Jason just had a physical exam. This was necessary for him to enter the second grade at his
school. He was voiding a urine sample for the school nurse, when a pink discoloration of
the urine was noted. The urine also appeared somewhat foamy (Jason thought this was
quite "neat"). Jason said his urine had been "real foamy" for a couple of days.
When questioned by the nurse about Jason's past history, his mother explained that Jason
had recently recovered from a strep throat infection that he got while the family was on
vacation several weeks ago.
The doctor examined Jason, noting his throat to be without erythema (redness) or other
lesions (abnormalities). No genital abrasions or other sites of potential bleeding into the
urine were noticed.
Jason appeared to be a bit puffy in the skin. Auscultation ( listening to organ sounds,
usually with a stethoscope) of the lungs revealed some sounds suggestive of fluid in the
lungs. Several bruises were noted scattered over Jason's skin, not noted on his last visit.
When asked about this, Jason's mother insisted that neither she nor her husband had hit
Jason, and that Jason had not hurt himself playing. The doctor made a note of this, as he
was required to report evidence of potential child abuse to the local authorities.
Routine lab tests of Jason's blood and urine were remarkable in the microscopic urine
examination showed red blood cells and red cellular (erythrocytes that are stuck together)
in the urine sediment, and Jason's serum protein concentrations was significantly
decreased.
Case Background
As blood course into the kidneys via the renal artery, it flows into smaller and smaller
vessels, coursing toward the cortex of the kidney. Once in the cortex of the kidney, the
blood vessels become small and torturous, forming capillary balls called glomeruli (about
one million per kidney). The glomerulus are permeable to certain substances that filter
across the glomerular capillary wall and enter the proximal convoluted tubule---forming
an ultrafiltrate that is destined for the ureters, bladder, and urethra where it will
ultimately be voided as urine.. Most substances that do not filter across the glomerular
capillary will continue on through the kidneys blood supply, leaving the kidney to reenter
the renal vein and ultimately the inferior vena cava (some substances that end up in the
urine do so by active peritubular secretions from blood vessels distal to the glomeruli that
surround the renal tubules.)
Normally only small molecular weight substances are filtered at the renal glomeruli
:sugars, fatty acids, ammonia acids, electrolytes, ( such as Na+, H+ K+) water and other
small molecules. Large molecules weight substances ( such as albumin, protein, clotting
proteins, certain hormones) and cells do not normally filter through the glomerular
filtrations barrier (capillary wall) to enter the renal urinary tubules.) substances not
normally filtered will tend to evaporate.
If the glomeruli are significantl.
Note on assessment of renal or urinary systemBabitha Devu
A guide to help the students review themselves about the A & P of the urinary system. it also helps in collecting history and appraise the client suffering from various urinary tract disorders or diseases.
Anatomy of urinary tract with special reference to anatomy of kidney and
nephrons, functions of kidney and urinary tract, physiology of urine formation,
micturition reflex and role of kidneys in acid base balance, role of RAS in kidney
and disorders of kidney.
If you want to help or donate please donate at my paypal:
dyokimura@gmail.com
SUPPORT ME:
https://www.buymeacoffee.com/dyokimura6
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https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCoKOObshfyyxhVkw1VjyQNA
Urinary System human anatomu and physiology 2 .pptxNutanKamble7
The primary job of the urinary system is to filter blood, producing urine as a waste product in the process. The renal pelvis, bladder, urethra, ureters, and kidneys are the organs that make up the urinary system. The nutrients in meals are transformed by the body into energy.The kidneys secrete urine, which is a liquid waste product. The fluid known as urine is translucent and clear, typically with an amber tint. An average person excretes five to eight cups, or forty to sixty ounces, of pee in a 24-hour period. Urine is mostly composed of salt, urea, and uric acid in a watery solution.The kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra make up the human urine system, sometimes referred to as the urinary tract or renal system. The elimination of waste from the body, blood volume and pressure regulation, electrolyte and metabolite level control, and blood pH regulation are all functions of the urinary system. The body's drainage system for eventually eliminating urine is the urinary tract.[1] Via the renal arteries, which exit the kidneys through the renal vein, the kidneys receive a substantial blood supply. Nephrons are the functional units that make up each kidney. Wastes (in the form of urine) leave the kidney through the ureters, tubes composed of smooth muscle fibres that direct urine into the bladder, where it is collected and processed further.The organs that generate urine and carry it to the excretory site are referred to as the urinary system. The kidneys are situated in the space between the parietal peritoneum and the dorsal body wall on both the left and right sides of the human urinary system.The kidney's functional unit, the nephrons, is where urine is first formed. After that, urine travels via the nephrons and the collecting ducts, a network of convergent tubules. The minor and major calyces that eventually connect to the renal pelvis are formed by the union of these collecting ducts. Urine then proceeds from the renal pelvis into the ureter, where it is transported to the bladder. Males and females have different urinary system anatomy, specifically in relation to the urine bladder. The prostatic, membranous, bulbar, and penile urethras in men are formed by the urethra's progression from the internal urethral aperture in the bladder's trigone via the external urethral orifice. The urine leaves the body through the external meatus of the urethra. The female urethra, which starts at the neck of the bladder and ends in the vaginal vestibule, is substantially shorter.Bowman's capsule filters blood entering the tubules from the circulatory system in the first segment of the nephron. Filtration across a semipermeable membrane is facilitated by gradients of osmotic and hydrostatic pressure. Water, ions, and tiny molecules that easily flow through the filtering membrane make up the filtrate. However, the filtration barrier blocks the passage of bigger molecules like proteins and blood cells. The glomerular filtration rate, or GFR, is the volume
INTRODUCTION
The term urogenital refers to something that has both urinary and genital origins. The word urogenital is used because the urinary and reproductive systems in males merge.
These are grouped together because of their proximity to each other, their common embryological origin and the use of common pathways (ex. urethra).
Kidneys and urinary ducts form the urinary system.
The Urinary system performs two important homeostatic processes like excretion and osmoregulation. This system is intimately associated both anatomically, and in terms of embryonic origin with the genital system.
The genital system includes the gonads which generate gametes and the genital ducts that serve as passages for the gametes.
Though functionally different the two organ systems the urinary and the genital system are treated together as the urino- genital system, since both develop from the same segmental blocks of trunk mesoderm or adjacent tissues and share many of the ducts.
Thus although the two systems have nothing common functionally they are closely associated in their use of common ducts and are studied under the broad heading of urinogenital system.
The function of the excretory system is crucial in considering the possible environment of the ‘vertebrate life ’. Several main functions can be attributed to all vertebrate excretory systems:
Excretion of nitrogenous waste products.
Maintaining homeostasis with regard to ions (i.e. salt balance).
Regaining valuable substances (glucose, salts, amino acids, etc.)
Maintaining a physiological osmotic value (i.e. water balance).
The excretory system is formed by a series of paired, segmental nephrons that begin with a nephrostome opening into the coelomic cavity.
A pair of glomeruli per segment, supplied by branches from the aorta, projects into the coelomic cavity close to these nephrostomes.
At a later stage of development, the glomerulus/nephrostome area becomes separated from the rest of the coelomic cavity by an epithelial fold.
The nephrons connect to a duct that is formed by caudal growth of the most anterior nephric tubules. These paired urinary ducts open near the anal region.
John is a 45 yrs- Old father of 3 kids ages 13 yrs- 7 yrs- and 2 yrs o.pdfanjutandon12309
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Similar to Jason just had a physical exam- This was necessary for him to enter th.pdf
Note on assessment of renal or urinary systemBabitha Devu
A guide to help the students review themselves about the A & P of the urinary system. it also helps in collecting history and appraise the client suffering from various urinary tract disorders or diseases.
Anatomy of urinary tract with special reference to anatomy of kidney and
nephrons, functions of kidney and urinary tract, physiology of urine formation,
micturition reflex and role of kidneys in acid base balance, role of RAS in kidney
and disorders of kidney.
If you want to help or donate please donate at my paypal:
dyokimura@gmail.com
SUPPORT ME:
https://www.buymeacoffee.com/dyokimura6
CHECK MY GAMING CHANNEL:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCoKOObshfyyxhVkw1VjyQNA
Urinary System human anatomu and physiology 2 .pptxNutanKamble7
The primary job of the urinary system is to filter blood, producing urine as a waste product in the process. The renal pelvis, bladder, urethra, ureters, and kidneys are the organs that make up the urinary system. The nutrients in meals are transformed by the body into energy.The kidneys secrete urine, which is a liquid waste product. The fluid known as urine is translucent and clear, typically with an amber tint. An average person excretes five to eight cups, or forty to sixty ounces, of pee in a 24-hour period. Urine is mostly composed of salt, urea, and uric acid in a watery solution.The kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra make up the human urine system, sometimes referred to as the urinary tract or renal system. The elimination of waste from the body, blood volume and pressure regulation, electrolyte and metabolite level control, and blood pH regulation are all functions of the urinary system. The body's drainage system for eventually eliminating urine is the urinary tract.[1] Via the renal arteries, which exit the kidneys through the renal vein, the kidneys receive a substantial blood supply. Nephrons are the functional units that make up each kidney. Wastes (in the form of urine) leave the kidney through the ureters, tubes composed of smooth muscle fibres that direct urine into the bladder, where it is collected and processed further.The organs that generate urine and carry it to the excretory site are referred to as the urinary system. The kidneys are situated in the space between the parietal peritoneum and the dorsal body wall on both the left and right sides of the human urinary system.The kidney's functional unit, the nephrons, is where urine is first formed. After that, urine travels via the nephrons and the collecting ducts, a network of convergent tubules. The minor and major calyces that eventually connect to the renal pelvis are formed by the union of these collecting ducts. Urine then proceeds from the renal pelvis into the ureter, where it is transported to the bladder. Males and females have different urinary system anatomy, specifically in relation to the urine bladder. The prostatic, membranous, bulbar, and penile urethras in men are formed by the urethra's progression from the internal urethral aperture in the bladder's trigone via the external urethral orifice. The urine leaves the body through the external meatus of the urethra. The female urethra, which starts at the neck of the bladder and ends in the vaginal vestibule, is substantially shorter.Bowman's capsule filters blood entering the tubules from the circulatory system in the first segment of the nephron. Filtration across a semipermeable membrane is facilitated by gradients of osmotic and hydrostatic pressure. Water, ions, and tiny molecules that easily flow through the filtering membrane make up the filtrate. However, the filtration barrier blocks the passage of bigger molecules like proteins and blood cells. The glomerular filtration rate, or GFR, is the volume
INTRODUCTION
The term urogenital refers to something that has both urinary and genital origins. The word urogenital is used because the urinary and reproductive systems in males merge.
These are grouped together because of their proximity to each other, their common embryological origin and the use of common pathways (ex. urethra).
Kidneys and urinary ducts form the urinary system.
The Urinary system performs two important homeostatic processes like excretion and osmoregulation. This system is intimately associated both anatomically, and in terms of embryonic origin with the genital system.
The genital system includes the gonads which generate gametes and the genital ducts that serve as passages for the gametes.
Though functionally different the two organ systems the urinary and the genital system are treated together as the urino- genital system, since both develop from the same segmental blocks of trunk mesoderm or adjacent tissues and share many of the ducts.
Thus although the two systems have nothing common functionally they are closely associated in their use of common ducts and are studied under the broad heading of urinogenital system.
The function of the excretory system is crucial in considering the possible environment of the ‘vertebrate life ’. Several main functions can be attributed to all vertebrate excretory systems:
Excretion of nitrogenous waste products.
Maintaining homeostasis with regard to ions (i.e. salt balance).
Regaining valuable substances (glucose, salts, amino acids, etc.)
Maintaining a physiological osmotic value (i.e. water balance).
The excretory system is formed by a series of paired, segmental nephrons that begin with a nephrostome opening into the coelomic cavity.
A pair of glomeruli per segment, supplied by branches from the aorta, projects into the coelomic cavity close to these nephrostomes.
At a later stage of development, the glomerulus/nephrostome area becomes separated from the rest of the coelomic cavity by an epithelial fold.
The nephrons connect to a duct that is formed by caudal growth of the most anterior nephric tubules. These paired urinary ducts open near the anal region.
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Jason just had a physical exam- This was necessary for him to enter th.pdf
1. Jason just had a physical exam. This was necessary for him to enter the second grade at his
school. He was voiding a urine sample for the school nurse, when a pink discoloration of
the urine was noted. The urine also appeared somewhat foamy (Jason thought this was
quite "neat"). Jason said his urine had been "real foamy" for a couple of days.
When questioned by the nurse about Jason's past history, his mother explained that Jason
had recently recovered from a strep throat infection that he got while the family was on
vacation several weeks ago.
The doctor examined Jason, noting his throat to be without erythema (redness) or other
lesions (abnormalities). No genital abrasions or other sites of potential bleeding into the
urine were noticed.
Jason appeared to be a bit puffy in the skin. Auscultation ( listening to organ sounds,
usually with a stethoscope) of the lungs revealed some sounds suggestive of fluid in the
lungs. Several bruises were noted scattered over Jason's skin, not noted on his last visit.
When asked about this, Jason's mother insisted that neither she nor her husband had hit
Jason, and that Jason had not hurt himself playing. The doctor made a note of this, as he
was required to report evidence of potential child abuse to the local authorities.
Routine lab tests of Jason's blood and urine were remarkable in the microscopic urine
examination showed red blood cells and red cellular (erythrocytes that are stuck together)
in the urine sediment, and Jason's serum protein concentrations was significantly
decreased.
Case Background
As blood course into the kidneys via the renal artery, it flows into smaller and smaller
vessels, coursing toward the cortex of the kidney. Once in the cortex of the kidney, the
blood vessels become small and torturous, forming capillary balls called glomeruli (about
one million per kidney). The glomerulus are permeable to certain substances that filter
across the glomerular capillary wall and enter the proximal convoluted tubule---forming
an ultrafiltrate that is destined for the ureters, bladder, and urethra where it will
ultimately be voided as urine.. Most substances that do not filter across the glomerular
capillary will continue on through the kidneys blood supply, leaving the kidney to reenter
the renal vein and ultimately the inferior vena cava (some substances that end up in the
urine do so by active peritubular secretions from blood vessels distal to the glomeruli that
surround the renal tubules.)
Normally only small molecular weight substances are filtered at the renal glomeruli
:sugars, fatty acids, ammonia acids, electrolytes, ( such as Na+, H+ K+) water and other
small molecules. Large molecules weight substances ( such as albumin, protein, clotting
proteins, certain hormones) and cells do not normally filter through the glomerular
filtrations barrier (capillary wall) to enter the renal urinary tubules.) substances not
normally filtered will tend to evaporate.
2. If the glomeruli are significantly damaged (by infection or inflammation) substances not
normally filtered will tend to entrap immune system complexes (composed of antigens
bound to antibodies) circulating in the vascular system. Following certain infections, most
notably beta hemolytic Streptococcus pyrogens ( the bacterium common ls responsible for
strep throat), antibodies to this bacterium combine with bacterial, antigen (bacterial
molecules) circulating in the blood; the antibody-antigen complexes frequently get
entrapped in the glomeruli. Such immune complexes bind special serum protein molecules
called complement. Complement then attracts white blood cells that release enzymes
destructive to any thing in the vicinity of the immune complex-----in this case the kidney
glomeruli. Such immune mediated destruction of the renal glomeruli will lead to
inflammation of the glomeruli, with subsequent leakage of even large molecules weight
serum proteins and often times red blood cells into the renal tubules.
What do red blood cells casts in the urine always indicate?
Why was Jason's serun protein level low?
Why was Jason's skin pffuy?
Why was Jason's skin bruised?
Why was the urine foamy?
Why did the lungs sound wet on auscultaion?
Is the recent infections significant?
How does it relate to the disease process occurring with Jason"s kidney?
