Discuss the differences in object-oriented (OO) programming languages.docx
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Discuss the differences in object-oriented (OO) programming languages and \"pre-object-oriented\" (also known as procedural or “classicâ€) programming languages. In particular, address the approach taken to data accessibility / visibility for each of these two broad language categories. Discuss the pros and cons of each approach. Solution In Object oriented languages data doesn\'t move freely.data encapsulation is the property of object oriented languages. Data is binded to objects. In conventiontional languages data will move freely between procedures.No data security provided. In object oriented languages data binding and security is provided. Here data is accessed through methods of class. Data access specifiers are provided like private and protected. Advantage of oops: Data binding and security. Polymorphism Inheritance provides reusability Classes and objects model the real world entities. Cons: Multiple inheritance leads to duplication of data in derived classes. .
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A Survey of Object Oriented Programming LanguagesMaya Hris.docx
A Survey of Object Oriented Programming Languages
Maya Hristakeva, RadhaKrishna Vuppala
Univ. of California, Santa Cruz
{mayah,vrk}@soe.ucsc.edu
1 Abstract
Object-oriented programming has become a very important programming paradigm of our times.
From the time it was brought into existence by Simula, object-oriented programming has seen wide
acceptance. Object-oriented programming languages (OOPLs) directly support the object notions of
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how a particular concept must be interpreted. This survey takes a detailed look at some of the concepts
considered fundamental to object-orientation, namely inheritance and polymorphism. Different aspects
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observation that there is still lot of work to be done to reach a common ground for these crucial features
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Python in terms of their inheritance and polymorphism implementations. The paper also presents a
compilation of the observations made by several earlier surveys [1, 27].
2 Introduction
There is a big variety of programming languages catering to various kinds of development require-
ments. Three of the main categories are procedural languages (e.g. C, Pascal, etc.), functional languages
(e.g. Haskel, Ocaml, etc.), and object-oriented programming languages (e.g. C++, Java, etc.). The
object-oriented design paradigm has been popular for quite some time owing its success to the powerful
features it offers for making program development easy and robust. OOPLs, such as C++ and Java,
offer an intuitive way of developing programs and provide powerful features for supporting the program
development. While languages like C can be used to develop programs that follow an object-oriented
design, the support of features such as inheritance, encapsulation, strong type support, exception han-
dling, etc. in the OOPLs make them more suitable for such development.
While the object-oriented programming paradigm provides a more intuitive way of programming, it
is also has complexities. This is due to the various complex features that the paradigm offers. OOPLs
differ widely in the way they implement features that are associated with the object design. For example,
some languages support multiple inheritance while some languages consider it a bad feature. In this sur-
vey we discuss the various features of object-oriented programs and how the languages we considered
1
(Java, C++, C# , Eiffel, Smalltalk, Ruby and Python) differ in implementing these features.
The survey is organized as follows. The Section 3 describes in detail the key concepts of OOPLs. Sec-
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Recommended
A Survey of Object Oriented Programming LanguagesMaya Hris.docx
A Survey of Object Oriented Programming Languages
Maya Hristakeva, RadhaKrishna Vuppala
Univ. of California, Santa Cruz
{mayah,vrk}@soe.ucsc.edu
1 Abstract
Object-oriented programming has become a very important programming paradigm of our times.
From the time it was brought into existence by Simula, object-oriented programming has seen wide
acceptance. Object-oriented programming languages (OOPLs) directly support the object notions of
classes, inheritance, information hiding (encapsulation), and dynamic binding (polymorphism). There
is a wide variety of implementations for each of these concepts, and there is no general agreement as to
how a particular concept must be interpreted. This survey takes a detailed look at some of the concepts
considered fundamental to object-orientation, namely inheritance and polymorphism. Different aspects
of inheritance and polymorphism are implemented in various popular OOPLs. We conclude with the
observation that there is still lot of work to be done to reach a common ground for these crucial features
of OOPLs. This survey presents a detailed comparison of Java, C++, C# , Eiffel, Smalltalk, Ruby and
Python in terms of their inheritance and polymorphism implementations. The paper also presents a
compilation of the observations made by several earlier surveys [1, 27].
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There is a big variety of programming languages catering to various kinds of development require-
ments. Three of the main categories are procedural languages (e.g. C, Pascal, etc.), functional languages
(e.g. Haskel, Ocaml, etc.), and object-oriented programming languages (e.g. C++, Java, etc.). The
object-oriented design paradigm has been popular for quite some time owing its success to the powerful
features it offers for making program development easy and robust. OOPLs, such as C++ and Java,
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development. While languages like C can be used to develop programs that follow an object-oriented
design, the support of features such as inheritance, encapsulation, strong type support, exception han-
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While the object-oriented programming paradigm provides a more intuitive way of programming, it
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some languages support multiple inheritance while some languages consider it a bad feature. In this sur-
vey we discuss the various features of object-oriented programs and how the languages we considered
1
(Java, C++, C# , Eiffel, Smalltalk, Ruby and Python) differ in implementing these features.
The survey is organized as follows. The Section 3 describes in detail the key concepts of OOPLs. Sec-
tion 4 presents a brief historical view of the OOPLs and gives a ...
Semantic IoT Semantic Inter-Operability Practices - Part 1
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Applications of Oops
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Alice intends to send a secure message to Bob- (1) What are the threat.docx
Alice intends to send a secure message to Bob.
(1) What are the threats that Alice should be concerned about in sending messages to Bob?
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(3) What is needed if asymmetric key encryption is used?
(4) Is encryption alone sufficient to defend against these threats?
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Alice intends to send a secure message to Bob.
(1). The threats that Alice should be concerned about in sending messages to Bob are,,,
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* Symmetric-key cryptography is a mechanism by which the same key is used for both encrypting and decrypting.
(3). if asymmetric key encryption is used the needed thing is...
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Prototype of function :
In function concept prototype declaration is necessary in order to provide information to the compiler about function, about return type, parameter list and function name etc.
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sum=0.0; //Intilise the sum value to zero.
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Intro to JAVA
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6. POLYMORPHISM
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8. MESSAGE PASSING
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Do you think contingent gains should be disclosed in the financial statements? Defend your position.
Solution
Contingent gain or loss is a concept where the firm will suffer loss or will make gain only on hapening of certain contingency or event in future. Suppose a company has claimed some money for extra work. Disput arises regarding the inclution of those work in the contract escalation clause. The dispute has been referred to court. The company will gain, if the judgement of court goes in their favor. It is a contingent gain which will materialize only when judgement is favorable.
It is not justified to include them in the financial statement as the gain has not been made. Also it is not certain whether such gain will at all be achieved or not. From convertesim point of view any income or gain which is not sure to be earned should not be included.
However it is the responsibility of company to disclose all facts in its report.So that it can project true and fair view of state of affairs of the concern. Hence there should be disclosure in the financial statement in detail about the contingent happenings.
.
Do you think contingent gains should be disclosed in the financial sta.docx
Do you think contingent gains should be disclosed in the financial statements? Defend your position.
Solution
Contingent gain or loss is a concept where the firm will suffer loss or will make gain only on hapening of certain contingency or event in future. Suppose a company has claimed some money for extra work. Disput arises regarding the inclution of those work in the contract escalation clause. The dispute has been referred to court. The company will gain, if the judgement of court goes in their favor. It is a contingent gain which will materialize only when judgement is favorable.
It is not justified to include them in the financial statement as the gain has not been made. Also it is not certain whether such gain will at all be achieved or not. From convertesim point of view any income or gain which is not sure to be earned should not be included.
However it is the responsibility of company to disclose all facts in its report.So that it can project true and fair view of state of affairs of the concern. Hence there should be disclosure in the financial statement in detail about the contingent happenings.
.
Do you believe the double taxation of earnings which occurs at the cor.docx
Do you believe the “double taxation” of earnings which occurs at the corporate ownership structure is justified?
Solution
Double taxation affects C corporations. Double taxation refers to situations when business profits are taxed at both the corporate and personal levels. First profits are taxed at corporate level before paying any amount to shareholders at the rate applicable to corporate. Then dividends are subject to tax at individuals tax rate Double taxation forces corporations to use debt financing, and encourage them to do retained earnings rather than distriubuting to shareholders in the form of dividends. Since the corporations are put at a disadvantage due to double taxation. This is not justified at all since shareholders are considered owners and their income is taxed twice. Dividend should be made exempt and corporates should not have top pay tax on dividends. thus we can say that double taxation affects business and investment decisions which is not justified at all.
.
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