GOOD

1. Dr. ashish and chetan

2. Urine examination
Macroscopic examination
Chemical examination
Microscopic examination

3. Microscopic examination
Fill 2/3 test tub with urine and then
centrifuge it 1500-2000 RPM .Now the
upper part is discard . Take one drop of the
remaining emulsion or precipitate of the
bottom in the test tub .place a one drop of
it on the slide & put a cover slip and
examine under the microscope at 40x.

4. EPTHELIAL CELL
Large nucleated usually squmous cell
large number of cell are found in
urine(inflammation of urinary tract)
it is a reported number of cell

5. WHITE CELL/PUSS CELL
Puss cell are degenerative form of white blood cells.
White blood cell are seen in conditions.
Urinary tract infection (UTI).
Gonorrhoea.

6. RED BLOOD CELLS (RBC)

Red blood cells are smaller in size and do not contain
any nucleus or granules they are seen in conditions
like.
Urinary tract infection (UTI).
Hematuria.
Sickle cell anemia
Renal.

7. CAST CELL
Cast cell are developed by precipitation and
coagulation of proteins .they also contain thread
like material made up of mucoproteins. Increased
excretion of cast cell occurs in disorders of lower
urinary tract.

8. CAST CELLS ARE FOUR TYPES
GRANULAR CAST.
CELLURE CAST.
HYALINE CAST.
WAXY CAST

9. Granular cast
It contains close packed granules present in nephsitis
or nephrostis
indicative of chronic renal disease

10. Cellular cast
RBC,
WBC
AND
EPITHIAL CELL

11. Hyaline cast
 It is a transparent structure ,cylinder shape .it is a
seen in conditions like.
This cast are seen in albuminuria & proteinuria

12. waxy cast
It is contains refractive fat droplets in urine.

13. PARASITES
Ova and cyst trophozoites are
found in urine

14. BACTERIA
Normal fresh urine is free from bacteria
and presence of bacteria in urine indicates
infection

15. Crystals in urine
Crystals in acidic urine
Uric acid
Calcium oxalate
Cystine
Leucine
Crystals in alkaline urine
triple phosphate crystal
Tyrosine crystals

16. Uric acid
Uric acid crystals are mostly seen in acidic
urine

17. Calcium oxalate
 They are envelop shaped.
Their presence indicates renal stones, they can
also be found in urine of normal person after
intake of excess amount of vegetables tomato and
spinach

18. crystine crystals
They are colourless hexagonal crystal.
They are found in metabolic disorder and renal
tubular disease.

19. Leucine crystals
They are spherical shaped yellow
in colour with radial striation. It
is seen in case of fever

20. triple phosphate crystals
They are colourless crystal .
They can appear in long retention of
urinary tract infection . (UTI)

21. Tyrosine crystals
They are yellow wish needle shaped
found in clumps .
They are also found in liver disease