Environmental Studies ppt for EST, Ch. No. 3 Ecosystems, By Prof. Kokare A.Y. Lecturer at Babasaheb phadtare polytechnic, Kalamb-Walchandnagar.

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B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.
Subject: Environmental Studies
CHAPTER NO.3
ECOSYSTEMS
By
Prof. KOKARE A.Y.
BABASAHEB PHADTARE POLYTECHNIC.
KALAMB- WALCHANDNAGAR

2. Ecosystem includes the following.
1. Energy
2. Primary production
3. Secondary production
4. Food chain
5. Trophic levels
6. Food web
7. Energy flow
8. Ecological pyramids
9. Biogeochemical cycles
B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.

3. Classification of Ecosystem.
1. Terrestrial Ecosystems: grassland, croplsnd, forest,
desert etc.
2. Aquatic Ecosystems: pond, lake, river, sea etc.
General Classification of Ecosystem
1. Aquatic ecosystem like coral reef, desert
2. Greater yellow stone ecosystem
3. Human ecosystem
4. Marine ecosystem
5. Microbial ecosystem-Taiga
6. Terrestrial ecosystem- Tundra
7. Urban ecosystem
B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.

4. Energy Flow in Ecosystem
• This complete chain is
called as food chain.
• It includes primary
producer, herbivores,
carnivores,
detritivores and
decomposers.
• Energy flows from
bottom to top.
B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.

5. Food Webs:
• In an ecosystem the
various food chains are
interconnected with each
other to form a net work
called food web.
• This is because each
organism may obtain
food from more than one
trophic level. In other
words, one organism
forms food for more than
one organisms of the
higher trophic level.
B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.

6. Ecological Pyramid
Ecological pyramid is the graphic
representation of number, biomass,
and energy of the successive trophic
levels of an ecosystem.
B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.

7. Types of ecological pyramids
1.The pyramid of number
2.The pyramid of biomass
3.The pyramid of
Productivity.
B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.

8. The pyramid of number
• The number of
individuals at the
trophic level
decreases from the
producer level to the
consumer level.
• And number shows
population of each
level.
B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.

9. Pyramid of biomass
• Biomass: Biomass refers to the
total weight of living matter per
unit area.
• In an ecosystem the biomass
decreases from the producer level to
the consumer level.
• Unit fro biomass pyramid is gram per
meter square or calories per meter
square.
B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.

10. Pyramid of Productivity:
• It shows production or
turnover of biomass at each
tropic level. And it show flow
of energy through food chain.
• When energy is transferred to
next level, typically only 10%
of it is used to built new
biomass.
• Productivity of each step will
be 10% the size of previous
step (100,10,1,0.1,0.01)
B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.

11. Energy Pyramid
Energy Pyramid
shows the amounts
of energy that
moves from one
level to the next.
B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.

12. Major Ecosystems in world
• The earth itself is an ecosystem. And it divide
into three types:
1. Fresh water : lake, pond grasslands
2. Terrestrial ecosystem: forests
3. Ocean ecosystem: marine, island.
Types of Ecosystems in world
1. Tundra 2.Taiga 3. Grass land
4. Terrestrial forest 5. Chaparral
6. Desert 7. Savanna
8. Rain forest 9. Alpine.
B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.

13. 1. Fresh water Ecosystem:
• Grasslands:
1. Rich soil.
2. Dense and tall grasses
3. High content of O2. It is found in Northern part
of cental America, Central Asia.
2. Terrestrial ecosystem:
1. Tropical rain Forest: Summer warm, winter cool
and heavy rainfall found in Europe, NE-USA.
2. Coniferous Forest: winter cold found in Northern
Asia.
B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.

14. 3. Deciduous Forest: summer warm, winter cool
found in Europe, Eastern Canada.
4. Chaparral: Grow cakti short strong leafy plants,
found in Europe, Africa.
5. Tundra: Dry, open, wind swept, ground always
frozen found in Northern Asia and America.
6. Taiga: found below Tundra
7. Alpine: Himaliyan mountains, grows 200
species. Animal have short height, sort legs but
with large lungs-adapted to survive at high
pressure and low oxigen.
8. Savanna: open trees widely spread, Australia.
9. Hot deserts: Dry, scattered grass in Africa,
Austrelia, Asia.
B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.

15. 3. Ocean Ecosystem:
1. Shallow ocean ecosystem: All photosynthesis
takes place, as oxygen is easily available.
2. Deep ocean water
3. Deep ocean surface: photosynthesis does not
occur due to oxygen. The rich with
minerals/oil/salts etc.
B.P.P. Kalamb-Walchandnagar Prof. Kokare A.Y.