Poverty In The 19Th Century

Poverty In The 19th Century
Historically poverty is irrefutably one of the largest driving factors for wide societies to express
anxiety and fear throughout European society. The upsurge of begging and vagrancy during the
Victorian era and extending into the 19th century drove society to involve the state to ideally
control, and minimize both vagrancy and beggary. Prior to the 18th century, charity for the poor was
commonly placed upon Christian parishes and citizen's moral obligation to provide for those in
destitution. Also, during that time religious obligation and a widespread understanding of misfortune
governed the society's attitudes towards the poor. Although, in 1700, the Vagrant Removal Costs Act
removed the responsibility of paying for the removal of vagrants ... Show more content on
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In response, the state utilized the Vagrancy Laws operated as a means of criminalizing any activity
that was deemed unacceptable throughout society. Following the states direct involvement the
Vagrancy Laws implemented harsher sentences, such as incarceration in houses of correction, where
they were forced to preform hard labour. Following, in the early 19th century society's attitude
towards beggary and vagrancy hardened. Although, sympathy for deserving beggars persevered,
citizens were expected to work through the system and were prohibited to engage in begging. In
addition, the state regulated wages were exceptionally low, preventing the poor from leaving the
vicious cycle of poverty. Also, impoverished people faced stricter regulation that prevented the poor
from receiving Christian charity. In addition, London implemented an 8–class system, and 1/3 of
those were apart of the semi–criminal, very poor, and poor had few options to survival, and many
were penalized for their acts of utter helplessness. Therefore, I personally this the solutions
implemented by the state, particularly their emphasis on institutionalization caused my harm than
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Stereotypes Of Racial Profiling
Many People assume Racial Profiling started in the 1980s, as the news of Blacks being pulled over
for "driving while black" was broadcast on televisions airways nationwide. Racial profiling is an
new term based on very old forms of racialized actions against Blacks, as profiling can be traced
back some 300 years. Racial Profiling is not premised on recent but decades old practices of
discriminatory conduct by common citizen's, police and the criminal justice system that dates back
to the 1700s in the United States for African Americans. What is Racial Profiling? Racial profiling is
racism and stereotypes that only see the worst in a race of people based on biased racial perceptions
that are then projected then multiply, and wind up ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The drug war was primarily a partisan show of force Ronald Reagan and George Bush Senior and
subsequent Presidential administrations have used to feign concern about public safety, crime
prevention, and the needs of the victims of drug users. While it was widely reported (Ronald
Reagans' son and former President George Bush Senior's son former President George Bush Junior
were smoking weed and snorting cocaine) (4). While the "War on Drugs" were based on political
motives, (that is not the full story) as the "war on drugs" in hindsight proved itself to be a "war" on
black and brown

Advantage Of Black Codes
PASSAGE OF THE BLACK CODES
Even as former slaves fought to assert their independence and gain economic autonomy during the
earliest years of Reconstruction, white landowners acted to control the labor force through a system
similar to the one that had existed during slavery. To that end, in late 1865, Mississippi and South
Carolina enacted the first black codes. Mississippi's law required blacks to have written evidence of
employment for the coming year each January; if they left before the end of the contract, they would
be forced to forfeit earlier wages and were subject to arrest. In South Carolina, a law prohibited
blacks from holding any occupation other than farmer or servant unless they paid an annual tax of
$10 to $100. This provision hit free blacks already living in Charleston and former slave artisans
especially hard. In both states, blacks were given heavy penalties for vagrancy, including forced
plantation labor in some cases.
Under Johnson's policies of Presidential Reconstruction, nearly all the southern states would enact
their own black codes in 1865 and 1866. While the codes granted certain freedoms to African ...
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After passing the Civil Rights Act over Johnson's veto, Republicans in Congress effectively took
control of Reconstruction. The Reconstruction Act of 1867 required southern states to ratify the 14th
Amendment–which granted "equal protection" of the Constitution to former slaves–and enact
universal male suffrage before they could rejoin the Union. The 15th Amendment, adopted in 1870,
guaranteed that a citizen's right to vote would not be denied "on account of race, color, or previous
condition of servitude." During this period of Radical Reconstruction (1867–1877), blacks won
election to southern state governments and even to the U.S.

Homeless And Homelessness
Homelessness as my topic of interest. This issue was very interesting knowing how certain
individuals became homeless. This topic is perceived in mainstream society because these are
people who live on our streets because their family put them out or they got fired from their job.
When They are put on the street they have no place to go and nowhere to turn. Living on the street is
an easy way out for them because they don't have a backup plan. People who have cars, jobs, and
money look at homeless people like their worthless or they don't belong. Not knowing the cause of
why they are homeless. These are individuals who struggle to survive every day outside on the street
without shelter. They have no family or shelter and it's hard for them to find jobs because they don't
have a place to stay or social security card for the jobs they try to apply for. Homeless people don't
have the proper training or experience to work so people don't hire them. That's why when they
apply for different jobs no one calls them back. Sociologist Meanwell explains how United States
homelessness has continued to grow since the early 1980s with a particular proliferation among
vagrant women and families. In 1984, the cities of New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles had the
largest number of homeless persons per population, with New York witnessing the highest rates of
homeless individuals (Wolch, Dear, & Akita, 1988). The concept of homelessness is not easily
defined. The average person understands the basic concept of vagrancy, researchers in the
sociological field have applied inconsistent definitions to the concept of homelessness,
understandably so as the notion encompasses a dimension more exhaustive than a singular definition
of "an individual without residence." The theory that goes along with homelessness is symbolic
Interactionism. Symbolic Interactionism analyze society by addressing events and behaviors in
people's lives. This theory is based on what people believed and not just on what is objectively true.
For example, why do teenagers smoke cigarettes because they saw someone else doing it and they
thought it was cool. My topic relates to this example because people who become homeless saw

Essay On Black Codes
Soon after the war, and after slavery was ended, there was a shortage of people to work for those
who once had slaves as their main workforce. This posed a challenge for the southern economy. So
during the constitutional convention of 1865 various states including South Carolina, Georgia, and
Mississippi included language in their state constitutions that regulated and managed the now free
slaves. This served at the basis for the Black Codes –– a series of codes that restricted the rights of
African Americans. These Black Codes made it difficult for former slaves to work in a labor
economy that wasn't based on low wages and debt tactics, as well as restricted them from owning
property, conduct business, and move freely through public spaces. ... Show more content on
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He ran away and eventually gained his freedom. He became an author of many books, including
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave and My Bondage and My Freedom.
He ended up writing an appeal to congress about the impartial suffrage, or partial freedom, of the
now "free" slaves. In this letter to congress he says, "For better or for worse, (as in some of the old
marriage ceremonies,) the negroes are evidently a permanent part of the American population. They
are too numerous and useful to be colonized, and too enduring and self–perpetuating to disappear by
natural causes. Here they are, four millions of them, and, for weal or for woe, here they must
remain." This I think is the main purpose of his letter. He is saying that there are millions of former
slaves and all of them are now free. He is saying that that they are a great force and that they can be
a great influence of America as a country, "for better or for worse". I think this is his main point in
his letter and he is trying to convey how important he and other blacks are to our country and how
they can bring a great influence to the table. The laws reinforced that because instead of giving
salves absolute freedom, they gave them partial freedom; knowing that they wouldn't be able to
sustain an economy without their economic

Martin Luther's Impact On The Reform Of Society
The reformation, brought about by Martin Luther and his ninety–five theses in the early sixteenth
century prove to have a holistic effect on shaping societies attitudes concerning law, order, and
stability. Throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth century, Martin Luther's ideas regarding the
reformation extend past the church, and people such as John Calvin in Geneva advocate a total
reformation of society in general, and this comes to define the margins and values of society.
Although the reformation has a decisive impact on religion, it also proves to have universal
consequences on early modern ideologies, politics, and economics. As protestantism became a threat
to catholicism, governments and monarchs sought to regulate society by imposing uniformity
regarding religion, and this parallels notions concerning the reorganization of the household. The
church, the state, and the household became a coordinated community, all in attempt to eradicate
sinfulness and unlawfulness, and those who are unable or unwilling to adopt these beliefs find
themselves on the margins of society. The cooperation between these three pillars of society led to a
moral policing of the masses. The poor were no longer pitied, and powerful magistrates began to
draw lines connecting crime to poverty. This proves to have an impact on how crime and deviancy
from social norms were perceived and how they were punished, as the state began to assume control
of criminals and how they are punished.

Essay On Why Reconstruction Was Not Successful
When Reconstruction began in 1865, a broken America had just finished fighting in the Civil War.
Reconstruction was a time period of rebuilding and regrowth among the northern and southern
states. During this time the Blacks were trying to fit into the white society yet even after the passage
of thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteen amendments Blacks were still not truly equal. The whites on the
other hand still treated Blacks as if they were still slaves and made them pay poll taxes as a way for
them not to vote. In many ways, it failed to elevate freed slaves into anything of educational or
economic equality. Reconstruction began in 1865 and ended in 1877, it took place in the southern
part of the US. The Reconstruction Era was not successful because of the Black Codes and the
decision ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Black Codes restricted freed slaves rights throughout the country. Blacks were forced to sign
labor contracts and if they refused they would be arrested. These contracts prevented African
Americans from working for more than one employer which caused them to receive low wages and
poor working conditions (Weiss). Vagrancy Laws were included in the Black Codes because of the
concern that freed slaves would leave their communities and reduce cheap labor. The Vagrancy
Laws allowed police to arrest people if they thought they might have committed a crime. The
Vagrancy Laws in the Black Codes meant that an unemployed, homeless freed slave could be
arrested for no reason whatsoever (Kadue). Some states required Blacks to work in chain gangs in
the fields. The Black Codes gave rise to a new wave of radical Republicanism in Congress, and the
eventual move towards enshrining racial equality into the Constitution. However, black codes also
resulted in the Jim Crow laws which enforced racial segregation. Overall the Black Codes made life
much harder for the Blacks and enforced white supremacy (History.com

Homelessness: A Community Problem
The idea of homelessness is not an effortlessly characterized term. While the normal individual
comprehends the essential thought of vagrancy, analysts in the sociological field have connected
conflicting definitions to the idea of homelessness, justifiably so as the thought includes a
measurement more exhaustive than a peculiar meaning of a single person without living
arrangement. Homelessness embodies a continuum running from the nonappearance of a changeless
safe house to poor living courses of action and lodging conditions. As per Wolch et al. (1988),
homelessness is not an unexpected experience rather it is the zenith of a long procedure of
investment hardship, disconnection, and social disengagement that has influenced a singular or ...
Regardless, in spite of the later differences (age, race, sexual orientation, and ethnicity) in the
vagrant populace, homelessness generally remains a gendered experience, as in, by and large men
are more inclined to encounter interminable homelessness than females and vagrants are regularly
single folks joined by kids (Meanwell, 2012; Wolch, Dear, & Akita, 1988). In addition, certain social
administrations gave to the homeless are dependent upon gendered social desires. For instance,
ladies are more inclined to have admittance to sanctuaries than men as females are acknowledged to
be at a higher danger of savage exploitation and sexual misuse. Furthermore, ladies are additionally
more inclined to be included in sex wrongdoings as a method of survival, for example, the business
trade of sex for nourishment and asylum (Meanwell, 2012).
One can induce that absence of moderate lodging is an essential reason for homelessness.
Nonetheless, in conjunction with this wellspring of vagrancy, different conditions in the United
States have encouraged homelessness, incorporating deindustrialization, deinstitutionalization, and
welfare state revamping. Consistent with Wolch et al. (1988), these occasions assumed a head part in
the improvement of vagrancy. The creators clarified that the financial outcomes of
deindustrialization affected homelessness because of the decrease in the assembling areas,
particularly in the Snow Belt urban communities of the

London Sociology
Charles Booth's, Inquiry into the Life and Labour of the People in London was a survey, primarily
focusing on the working class during the 19th century. The preservation of the documentation
provides historians with insight to the Victorian mindset, specifically regarding the distribution of
wealth, and it's relationship with crime. The map produced by Charles Booth with the use of his
findings depicts the social blueprint of London, from 1898 until 1899. This map distinguishes class
using a legend highlighting seven distinguishable classes and their spot within society. This map
also highlights the Victorian belief that poverty and crime are inherently interrelated. Beginning in
the late 17th century and extending throughout the 18th century, ... Show more content on
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However, beginning in the 18th century, the tolerance for begging and loitering was threatened by
the transforming belief that poverty and crime are strongly correlated. Also, poverty was beginning
to be perceived as an act of immortality and disgrace, rather than a necessary evil. In response, the
modern society attempted to minimize poverty, by introducing workhouses, and mandating strict
legislations such as whipping or incarceration for acts of begging, and vagrancy. Victorian society
believed that the poor were immoral and Londoners preferred to isolate the middle and upper classes
from the immortality of the corrupt working class. Ironically, over 1/3 of London's inhabitants were
impoverished, and many engaged in loitering, begging, to live a life of sustenance. This map
highlights the segregation of classes. For example, this map depicts the fairly comfortable, middle
class and upper class coexisting and there are several sporadic pockets that the impoverished, of all
degrees living apart from the rest of society. The colours of the legend demonstrate a distinct
division between the rich and the

Negative Essay On Homelessness
Homelessness is a difficult issue that influences many individuals every year. It's an issue that the
Government is focused on handling it more successful every year. It's right that we ought to
recognize the earnestness and degrees of the issue and the effect of vagrancy. It is influencing
society in many levels. Other individuals settle on the decision of being homeless because they just
would prefer not to help themselves. These are the general population that needs to get professional
help. This brings me to the assumption that, many people who are homeless suffer from some form
of mental illness. Around 33% of the aggregate homeless population incorporates people with
genuine, untreated psychological instabilities as an examination rundown gathered by the Treatment
Advocacy Center. These people have expanded consistently in urban areas and residential areas
since the 1970s. In Massachusetts and Ohio, 27 and 36 percent of individuals discharged from
mental establishments wound up plainly destitute inside a half year. Beforehand hospitalized
individuals were three times more inclined to get nourishment from the waste. Studies demonstrate
that insane people are substantially more liable to get attacked or undermined while homeless. Even
though authorities trust that they are sparing cash by discharging patients from mental healing
centers, there is a huge cost to the patient and to society on the loose. "In 2001, a University of
Pennsylvania thought about that inspected

We Must Stop The Hunger Of Homelessness
Envision feeling lost and not recognizing what to do or where to go. You spend every night in all
kinds of weather on a bench, which you call your bed. As you wake up to the jabbering clamors
every morning you choose which open spot will permit you to clean yourself up. Upon getting
hungry, you ask individuals for change to eat a modest supper or you seek the closest dumpsters. For
the remainder of the day, you sit in the city, trusting and believing people will acknowledge you and
want to assist. Realizing that you are not judged by who you are but rather what you will be, you
understand that the vast majority in the world doesn't comprehend homelessness, and curious as to if
the conditions in homelessness will ever change. All through the world, it is difficult to number the
accurate measure of destitute, however it is known to be millions. Consistently in urban areas and
towns across nations, men, women, and children clothed in rags roam the streets, regularly
conversing with visions and asking or hustling for money. Most are conveying plastic bags,
garnering aluminum cans, or hauling shopping buggies loaded with personal possessions. Here and
there, they curl up on a bench or in a doorway under very dirty blankets and worn–out coats. If
someone issues them money, they may react with prayers of gratitude and grace, or gaze vacantly at
nothing in particular feeling untouched by endeavors to offer assistance. These individuals are called
homeless, in spite the fact that

English Language Learners
Words enter our vernacular through a variety of ways, including our friends, the entertainment
world, or even when we read. Most people who have a talked with a teenager or watched a reality
show have heard the words "sick" and "frenemy". When we hear someone say, "That's sick" it is
safe to assume he or she may be describing something or someone that is not actually feeling under
the weather, but instead something that is awesome e.g. "that car is sick". The same is true of the
word "frenemy". This word has become more common in recent years. It is often used on reality
television shows, but has actually been in existence since the 1950's (Oxford Dictionary, 2014).
Learning about these words, the context and social nature in which they ... Show more content on
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I expressed my concern to the teacher. She explained that looking an adult in the eye was a sign of
disrespect for him; that is how he was being raised. Although his parents had immigrated to
American, they were still raising their children with the values of their countries culture. In addition,
she explained that he was a very emotional student, but she never shared his emotions with his
parents. She said the one time she told them about his in–class reaction, they explained this was
unacceptable and if it continued, he would be sent back to Haiti to learn to control

Reasons For The For Destitute
Despite the fact that occasionally it may be difficult to check the careful number of vagrants through
the world, some measurable figures have demonstrated that the globe has as yet confronting this
worldwide issue for quite a while. The rate of vagrancy in our general public is expanding because
of numerous variables. Be that as it may, what is destitute? Destitute is characterized as the state of
individuals without standard house or safe house who live in roads or stations. A few individuals
trust that absence of moderate lodging is the greatest reason for vagrancy. Notwithstanding,
emotional sickness and unemployment issues have directed individuals to wind up destitute.
Vagrancy is a real wonder in our general public because of the quantity of individuals living in the
road. The reasons for destitute are various. The principal motivation behind why individuals get to
be destitute is on the grounds that they have a dysfunctional behavior. Most importantly, a person
with memory impedance is not have the capacity to work or to do any gainful movement so that
he/she can 't procure cash professionally. This condition obliged the individual for asking to survive.
Therefore, the rationally sick individual begins to feel more good in the road, and spend all the day
and night in this spot. In the article "Getting to be and Remaining Homeless" (Morrell–Bellai,
Goering, and Boydell ) refer to Snow and Anderson who composed that emotional sickness issues
can influence the

Sharecropping In Post-Bellum South
In the post–Bellum South, the Economic situation, that followed emancipation and the loss of Labor,
forced the South to find a suitable replacement for slavery. This also meant enacting laws designed
to keep former slaves tied to the land. The economic system which replaced slavery was
sharecropping. But to keep the former slaves tied to the land laws, such as the black codes which
ensured a steady streamer of workers to harvest the crops, and vagrancy laws which were designed
to punish vagrants by making them harvest crop for a plantation owner, were passed.
In the following pages this paper will summarize three primary sources, Working on Shares, The
Black Codes of Mississippi, and Post–Bellum Southern Rental Contracts. After summarizing ...
Thus, the Black Codes were created to keep former Slaves tied to the land so that the crop could be
harvested. A look at section four of the Black Codes of Mississippi is an example of a law that
aimed to keep former African American slaves tied to the land so that the crop could be harvested.
In section four it says that, if the worker left the Master without his or her approval that they the
master had the right to not only go after the worker but to capture the worker. The master then
would bring him before the courts who then remand the worker back into the employment of the
master. however, if the worker refuses to go back to work for the master then worker is place in jail.
And if it is found that the worker left the master without good cause to then order him to be
punished. But if the court finds that the worker had good cause to leave the master then the
judgment shall be against the master and then the worker is let go of his employment from the

Are Prisons Obsolete? By Angela Davis
Angela Davis is the author of "Are Prisons Obsolete?". Davis lays out the facts about incarceration
and how it has effected our society; not to mention how it has played a major role in our history.
Davis outlines the significant importance that incarceration has towards minorities in America. She
goes on to identifies race, gender, and class as being a part of the problem of incarceration. Davis
takes the stance of not having prisons in our society, period. She does believe that we can have some
sort of a reform; however she believes that can only be accomplished by a social up rise. Overall she
is a firm believer in a society where no one is caged.
Davis reveals that race and gender has played a huge role in our nation 's history. What is very
interesting is the fact that she takes these topics and goes with it in two totally different directions.
She does elaborate the importance of how race and gender plays a massive role in her belief of
prisons as sites of massive inequality but she casts a much broader light on other things. The
function and pure nature of the prison system is also shaped in a questionable way. This also shines
light towards our society that relies so heavily on incarceration. The discussion is then shifted away
from questions about crime and punishment and toward concerns for social justice and human
rights. The racial aspects of her findings will largely be familiar to anyone who has thought
seriously about prisons before the excess

The Criminal Code And Prostitution
The Criminal Code and Prostitution in Canada: A Historical Overview
Prostitution has always been a topic of contention and controversy in Canada and other counties.
Due to various perspectives on how prostitution should be addressed through law, the legal status of
prostitution varies from country to country. Prostitution itself has always been legal in Canada,
however many activities tied to it have been strategically criminalized by prostitution laws.
Canadian prostitution laws have evolved from a once small set of provisions, to a much more
complex set of laws that are used to criminalize various prostitution–related activities in an attempt
to reduce demand for sexual services (McLaren 1986). The evolution of Canadian prostitution laws
have been overseen by numerous governments and committees who have investigated internal and
external factors of prostitution to better inform prostitution laws (e.g., the Criminal Code). Sections
of Criminal Code used to criminalize prostitution–related activities are a point of speculation for
governments, committees and interest groups who question whether current prostitution laws are
doing enough to deter problems that stem from prostitution–related activities. It has been argued that
the "social and legal framework pertaining to adult prostitution does not effectively prevent and
address prostitution, nor does it prevent or address harms to communities"(Lowman 2011, 42).
While prostitution remains to be legal activity in Canada,

Homeless Shelters, A Lack Of Resources Essay
Thirty–two percent of families facing homelessness were rejected by homeless shelters because of
"a lack of resources" (Gerges 19). If city officials don't formulate concise response plans, homeless
shelters won 't be able to accommodate the influx of people without access to other shelters. Some
of these people are forced to stay in the cold or other harsh weather conditions. As a result,
numerous homeless people suffer from conditions like frostbite and hypothermia during the winter
due to the lack of precautions and treatment in addition to the lack of shelter. Most homeless people
are dependent on their resident city's shelter system to protect themselves from severe weather
conditions. Reducing homeless deaths caused by harsh– though primarily cold– weather conditions
can be solved by moving the homeless out of the street into either temporary shelter programs using
spare storage units and trailers for emergency circumstances or a permanent housing initiative. In
2014, nearly 600,000– 578,424to be exact– homeless people live in the United States; about a third
of this population doesn't have access to shelter. This third of the populace suffer the most when
areas across the nation– even the warmer areas in California and Florida– experience wind chills
and temperature drops. According to Rebecca Sturgis and Neil Denovan of the National Coalition
for the Homeless, 700 people at risk or are experiencing homelessness are killed by hypothermia in
the United States,

Homeless Veterans Are Not Being Served Well By Any Means
Name:
Title:
Institution:
Abstract
It ought to be evident at this point that destitute veterans are not being served well by any means. On
the off chance that the destitute veterans were legitimately looked after by our nation, the aggregate
destitute populace would fall by more than forty percent over night. Destitute administrations would
then have adequate subsidizing to move huge numbers of whatever is left of the destitute off the
roads into transitional lodging with administrations that bring them again into the working populace.
It would be a fantasy works out. If our nation would venture up to the plate, vagrancy in our nation
would be essentially disposed of. Vagrancy among veterans is a real issue in United States. There
are projects and administrations to help veterans, yet these endeavors are insufficient to viably
address the emergency. This paper characterizes destitute veterans, analyzes their conditions,
distinguishes current projects that address the issue, presents contentions for business as usual,
presents contentions against the norm, and afterward closes with an ethical position.
Thesis statement
Destitute veterans are a real social issue confronting our general public today. Vagrancy among
United States veterans are of specific concern to the general public in light of the fact that
everybody sees a percentage of the weights confronting vets after coming back to regular citizen
life. Who are homeless veterans then? The U.S. Division of Veterans Affairs

Issues Of Homelessness
As indicated by the United Nations, "total vagrancy" depicts the state of individuals without
physical haven who rest outside, in vehicles, surrendered structures or different spots not proposed
for human home. Homelessness is a subject that a great deal of people doesn't take into
consideration. It is a huge problem not only in the United States, but also around the world. Most
people look at the homeless and are sickened or terrified by them. Other people do not feel this way
since they essentially overlook the homeless. The dominant part of society has pessimistic
sentiments toward homeless people they don't know who the homeless really are and what kind of
issues made them live on the streets. Homeless people are considered annoying by ... Show more
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Poor health can contribute to being homeless and being homeless can lead to poor health. Homeless
people experience from an extensive variety of medical problems. And limited access to health care
can make it worse. According to the authors Burt. M, Aaron LY, Lee E, in the article "Helping
America's Homeless": "Homelessness is a social issue has huge general wellbeing significance. It
has been evaluated that 1% of Americans– somewhere in the range of 2 to 3 million individuals in a
given year, encounter a scene of homelessness that places them in contact with a homeless help
supplier" (Urban Institute Press; 2001). In the recent studies it has been found that out of each three
homeless people experiences some kind of emotional sickness. The mental illness may have been
the reason the individual wound up noticeable homeless. Individuals encountering homelessness
have an essentially higher danger of death. Disorders that influence joints, ligaments and tendons
(like joint pain) are normal among individuals encountering homelessness. A study made by few
doctors that manages chronic pain among homeless individuals found that treatment is a challenge
due to stressful living on the streets or in

How Did Vagrancy Laws Affect Dallas's Life
Dallas' population grew tremendously at the end of the Civil War from both freed slaves and white
southerners. Beginning in 1910, the start of the Mexican Revolution, another wave of migration
began consisting of Mexicans fleeing the war. Every aspect of life in Dallas was segregated from
housing, schools, and hospitals to streetcars, city parks, and the State Fair. Living in segregated
neighborhoods, Hispanic and African–Americans built and maintained the city, the railroads, farmed
cotton, and worked in domestic and industrial jobs that stimulated the growth of the city. Vagrancy
laws, intended to regulate black labor and reinforce second class citzenship, shaped life for African–
Americans. Local law enforcement could arrest people whom

The Annihilation Of Space By Law
Q4. Don Mitchell, in his article 'The Annihilation of Space by Law,' argues that ordinances passed
against the poor in the 1990s point to a highly exclusionary type of modern citizenship. What does
he mean by this? In what ways are the poor excluded from modern citizenship? How is this
exclusion justified socio–politically?
Space is never innocent. Regardless of whether a specific area is deemed public or private, space is
never innocent because of the bodies who govern those areas. Today, there are approximately 3.2
million Canadians who are either homeless or "transitionally" homeless, but regardless of their
citizenship, they are not considered as "modern citizens" by the society. Mitchell puts forth the
argument that the ordinances passed in the 1990s has stripped vagrants of their rights as actual
Canadian citizens and has created an elite class of citizenship that only the privilege can enjoy.
According to the Canadian government, an individual is deemed as a citizen of Canada if they fulfill
certain requirements such as being born in the country, applying for a citizenship, or being born to at
least one Canadian parent. With this citizenship, these individuals can now experience a wide
variety of privileges such as having the ability to vote, to either enter or leave the country, and to
enjoy all the rights and freedoms that are associated with the Canadian Charter of Rights and
Freedoms. Some of these rights include the right to public assembly and

Freedmen Dbq
After the Civil War, the South was in shambles. The war had claimed over 700,000 lives and the
southern economy was left in ruins. Over 4 million slaves had been emancipated, courtesy of the
13th Amendment. This was considered to be the most significant social change in the history of the
United States. The freed slaves, known as Freedmen, began to move from farms to cities in search
of jobs. This began Reconstruction in the South. Freedmen in the South began their new found
freedom without land and were, in some cases, forced to work on white–owned plantations. This
caused many problems between the laborers and the owners due to the owners wanting to revert
back to their old slavery ways. The plantation owners tried to reestablish a slavery–related system.
Many former Confederate State legislatures passed laws denying blacks the right to equality and
legal rights. This was known as the "Black Codes." A substantial part of the Black Codes was known
as the Vagrancy Law. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Any white person associating with them in any way, would also be fined. The Freedmen's fine
would not exceed fifty dollars and the white person's would not exceed two–hundred dollars. If they
could not pay the fine in a five day time span, they would be forced to work to pay off their debt.
Therefore, they would work without pay for any person who would pay their fine. The Vagrancy
Law put pressure on the Freedmen to quickly find work. In some cases, they were forced to sign
labor contracts due to not being able to find a job. The labor contract would require the Freedmen to
live on the property, work long hours, and request permission to leave the property. Therefore, they
were not truly free and did not have equal rights as promised in the 14th

The Motorcycle Diaries By Che' Guevara
Significant discoveries often challenge an individual's perceptions and ideas. This fosters a unique
lens of perspective which can lead to renewed and intensely meaningful understandings of ourselves
and the world around us.
Ernesto 'Che' Guevara's bildungsroman memoir 'The Motorcycle Diaries' (1995) details his travels
through impoverished Latin America with comrade Alberto Granado, which subsequently altered his
perspective of the lower class proletariat. In the process accentuating that the catalyst for ideological
discoveries, is the exposure to different contexts. Likewise, in pondering upon his childhood
tendency to wander from home, the protagonist in Philip Nikolayev's retrospective poem 'Tendency
Toward Vagrancy'(2006) uncovers emotional ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the 'local flea market, which was not at all safe to do' the boys discover a man selling guns. This
surprising experience morphs a jovial trip into a dangerous encounter. The shift in tone in the poem
metamorphic of the poet's growing knowledge of his isolation within a society and home of poverty;
'no bathroom or running water', violence 'she will scold me later' and in which there is no place for
his harmless childhood 'tendency to wander'. This surprising and transformative understanding is
heightened in the repetition of his 'crying mother set against the sunset. The symbolic close–of–day,
reveling with regrets, acts as a reminder of the child's captivity for the adult speaker. The final
stanza unmistakably portrays the speaker's emotional discoveries as he acknowledges to not
understanding 'back then' and 'how alienated one can be from the the greatest paradox of all, a happy
Soviet Childhood'. The reflective tone accentuates that through the process of reflection an
individual can obtain a fresh and renewed perception of the world. This consequently leads to
emotional discoveries in a more mature perspective of his behaviour as a child, in coming to terms
that his 'tendency toward vagrancy' was 'not simply a diagnosis of otherness' or cultivated by 'Soviet
psychiatrists', but stemmed in the 'alienation' he experienced in his impoverished childhood,
highlighting how through reflecting on past experiences serendipitous discoveries may be

Post-Civil War Racial Profiling
Post–Civil War Racial Profiling After slavery, and to prevent idleness and Black insurrections,
masterless black men were forced into involuntary servitude and convict leasing. Involuntary
Servitude and convict leasing was a new form of racial profiling and slavery, where black men
convicted of vagrancy or (not working or couldn't find jobs) were leased out to work on plantations
or for private corporations, coal mining companies or the railroad. E.g., Black Codes, which racially
profiled black people were used as a means of asserting control over masterless blacks, while
enriching whites who remained dependent on free Black labor they lost when slavery was abolished
(Williams 67). Black Codes outlawed "vagrancy" which in 1865 was defined

Constitutional Issue Of Vagrancy Law
The vagrancy law, the law criminalizing people who live without visible means of support, has
stayed controversial for a long time. The law is enacted for the purposes of preserving public order
and preventing potential crimes, while it has come under constitutional attack due to its vagueness
and failure to satisfy the elements of a crime: the vagrancy is vaguely defined and can be easily
abused to arrest suspicious people merely based their appearance, and it punishes people because of
their status instead of their acts. Vagrancy law has been abolished, but whether should we continue it
remains debated. In this paper, I would discuss the issue of vagrancy law the from views of
vagrancy law supporters, and argue back as an opposer. I ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Taking unlawful actions three times consecutively is a substantial evidence that the person has not
learned from the previous punishment and is extremely likely to relapse into criminal behaviors, so
the punishment would be much severer o refrain him or her from further impairing social welfare
and safety. In the same fashion, because statistically vagrants as a social group have shown a
significantly higher probability of committing crimes during lifetime, it will be reasonable to utilize
the statistics as an indicator, assuming that vagrants group inherently possesses the tendency to
offend. Therefore, to hinder the crimes that are likely to happen, it is fair to arrest vagrants in
advance, when their suspicious actions are spotted but not gone far enough to constitute a criminal
attempt. However, opposers of vagrancy law would argue one of the flaws of this argument is its
over–generalization and omission of human initiative, one of the most important traits of the human
being. Supporters generalize about the vagrant by an unfair stereotype, negative image that they tend
to commit a crime. However, a mind set for a specific group by no mean can accurately represent
every individual in that group. Therefore, even though it is justifiable to

The Middle Age African American Man
Consider this scenario in America today – a middle–age African–American man is not eligible to
vote. This man's father, grandfather, great–grandfather, and great–great grandfather shared the same
misfortune during their lifetime. The original patriarch could not vote as a slave, his son was beaten
by the Ku Klux Klan for trying to vote, the grandson was intimidated by the Ku Klux Klan for
trying to vote, and the great–grandson was prohibited from voting by poll taxes and literacy tests.
The middle–age African–American man cannot vote today due to being on probation for a felony
conviction.1 This same man probably had an ineffective attorney to represent him when he was
arrested, was offered a choice of a plea bargain as opposed to a stringent sentence, and was
subsequently placed under the control of the criminal justice system either by a prison sentence,
probation, or parole. Once released from the criminal justice system, the man may be stigmatized for
the rest of his life and may return to prison.2 As the middle–age man tries to re–integrate himself
into mainstream society, his felony status can negatively impact potential employment, housing, and
government assistance. This same man's treatment could be compared to man living in a southern
state at the height of Jim Crow.3 Jim Crow was a practice enforced by laws in the United States
(U.S.) enacted between 1874 – 1975 to keep black and white races apart. The goal of these laws was
to create "separate but

Life, Death, And Homelessness
Life, Death, and Homelessness Envision feeling lost and not knowing what to do or where to go.
You spend every night in the chilly weather on a seat, which you call your bed. As you wake up to
the prattling clamors every morning you choose which open spot will permit you to tidy yourself up.
When you get hungry, you ask individuals for change to eat or you seek the closest trash can. For
whatever remains of the day, you sit in the city trusting individuals will see you and will want to
assist. Realizing that you are not judged by who you are but rather what you will be, you understand
that the majority of people in public don 't necessarily understand homelessness, and it would be a
miracle if the circumstances in homelessness ever change. Often you find them huddled on a seat or
in an entryway under unwashed covers or worn out coats. These individuals are called homeless, in
spite of the fact that they are more than just simply individuals without homes. According to Arthur
Gilliard, in Homelessness, he states, "A homeless person is someone who is unstable to secure and
maintain a permanent, safe, and adequate dwelling. Homelessness is the condition of being
homeless, and it represents a broad social category of people who are, for any number of reasons,
left without a place to call their own."(Gilliard 9) Homelessness could walk in our community and
you would not even know it. According to Timothy Pina, a writer from the book called Hearts for
Haiti: Book of Poetry &

My Junior Year Of High School
My mother perpetually advises me through statements such as "সর্ব
দা আপনার সেরা করা," which
translates from Bengali to English as "always do your best." Taking heed of my mother's advice has
led me to always try to be the best possible version of myself, in school and outside of it. Adhering
to my mom's words was difficult to practice my junior year of high school. I knew that my junior
year was going to be arduous; my schedule was inundated with SAT preparation, ACT preparation,
AP classes, and extra–curricular activities. None of this was going to be facilitated by the added
stress of finding out my father had just been diagnosed with having an "enlarged prostate," meaning
less and less time would be available for me to focus on school and my personal life. Equally
terrifying was knowing that my grandfather had actually passed away from the exact ailment as my
father was diagnosed with. As the only child, dismissing my obligations to help my mother and
father out during my father's crisis was not an option. My father was admitted at Baylor hospital for
more than two months. My entire focus for the first half of my junior year was not on obtaining
good grades or stellar SAT scores; my main priority shifted to helping my father return to a stable
healthy condition and to enable him to experience a speedy recovery. Miraculously, during the
second half of the school year, I was able to concentrate on my studies resulting in achieving
excellent grades...grades that I was

Old Poor Law Summary
The Elizabethan Poor Law, commonly known as the Old Poor Law, was instituted in 1601 as a
method to manage poor relief in the midst of societal and economic shifts. Since the 1960s
comparative analyses and case studies have been central to a revisionist historiographical approach.
Historians such as A.L. Beier and Paul Slack, following in the footsteps of E.P. Thompson, reshaped
the way that the history of the poor laws was being made in the 1980s through their use of social
history. Their examinations of poverty during Tudor and Stuart England through the use of
governmental statutes and proclamations, as well as local sources, set the stage for later histories of
poverty and poor relief. However, their work at the local level left something ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
It displays the value of social history to the subject by examining vagrants, not simply vagrancy
legislation. With Masterless Men, Beier gave agency to vagrants of the time. As he stated:
"Sixteenth– and early seventeenth–century vagrancy involved more than being poor and rootless. It
was the product of profound social dislocations– a huge and growing poverty problem, disastrous
economic and demographic shifts and massive migration– and had important political
consequences." Beier's work truly shows the values of examining the context of vagrancy and
legislation through a social lens that captures more than a strict examination of official records.
Future scholarship should continue to focus on the actual context of vagrant life and the political and
economic dimensions of the influence of vagrancy on the ground level. However, Beier's insistence
that historians that focused on demographics were weak is overstated. Beier himself devoted a great
deal of time to demographic shifts in his own text, which makes his own critique questionable.
Demographics are a valuable aspect of the type of social history that can benefit the understanding
of vagrancy in the

The Louisiana Black Codes After The Civil War
Black Codes is the mainstream name given to the statutes went by Southern slave states, before and
instantly after the American Civil War. From the pioneer time frame, provinces and states had
passed laws that oppressed free Blacks. In the South, these were for the most part incorporated into
slave codes; the objective was to lessen impact of free blacks as a result of their potential impact on
slaves. Restrictions included denying them from voting, remaining battle ready, and assembling in
gatherings for love and figuring out how to read and write. A noteworthy reason for these laws was
to save slavery. In the initial two years after the Civil War, white ruled southern legislatures passed
Black Codes displayed after the before slave codes. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Whites thought they didn't merit these rights since they were mediocre compared to themselves and
just not as much as human. These restrictions were so unforgiving; it is, as slavery had never
finished. The blacks were free; however huge numbers of the Negroes regular rights were abrogated.
Area 3 of the Louisiana Black Code states that no Negro might be allowed to lease or keep a house
inside said ward. Area 9 pronounces that no Negro should offer, trade, or trade any articles of stock
or movement inside said ward. What's more, one of the most noticeably bad of these codes is in
Section 4 of the Louisiana Black Code. Each Negro is required to be in the general administration of
some white individual, or previous proprietor, who might be considered in charge of the conductor
of said Negro. This was fundamentally returning paid–slavery. Numerous blacks stayed on these
homesteads and ranches in light of the fact that they didn't realize what else they could do after
liberation. In any case, now they were being constrained into staying on the grounds that few knew
something besides farming. So in these ways Louisiana Black Codes don't fulfill the social

Limitations Of Black Codes Before The Civil War
Former Confederate states were upset at having lost the Civil War and consequently the institution
of slavery. White communities in these southern states imposed Black Codes on the newly freed
black community in an effort to restore the imbalance of power between blacks and whites that
existed before the Civil War. Each state crafted its own set of Black Codes and each solely applied
to the black community. Some states wrote stricter laws than others, although their limitations for
people of color were very similar at the core. The 14th Amendment granted freedom and the rights
of citizenship to African Americans, but the Black Codes were an attempt at a state–level
workaround to this federal law. It was impossible to completely negate the 14th Amendment and
many African Americans were given a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They came up with contracts that specified workers having to live on the property and in similar
conditions to their pre–Civil War life. If a worker wanted to quit before their contract was up, they
could be arrested and taken back to their employer to fulfill their contract without pay. Many times
employers did not pay enough but would loan money to their workers at high interest rates. These
loans were hard to pay back and would often lead to a form of indentured servitude. States had strict
rules against vagrancy in order to pressure African Americans to quickly sign contracts without
shopping around for the best deal they could get. The Mississippi Vagrancy Law was especially
broad and required an entire paragraph to list all of the behaviors that would legally constitute
vagrancy. To Mississippi, vagrants were not only wanderers, but also anybody who acted rudely,
was unemployed, didn't provide for their family, squandered their paycheck, and spent their time at
disreputable places

Brief Outline Of The Treaty Of Tordesillas (1492)
Political
1. Treaty of Tordesillas: (1492). The treaty was signed to avoid conflicts with Portugal and Spain. It
divided the trading empire between the two, Spain received much of the new world and the west
while Portugal received the east. The line of Demarcation slit the territories into 2 for the Spanish
and the Portuguese.
2. Audencia of Spain: (15th century). A miniature council that acted as a court of law and
administered royal justice. They were established in the Spanish Americas and were there to keep
order and take actions if generals were abusing their power in the new world.
3. Conquistadors: (15th–16th century). The Conquistadors were Spanish conquerors/explores that
sailed beyond Europe to the Americas. They conquered much of the world for both Spain and
Portugal. The two most popular were Hernando Cortes, who conquered the Aztec ... Show more
The Destruction of the Indies: (1552) An account written by Bartolomé de las Casas about how
mistreated the indigenous people of the new were. He wrote it to the Spanish king, Charles I, for his
fear of Spain coming under divine punishment and his concern for the native people. Bartolomé de
las Casas really wanted just treatment for the indigenous people. Intellectual
1. Ethnocentrism:(late 15th century). Individuals judge other groups relative to their own based on
langue behavior customs and religion. When the Spaniards came to the new worlds they saw that the
natives were more advanced in agriculture. The natives also had a different customs and languages.
Ethnocentrism, or the idea of it, placed natives in forced labor and segregated them based on their
customs.
2. Celestial navigation: (early 15th century) the act of finding ones way by use of the sun, moon, and
stars. By using celestial navigation, it allowed explorers to travel beyond Europe and bring back
new ideas. This idea came from the ideas of humanism because they Europeans studied the use of
celestial navigation form the ancient

African Americans And The Civil War
In December of 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment officially banned slavery throughout the United
States of America. After multiple centuries of chattel slavery, predominately in the American South,
African–Americans were finally set free from bondage. The fourteenth and fifteenth amendments
quickly followed, granting citizenship to "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" and
granting African American men the right to vote, respectively. Naturally, Americans denoted these
momentous legislative feats, collectively packaged as the Reconstruction Amendments, as a means
of celebration for African–Americans. However, in order to rectify the extensive damage that the
American Civil War caused on the South's infrastructure, labor systems, and economy, white
Americans went to extreme lengths via the legal system in order to mimic the antebellum practices
of slavery in the South. As newly freed African–Americans sought to exercise their nascent
constitutional rights, they were constantly slammed with new, legally permissible practices of
exploitation and segregation.
These practices are often ignored, despite the fact that they perpetually served to sustain a cap over
the level of opportunity, achievement, and wealth in which black Americans could reach from the
end of the Civil War to the 1950's. Detrimental farm practices, which included convict leasing, and
debt peonage, ran rampant at the turn of the twentieth century. Legal segregation and white racism
heavily

The Negative Impact Of Vagrancy In Australia
A huge issue in the present society is vagrancy, which is expanding colossally as Australia's
populaces rates increment. As indicated by the ABS Census of Housing and Population led in
January 2016, more than 105,000 individuals are destitute in Australia, however with associations,
for example, Saint Vincent de Paul Society offering help, the high insights can possibly diminish.
Holy person Vincent de Paul Society gives organization, garments, sustenance, water and in addition
bringing issues to light to the overall population about the harm vagrancy causes through raising
money occasions (e.g. Vinnie's CEO Sleepout). The second Catholic Social Teaching Principle of
Common Good is reliably apparent in their administrations offered to the destitute ... Show more
Because of the harming impacts of psychological well–being issues, associations like Saint Vincent
de Paul Society offer help based projects to cause those in anguish to reestablish associations with
the group, connections and their self. Indeed, the second Catholic Social Teaching rule is clear in
their work because of persistent assurance to offer help in those of need. In conclusion, the holy
work of Jesus Christ is most obvious in Saint Vincent de Paul Society's work with those anguish
from emotional wellness issues concerning the effect they have on those individuals are especially

Homelessness Among Families With Children
Abstract
Homelessness among families with children in an increasing problem in the United States today
(Martin, 2014). A single mother with two to three children is among the fastest growing homeless
demographic (Bassuk, 2010). Research shows that root causes for homelessness among families
with children include, a lack of affordable housing, unemployment, domestic violence and substance
abuse. Furthermore, studies support that homelessness negatively affects families with children by
resulting in shelter living, a decline in mental and physical health, a break down in the family
structure and poor academic performance (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2009). Legislation
implemented to address homelessness among families consisted of the Homeless Person's Survival
Act, the McKinney Vento Homeless Assistance Act(National Coalition for the Homeless, 2006), and
the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001(U. S. Board of Education, 2004). Although, these programs
were designed to improve the circumstances surrounding homelessness, more programs are still
needed to combat this social problem. Human service professionals must continue to advocate for
more policy changes and legislation that will positively impact and reduce the number of homeless
families with children.
Understanding Homelessness and the Effects on Families with Children Homelessness among
families with children has become an increasing social problem in society. Today, a single mother
with two to three

Causes of Poverty and Vagrancy
The most significant cause of poverty and vagrancy in this period was the economic depression.
Discuss.
INTRO: An economic depression entails a larger period of time of usually more than ten years.
Therefore it is unreasonable to declare this as the most significant cause of poverty and vagrancy as
generally, aside from the mid–tudor crisis years, the economy fluctuated and so it can be said it was
more economic downturns which caused poverty and vagrancy than an economic depression. Other
factors causing poverty and vagrancytrend throughout the time period such as population increase,
inflation and relgious change.
The economic depression occured in the midtudor crisis years form 1547–1558 and it comprised of
many issues which combined ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The great debasement of coinage in the 1540s meant that silver in coins was reduced by as much as
2 thirds. Spanish silver influx due to the mairrage of Phillip and Mary. Inflation rates and enclosures
were seen as important causes which is why Elizabeth brought in the poor law of 1572 whereby a
compulsory poor tax was introduced.
Rackrenting – increased rent rates on threat of eviction landlords used this technique in the mid
tudor crisis years in particular. there was a lack in hospitality from landlords and people in general –
they left it to the parishes to deal with. a lack of cymmorth prevailed in wales.
Religion was also a cause of poverty and vagrancy. The dissolution of the monasteries meant that
paupers who previously seeked refuge in monasteries could no longer do so and many were pushed
into begging. prior to the dissolution 6,4% of Norwich cathedrals income went toward the paupers.
Monks became vagrants however some had pensions though these changed with inflation so many
had to beg. Nuns on the otherhand were far worse off as they were not allowed to marry and
possessed no practical skill – in Edward reign they took advantage of the right to marry but still
difficult. Protestants are less giving than catholics as they dont believe it is necessary to get to
heaven. therefore when religion changed throughout the period so did the amount of charitable
provisions available until the introduction of the poor law in

Social Issues In Homelessness
Hobo! Vagrant! Transient! We have all overheard these terms which reference those who are
homeless. Homelessness is not a crisis or an endemic that transpired overnight, but has been steadily
escalating for decades. This endemic impact more individuals than anyone can conceptualize. It
triggers a variety of problems not just for the homeless, but society. Homelessness is a multifaceted
social problem with an array of underlying social and economic factors. People find themselves
without permanent housing for several reasons. These individuals may be homeless for a day,
month, or even years. Every individual has a story and no story is the identical.
Addictions with drugs and alcohol, mental illness and family discord are social issues that ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He became depressed and began to drink heavily. John searched for work but could not find
employment. As time went on, his anxiety, depression and drinking got worse. He began to lose
control of his temper. His wife and he got into a dispute and he shoved her. She packed her bags
along with the children and departed. Subsequently, he had no occupation and exhausted his place of
residency. (LaCoursiere Zucchero & Bhalla, n.d.). John "couch surfed" for a while from one friend
or family member to the next. Due to the anger and the alcohol abuse the exhausted all his
resources. He had to resort to the streets. If things were not bad enough, they got worse. John got ill.
After a few weeks of being ill, he went to the emergency department (ED) and was diagnosed with
sinus infection. The physician prescribed him medication, except he could not afford them. One of
the many nights he was drunk, he collapsed and lacerated his shin. He didn't go to the hospital due
to embarrassment and humiliation of the way he appeared and the odor that surrounded him.
Unfortunately, the laceration developed an infection. He then went to the hospital and it developed
to cellulitis. He could only afford half of the prescription from the money he received panhandling.
One night John was jumped by adolescents and 911 was called by witnesses. He was later
discharged. The distressing part is on each occasion the medical staff discharged him "home." The
hospitals

African American Peonage Research Paper
With Abraham's Emancipation of Proclamation 1863 and thirteenth amendment that ratified in 1865,
many African American were set free from slavery. However, African American lived in the
Southern United States still was in the system of slavery. This happened because the South passed
Black Codes laws which was including vagrancy laws to control those freed slavery. In fact, slavery
never disappear and they just changed their name and shape. This means African American once
again was trapped in the system of the South called peonage. The conditions of peonage was as
worse as slavery. Peonage is defined as "a condition of compulsory service, based on the
indebtedness of the peon to the master" (Deborah, et al. 475). Debt peonage happened when
someone signed a contract for his labor but they did ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"State laws made him liable to arrest, fine, and imprisonment for charges of contract of fraud,
vagrancy, and other allegations" (Deborah, et al. 475). In other words, this was a complex system in
which a black man would arrested for not working. He was ordered to pay a fine that he could not
afford to pay and incarcerate. A third party, usually plantation owner, would pay his fine and hire
him until he could pay off the fine himself. However, the peonage would force to work for the
debtor as long as possible. To keep peonage working long, the debtors/ owners usually cheated
peonage and forced them into a pattern of cyclical debt. Although the amount of money which
peonage owned the owners was not big, but it always grew larger instead of smaller years after
years. If he ran away, he could be chased and killed. In reality, the labor contracts were difficult to
break for most peonage couldn't read or write. Therefore, those contracts were favored the owner's
interests. As a result, peonage are forced to stay against their will,

Immigrants In The Netherworld Argumentative Essay
Argumentative Essay Outline – Revision
Vagrants in the Netherworld: A Structural Explanation
I. Introduction
Thesis Statement: Homelessness stems from the structural forces rather than the individual
pathologies.
Road Map: 1) Argument: Vagrancy is a phenomenon that is insidiously entrenched in hierarchical
structural forces in Canada
2) Counter Argument: Personal failures as another cause of homelessness
3) Concession and Refutation: Vagrants can be adversely influenced by oppressive structures that
are, in fact, the contingencies of personal failings
II. Body Paragraphs
1. Argument: Vagrancy springs from the structural forces
Support 1: Human beings and environments are indivisible and the invisible societal structure can be
beneficial to certain people, but not the others (Maluccio et al., 1992)
Support 2: The low social status of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Refutation and new argument: The flaws of overreliance on individual pathology model
Gaps: Insufficient to perceive the underlying root causes of homelessness
Support 1: Deficit–based model to comprehend homelessness only generates welfare dependency
and offers parochial solutions
Support 2: Blaming the victims shifting the negative conditions from social to personal
III. Conclusion
Restate the thesis: Homelessness in Canada is a social problem derived from structural inequality as
opposed to personal choice
Summarize: Blaming on personal failings understand the causes of homelessness
Implication: A structural social work approach is required to deconstruct homelessness from
lawlessness through social transformation
References
Gaetz, S., Dej, E., Richter, T., & Redman, M. (2016). The state of homelessness in Canada 2016.
Toronto, Canada: Canadian Observatory on Homelessness Press.
Gray, M., & Fook, J. (2004). The quest for a universal social work: Some issues and implications.
Social Work Education, 23(5), 625–644.

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