the next and their tendency to exchange cations or anions is part of the
information. If some of those substances are biologically, they can adopt several conformations.
The one they adopt in living systems i usually the active one, and in that conformation they
interact in nature with the ions and hydrophylic proteins of our bodies\' liquid compartments.
Also information is derived from their affinity to the other substances, the beads, the eluents, and
the ions, and the overall pH.
Solution
Not all analytes re non-polar hydrophobic substance, but even those are detected by
allowing them to be bound to beads with which they show affinity. The different weights added
by the beads allows to monitor their elution fairly one-at-a-time, necessary for a non-chaotic
non-contaminated chromatogram. Substances that are amphoteric like proteins, with one
ionizable motif, one polar motif, and one hydrophobic motif are detected by their anion and
cation exchange pattern, and so are large molecules that are polar and or ionizable. The different
affinity to one ion or the next and their tendency to exchange cations or anions is part of the
information. If some of those substances are biologically, they can adopt several conformations.
The one they adopt in living systems i usually the active one, and in that conformation they
interact in nature with the ions and hydrophylic proteins of our bodies\' liquid compartments.
Also information is derived from their affinity to the other substances, the beads, the eluents, and
the ions, and the overall pH..
Off-balance sheet problems have recurred throughout history, with .pdf
Off-balance sheet problems have recurred throughout history, with a similar progression.
1.00 Initially, balance sheets are relatively transparent and off-balance sheet liabilities are
minimal or zero. Then, market participants argue that certain items should be excluded as off-
balance sheet. 2.00 Complex institutions increase their use of off-shore subsidiaries
and swap transactions to avoid disclosing liabilities 3.00 Over time, the exceptions eat away
at the foundations of financial statements, and the perception of the riskiness of large institutions
becomes disconnected from reality Transparency is one of the central
pillars of a well functioning market Lacunae in the system of rules;
a. There is a lack of information regarding exposures to risks accompanying derivative
transactions, and the potential impact on cash inflows and outflows. b Lack of information
regarding how “interconnected” companies are to one another as a result of such transactions
Financial reform proposals should promote the flow of information by requiring that
companies report all of their assets and liabilities, including derivatives and VIEs, in a
transparent, understandable way What it needs: From
the various Banks and istitutions playing in the market, had their discussions and pointed below:
Companies should show their full liability in their Balance sheets so that investors can make
weel aware of the particular instituitions. 1 Companies that fail to disclose material facts
should face civil liability 2 Companies must report asset financings on the balance sheet
3 Implementing fair value accounting more broadly may not provide finacial statements users
with more transparant and useful reporting From the KPMG discussions on the
Off Balance sheet recomndations report , some are identified and tabulated below. 4 The
SEC should consider reinstituting a technology -enabled process to streamline updating public
company information. 5 The SEC and FASB should collaborate on standard setting to ensure
an integrated set of disclosure requirements that is comprehensive and complete and avoids
redundancies
Solution
Off-balance sheet problems have recurred throughout history, with a similar progression.
1.00 Initially, balance sheets are relatively transparent and off-balance sheet liabilities are
minimal or zero. Then, market participants argue that certain items should be excluded as off-
balance sheet. 2.00 Complex institutions increase their use of off-shore subsidiaries
and swap transactions to avoid disclosing liabilities 3.00 Over time, the exceptions eat away
at the foundations of financial statements, and the perception of the riskiness of large institutions
becomes disconnected from reality Transparency is one of the central
pillars of a well functioning market Lacunae in the system of rules;
a. There is a lack of information regarding exposures to risks accompanying derivative
transactions, and the potential impact on cash inflows and outflows. b Lack of infor.
Well the only difference between the two structur.pdf
Well the only difference between the two structurally is that cyclohexanol is a
cycloalkane and phenol is a cycloaklene so I think that you would be able to separate them by
distillation. They would be separated by exploiting their boiling points, the lower distilling first. I
think you could use fractional distillation (better for substances with smaller boiling point
ranges) Since phenols are weakly acidic, the addition of NaOH will make the sodium salt or
sodium phenol. This will be soluble in water, while the cyclohexanol will not. If you then add
diethyl ether, the cyclohexane will go into that layer (top layer) and the phenol as the sodium salt
will stay in the aqueous layer (bottom layer).
Solution
Well the only difference between the two structurally is that cyclohexanol is a
cycloalkane and phenol is a cycloaklene so I think that you would be able to separate them by
distillation. They would be separated by exploiting their boiling points, the lower distilling first. I
think you could use fractional distillation (better for substances with smaller boiling point
ranges) Since phenols are weakly acidic, the addition of NaOH will make the sodium salt or
sodium phenol. This will be soluble in water, while the cyclohexanol will not. If you then add
diethyl ether, the cyclohexane will go into that layer (top layer) and the phenol as the sodium salt
will stay in the aqueous layer (bottom layer)..
Compunds composed of hydrogen and either fluorine.pdf
Compunds composed of hydrogen and either fluorine, oxygen or nitrogen (the most
electronegative elements).
Solution
Compunds composed of hydrogen and either fluorine, oxygen or nitrogen (the most
electronegative elements)..
The Seliwanoffs Test is a test for ketoses. Of .pdf
The Seliwanoff\'s Test is a test for ketoses. Of those you listed, only fructose is
going to react right away. \"sucrose\" may react if one lets it sit too long because of hydrolysis.
Solution
The Seliwanoff\'s Test is a test for ketoses. Of those you listed, only fructose is
going to react right away. \"sucrose\" may react if one lets it sit too long because of hydrolysis..
The short answer is no. SN2 reactions are governed by several factor.pdf
The short answer is no. SN2 reactions are governed by several factors, the most important being
how accessible and unhindered the substrate is. Easily accesible carbons such as primary carbons
react readily and quickly. Secondary carbons will react too, though this occurs at a much slower
rate. Tertiary carbons will not react at all due to steric hinderance. The nucleophile is unable to
atttack the backside of the substrate, and since this is the essential mechanism that defines SN2,
no reaction occurs. In the case of aspirin synthesis we must define the substrate and nucleophile.
Acetic anhydride is the nucleophile (CH3CO2-) and salicylic acid is the substrate. If this were to
act as an SN2 reaction, the nucleophile would have to attack the benzene carbon with the -OH
group. First off, this carbon is tertiary, so it would not participate in this type of reaction. More
importantly, this carbon is in a near-unbreakable benzene ring. Beside the massive amount of
steric hinderance via the other ring carbons, this incorporation into the benzene ring does not
leave the backside of the reactive carbon exposed. An SN2 reaction will not occur under any
circumstance.
Solution
The short answer is no. SN2 reactions are governed by several factors, the most important being
how accessible and unhindered the substrate is. Easily accesible carbons such as primary carbons
react readily and quickly. Secondary carbons will react too, though this occurs at a much slower
rate. Tertiary carbons will not react at all due to steric hinderance. The nucleophile is unable to
atttack the backside of the substrate, and since this is the essential mechanism that defines SN2,
no reaction occurs. In the case of aspirin synthesis we must define the substrate and nucleophile.
Acetic anhydride is the nucleophile (CH3CO2-) and salicylic acid is the substrate. If this were to
act as an SN2 reaction, the nucleophile would have to attack the benzene carbon with the -OH
group. First off, this carbon is tertiary, so it would not participate in this type of reaction. More
importantly, this carbon is in a near-unbreakable benzene ring. Beside the massive amount of
steric hinderance via the other ring carbons, this incorporation into the benzene ring does not
leave the backside of the reactive carbon exposed. An SN2 reaction will not occur under any
circumstance..
Technology has taking milestone forwarding steps and they are using .pdf
Technology has taking milestone forwarding steps and they are using with trhose new advanced
technologies of that computers. For example let us take one example among all those computer
technologies. Mainly the technology i observed is now a days everyone using notepads for
writing. Everyone user used top write in paper by using pens and thjese days we cannot see
those. It is very important to notice that technology has devoleped alot and writing with the
notepads and everything.
Technology is devoleping day by day if any conflicts or errors that are occured in that, there
may be chance of rectifying those and using more effectively and continuing with the next
updated technologies. So they have to notice the conflists that are occured and keep on updating.
There are not so much problems with the exisating technologies, because these are devoleping
with the more strategic manner and with the perfect plkans and if anything wrong happens there
may be a chance of changing those immediately so it is gradually increase the quality of them.
Now a days everything is related to the technologies. From staring the day everyone is busy with
the digital world it is mainly effecting everyone and now a days all group of people even small
childrens are using these because they are technically aware of those tyechnologies. Yes i agree
with the new technologies that are devoleping day by day because itr is making us very simple in
our life for examle according to you cool pads, phones are using these4 are very much familiar
with the peoiple because these can make the peoples work very easy.
Solution
Technology has taking milestone forwarding steps and they are using with trhose new advanced
technologies of that computers. For example let us take one example among all those computer
technologies. Mainly the technology i observed is now a days everyone using notepads for
writing. Everyone user used top write in paper by using pens and thjese days we cannot see
those. It is very important to notice that technology has devoleped alot and writing with the
notepads and everything.
Technology is devoleping day by day if any conflicts or errors that are occured in that, there
may be chance of rectifying those and using more effectively and continuing with the next
updated technologies. So they have to notice the conflists that are occured and keep on updating.
There are not so much problems with the exisating technologies, because these are devoleping
with the more strategic manner and with the perfect plkans and if anything wrong happens there
may be a chance of changing those immediately so it is gradually increase the quality of them.
Now a days everything is related to the technologies. From staring the day everyone is busy with
the digital world it is mainly effecting everyone and now a days all group of people even small
childrens are using these because they are technically aware of those tyechnologies. Yes i agree
with the new technologies that are devoleping.
Solution(a)Basic DefLet R be a binary relation on a set A.R i.pdf
Solution
(a)
Basic Def:
Let R be a binary relation on a set A.
R is reflexive, iff for all x Î A, (x,x) Î R, i.e. xRx is true
Since (3,3),(4,4) not present in R
R is not reflexive..
Section 4 we describe how theSolutionSection 4 we describe how.pdf
This short document does not provide enough context or details to generate an accurate 3 sentence summary. It appears to reference a section number but does not contain the content of that section.
probability= 10100=0.1Simple.Solutionprobability= 10100=0..pdf
The document calculates a probability of 10 out of 100 or 0.1. It states that this solution is simple. The calculation and conclusion are repeated in the document.
Plantaris muscleThe plantaris is one of the superficial muscles of.pdf
Plantaris muscle
The plantaris is one of the superficial muscles of the superficial posterior compartment of the leg,
one of the fascial compartments of the leg.
It is composed of a thin muscle belly and a long thin tendon. While not as thick as the achilles
tendon, the plantaris tendon (which tends to be between 30 and 45 cm in length) is the longest
tendon in the human body. Not including the tendon, the plantaris muscle is approximately 5–10
cm long and is absent in 8-12% of the population. It is one of the plantar flexors in the posterior
compartment of the leg, along with the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. The plantaris is
considered an unimportant muscle and mainly acts with the gastrocnemius.
Function]
The plantaris acts to weakly plantar flex the ankle joint and flex the knee joint.
The plantaris muscle may also provide proprioceptive feedback information to the central
nervous system regarding the position of the foot. The unusually high density of proprioceptive
receptor end organs supports this notion. Its motor function is so minimal that its long tendon can
readily be harvested for reconstruction elsewhere with little functional deficit. Often mistaken for
a nerve by new medical students (and thus called the \"freshman nerve\"), the muscle was useful
to other primatesfor grasping with their feet.[citation needed]
Clinical significance
A common injury that is normally attributed to the plantaris muscle is a condition called tennis
leg. Although pain in the calf can be attributed to a rupture of the plantaris muscle, recent
ultrasound research has shown that tennis leg more commonly arises from tears in the
musculotendinous junction of the medial gastrocnemius. In one clinical study, 94 out of 141
patients (66.7%) diagnosed with tennis leg were found with a partial rupture of the
gastrocnemius muscle while rupture of the plantaris tendon was only seen in 2 patients (1.4%)
Injury may occur from running, jumping, or pushing off one leg as in sports such as tennis,
basketball and soccer which require quick foot movement in a certain direction. Isolated plantaris
muscle strains are rare and ruptures normally occur in concurrence with injury to other muscles
in the posterior compartment of the lower leg. Symptoms of a plantaris muscle rupture may
include an audible popping sound in the area during physical activity, swelling, pain in the
posterior side of the lower leg, and persistent soreness. It may also be painful when trying to flex
the ankle
Anatomy of plantaris muscle: a study in adult Indians.
Abstract
AIM:
The plantaris muscle (PM) and its tendon is subject to considerable variation in both the points of
origin and of insertion. The present study was carried out to fi nd the different types of origin,
insertion and possible variations of the PM in the population of southern costal region of India.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
52 embalmed (Formalin fixed) cadaver lower limbs of 26 males (age ranged 48-79 years, mean
age 68 years) we.
I think... Highest energy = most polarized = h.pdf
I *think*... Highest energy = most polarized = hydrogen bonds Most stable =
lowest energy = C-C bonds Least stable = highest energy = ionic bonds (which is why salts
separate into ions)
Solution
I *think*... Highest energy = most polarized = hydrogen bonds Most stable =
lowest energy = C-C bonds Least stable = highest energy = ionic bonds (which is why salts
separate into ions).
P( 0 Z 1.5 )= P(Z1.5) - P(Z0)= 0.9332 - 0.5 (from table)= .pdf
This very short document does not contain enough substantive information to summarize in 3 sentences or less. It appears to be an incomplete mathematical expression or solution that was cut off. No clear meaning or essential information can be discerned from the fragment provided.
Option b is Settlement risk The Nonschedule L off-balance-sheet ri.pdf
Option b is Settlement risk
The Nonschedule L off-balance-sheet risks are Settlement Risk and Affiliate Risk
Solution
Option b is Settlement risk
The Nonschedule L off-balance-sheet risks are Settlement Risk and Affiliate Risk.
mSolutionm.pdf
The document does not contain any substantive content to summarize. It appears to be a blank or empty document with only section headings but no body text. As such, a meaningful 3 sentence summary cannot be generated from the information provided.
Just because two compounds have the same melting point does not mean.pdf
Just because two compounds have the same melting point does not mean that they exhibit similar
interacting characterstics. Melting means that intermolecular bonds that hold molecules together
are being broken. Sometimes, when adding impurities into a pure compound, these
intermolecular bonds are disturbed by the presence of the impurity. Because of this, the solution
will melt at a lower temperature than a pure solid due to disturbed intermolecular bonds (from a
solid to another molecule of the same solid)
T= H/S
Another reason is the change in enthalpy (H) describes the amount of heat required to break the
interactions between solid molecules in order to become a liquid. This value does not change
much when you add an impurity. The change in entropy (S) describes the entropy gained when
going from the much more ordered solid phase to the much less ordered liquid phase. Adding an
impurity to the liquid phase increases the entropy of the liquid without affecting the entropy of
the solid much; the end result is that S larger for a solid melting into an impure liquid than a pure
liquid.
Adding an impurity to the liquid phase causes S to increase without changing H. As you can see
from the equation above, this situation must cause the melting point (T) to decrease. Therefore,
adding an impurity, will cause a substance to melt at a lower temperature.
Solution
Just because two compounds have the same melting point does not mean that they exhibit similar
interacting characterstics. Melting means that intermolecular bonds that hold molecules together
are being broken. Sometimes, when adding impurities into a pure compound, these
intermolecular bonds are disturbed by the presence of the impurity. Because of this, the solution
will melt at a lower temperature than a pure solid due to disturbed intermolecular bonds (from a
solid to another molecule of the same solid)
T= H/S
Another reason is the change in enthalpy (H) describes the amount of heat required to break the
interactions between solid molecules in order to become a liquid. This value does not change
much when you add an impurity. The change in entropy (S) describes the entropy gained when
going from the much more ordered solid phase to the much less ordered liquid phase. Adding an
impurity to the liquid phase increases the entropy of the liquid without affecting the entropy of
the solid much; the end result is that S larger for a solid melting into an impure liquid than a pure
liquid.
Adding an impurity to the liquid phase causes S to increase without changing H. As you can see
from the equation above, this situation must cause the melting point (T) to decrease. Therefore,
adding an impurity, will cause a substance to melt at a lower temperature..
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I am sorry . image is too small. the expression is not clearly.pdf
I am sorry . image is too small. the expression is not clearly.pdf
object persistence formats Sequential access optimized for operat.pdf
object persistence formats Sequential access optimized for operat.pdf
The answer is b.) 4 Distribution coefficient = .pdf
The answer is b.) 4 Distribution coefficient = .pdf
Not all analytes re non-polar hydrophobic substan.pdf
Not all analytes re non-polar hydrophobic substan.pdf
Off-balance sheet problems have recurred throughout history, with .pdf
Off-balance sheet problems have recurred throughout history, with .pdf
Well the only difference between the two structur.pdf
Well the only difference between the two structur.pdf
Compunds composed of hydrogen and either fluorine.pdf
Compunds composed of hydrogen and either fluorine.pdf
The Seliwanoffs Test is a test for ketoses. Of .pdf
The Seliwanoffs Test is a test for ketoses. Of .pdf
The short answer is no. SN2 reactions are governed by several factor.pdf
The short answer is no. SN2 reactions are governed by several factor.pdf
Technology has taking milestone forwarding steps and they are using .pdf
Technology has taking milestone forwarding steps and they are using .pdf
Solution(a)Basic DefLet R be a binary relation on a set A.R i.pdf
Solution(a)Basic DefLet R be a binary relation on a set A.R i.pdf
Section 4 we describe how theSolutionSection 4 we describe how.pdf
Section 4 we describe how theSolutionSection 4 we describe how.pdf
probability= 10100=0.1Simple.Solutionprobability= 10100=0..pdf
probability= 10100=0.1Simple.Solutionprobability= 10100=0..pdf
Plantaris muscleThe plantaris is one of the superficial muscles of.pdf
Plantaris muscleThe plantaris is one of the superficial muscles of.pdf
I think... Highest energy = most polarized = h.pdf
I think... Highest energy = most polarized = h.pdf
P( 0 Z 1.5 )= P(Z1.5) - P(Z0)= 0.9332 - 0.5 (from table)= .pdf
P( 0 Z 1.5 )= P(Z1.5) - P(Z0)= 0.9332 - 0.5 (from table)= .pdf
Option b is Settlement risk The Nonschedule L off-balance-sheet ri.pdf
Option b is Settlement risk The Nonschedule L off-balance-sheet ri.pdf
Just because two compounds have the same melting point does not mean.pdf
Just because two compounds have the same melting point does not mean.pdf
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
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population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
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'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
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The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
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Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
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BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
IGCSE Biology Chapter 14- Reproduction in Plants.pdf
IGCSE Biology Chapter 14- Reproduction in Plants.pdf
Non-coded RNA are small RNA molecule that cannot be translated by ho.pdf
- 1. Non-coded RNA are small RNA molecule that cannot be translated by host machinery. They are useful tools for medicine and research. Because they are RNA molecules so they can restrict the translation of mRNA. They are very useful for treatment of mutations and chromosomal abnormalities. On the basis of their functions, the following options are true. (Option 1) – To counteract viral infections. Viruses infect by expressing their RNA or expression after transcription of DNA. So, blocking the mRNA of virus is crucial to restrict their infections. (Option 2) - To block expression of an abnormal gene responsible for disease. (Option 4) – To analyze gene function by observing what occur when the gene’s expression is inhibited. *They cannot create mutations because they are not complementary to DNA. Solution Non-coded RNA are small RNA molecule that cannot be translated by host machinery. They are useful tools for medicine and research. Because they are RNA molecules so they can restrict the translation of mRNA. They are very useful for treatment of mutations and chromosomal abnormalities. On the basis of their functions, the following options are true. (Option 1) – To counteract viral infections. Viruses infect by expressing their RNA or expression after transcription of DNA. So, blocking the mRNA of virus is crucial to restrict their infections. (Option 2) - To block expression of an abnormal gene responsible for disease. (Option 4) – To analyze gene function by observing what occur when the gene’s expression is inhibited. *They cannot create mutations because they are not complementary to DNA.