pharmacognosy related

1. BAHEDA
PRESENTED BY
ANUP KUMAR RAY
B.PHARM. 3rd YEAR
Dr. K. N. M. I. P. E. R.
PHARMACOGNOSY

2. INTRODUCTION
• In Sanskrit Baheda is known as karshaphala,
kalidruma and vibhitaki. Its fruits are mainly
used for preparing various drugs.
• It is a deciduous tree with average height of
30m. The bark is brownish grey in color. The
leaves are elliptical in shape and are 10-12cm
long. The fruits are ovoid in shape and the
kernels are sweet in taste.

3. Synonyms
- Beleric myrobalan
- Bahera
- Bibhitak
- Bayada.

4. Biological Source
It consists of dried ripe fruits of the
plant Terminalia belerica Linn,
belonging to family Combretaceae.

5. Geographical Source
The tree is found in all decidous
forests of India, up to an
altitude of 1000 m. It is found in
abundance in Madhya
Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab,
Maharashtra, and also in
Sri Lanka and Malaya.

6. Cultivation &
Collection

11. Morphology

12. Colour - Fruits are dark brown to black.
Odour - None
Taste -Astringent
Shape- Strips, flakes or coarse powder
Size - 1.3 to 2 cm in length.
Shape- Fruits are globular and obscurely five-angled

13. Microscopy
• Transverse section shows an
outer epicarp consisting of a
layer of epidermis, most of
the epidermal cells elongate
to form hair like protuberance
with swollen base; next to
epidermis it contains a zone of
parenchymatous cells,
slightly tangentially elongated
and irregularly arranged.
• Stone cells of varying shape
and size are present in
between these
parenchymatous cells.
• Mesocarp traversed in various
directions by numerous
vascular bundles collateral,
endarch; simple starch grains
and rosettes of calcium oxalate
crystals are present in
parenchymatous cells.

14. Chemical Constituents
•Bibhitaka fruits contain several
phytochemical (chemical compounds that
occur naturally in plants) constituents,
such as:-
• beta-sitosterol,
•gallic acid
•ellagic acid
•ethyl gallate
•galloyl glucose
•chebulagic acid &
•a cardiac glycoside, bellaricanin.
These chemicals give bibhitaka its therapeutic values.

15. The fruits contain about 20 to 30%
of tannins and 40 to 45% water-
soluble extractives.
It contains colouring matter. The
seeds contain nonedible oil. The
plant produces a gum. It also
contains most of the sugars
as reported in myrobalan.

16. Uses

17. 1. Bahera is used as an astringent and in the
treatment of dyspepsia and diarrhoea.
2. It is a constituent of triphala.
3. The purgative property of half ripe fruit is
due to the presence of fixed oil.
4. The oil on hydrolysis yields an irritant
recipe.
5. Gum is used as a demulcent and purgative.
6. Oil is used for the manufacture of soap.

18. It is the chief component of
the preparation known as
Sage triphala syrup (Sage
Herbals), for relieving
habitual
constipation.