Concept of an ecosystem, 2.Types of ecosystem, 3.Structure and function of an ecosystem, Producers, consumers and decomposers.
4.Energy flow in the ecosystem, Food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids. 5.Ecological succession. 6. Introduction, types,
characteristic features, structure and function of Forest ecosystem, Grassland ecosystem and Desert ecosystem, Aquatic ecosystems
(ponds, streams, lakes, rivers, ocean estuaries)
2. ECOLOGY
What is ecology?
• Ecology (Greek Oikos = home, habitat, logy = study) was coined over a
century ago ( by Haeckel).
• The word Ecosystem was first coined by British ecologist, A.G. Transley in
1935.
Definitions:
The study of interaction between biotic and abiotic
components is known as Ecology.
3. BIOSPHERE
The part of Earth that supports life
Top portion of Earth's crust
All the waters that cover Earth's
surface
Atmosphere that surrounds
Earth.
7. BIOTIC COMPONENTS
The autotrophs (autotrpic = self-nourishing) which can
produce their own food. These are green plants (with
chlorophyll), blue green algae (BGA), and certain bacteria
(chemosynthetic and photosynthetic).
Since these organisms produce food for all the other
organisms they are also known as producer.
Algae of various types are producers of aquatic
ecosystem. Terrestrial ecosystem have trees, shrubs,
herbs, grasses, and mosses.
Since heterotropic organisms depend on plants and other
autotropic organisms like bacteria and algae for their
nutrition, the amount of energy that the producers capture,
sets the limits on the availability of energy for the
ecosystem.
9. Graphical representation of different trophic levels
in any ecosystem.
Producers-1st trophic level
Herbivores- 2nd trophic level
Carnivores- 3rd trophic level
Base
Apex
Producer
Herbivores
Carnivores
10. Ecological
Pyramid
Pyramid of
Number
Pyramid of
Energy
Pyramid of
Biomass
No. of individual
in the different
trophic level at any
given time is
shown
Show relationship
between different
trophic levels of an
ecosystem on the
basis of living weight
(fresh/dry)
Amount of energy
in the different
trophic level at any
given time is
shown
18. HABITAT
The place in which an
organism lives
provides the kinds of food and
shelter, the temperature, and the
amount of moisture the organism
needs to survive
22. LIMITING FACTOR
Anything that restricts the
number of individuals in a
population.
Includes living and nonliving
features of the ecosystem
23.
24. SUCCESSION
Natural, gradual changes in
the types of species that live in
an area; can be primary or
secondary.
Primary – begins in a place without soil
Secondary – where soil already exists
25.
26.
27. PRIMARY SUCCESSION
Begins in bare area, e.g. newly formed island,
newly deposited volcanic ash on rock, etc.
28. SECONDARY SUCCESSION
Begins on secondary area where already life has
existed, e.g. cut or burnt out forest, new pond formed
after flood, etc.
29. PIONEER SPECIES
A group of organisms, such as
lichens, found in the primary
stage of succession and that
begin an area's soil-building
process
37. The diagram reveals two important aspects.
1. The flow of energy is unidirectional and non-
cyclic in nature.
2. Energy decreases gradually at each trophic level.
38. PRODUC
ER
CONSUM
ERS
[I- total energy input, LA – light absorbed by plant cover, PG – gross primary
production, A – total assimilation, PN – net primary production, P – Secondary
production, NU – Energy not used (stored), NA – Energy not assimilated by
consumers (egested), R – respiration. Bottom line in the diagram shows the
order of the magnitude of energy losses expected at major transfer points,
starting with a solar input of 3,000 Kcal per square meter per day. (After E.P.
Odum, 1963)]
39. The linear energy flow model has significant
implications.
It highlights that shorter food chains tend to have
more energy available at higher trophic levels.
This observation highlights the significance of taking
into account the length and complexity of food
chains when evaluating energy availability in
ecosystems.
40. FOOD CHAIN
The sequence or order of trophic levels through
which food energy passes from the primary
producers to the top carnivores is called the food
chain.
Grazing food chain
- Starts from living plants and goes through
herbivores to carnivores.
Grass Rabbit Fox
41. FOOD CHAIN
Detritus food chain
- Starts from dead organic matter and goes through
small to larger organisms.
Dead
leaves on
water
Worms
and
snails
Small
fish
Big fish
44. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE
Circulation of materials between the biotic and
abiotic components of the ecosystem is called the
biogeochemical cycle.
Gaseous cycles= C, O, N and water cycle.
Reservoir= air, ocean
Sedimentary cycle= P and S cycle. Reservoir=
earth’s crust
46. CARBON CYCLE
CO2 in atmosphere
CO2 in
water
Firewoods
Land plants Land
animals
Coal
deposits
Limestone
rocks
Volcanoes Lime deposites in water
Microbes in the soil
Aquatic
plants
Aquatic
animals
51. Biome
Large scale areas of similar vegetation and climatic characteristics.
A fundamental classification of biomes is:
1. Terrestrial (land) biomes
2. Aquatic biomes (including Freshwater biomes and Marine biomes).
Climate is a major factor determining the distribution of terrestrial biomes.
Freshwater Marine Desert Forest Grassland Tundra
Here we group biomes into six major types:
52.
53. DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIOMES -
INCLUDES
1) Tundra
2) Taiga
3) Desert
4) Temperate deciduous forest
5) Temperate rain forest
6) Tropical rain forest, and grassland
Green plants, or autotrophs, take in energy from the sun through photosynthesis and convert it into chemical energy. Plant tissues store this energy and then transform it into heat energy during metabolic activities. Afterwards, it is transferred to the next trophic level in the food chain. The solar energy captured by autotrophs does not return to the sun; instead, it travels through the ecosystem, reaching herbivores and subsequently consumers. The functioning of biological systems is dependent on this unidirectional flow of energy. The entire ecosystem would collapse without a primary energy source.
The transfer of energy from one trophic level to another causes a significant loss of heat through metabolic reactions. Additionally, the organisms utilize some of the energy at each trophic level for their various biological processes.
When considering the Single Channel Energy Flow Model, it becomes evident that the flow of energy in an ecosystem decreases significantly at each successive trophic level.
The reason for this reduction is energy losses in the form of heat or other unusable forms. Considering the total energy flow, which includes primary productivity and respiration, or focusing solely on secondary productivity, there is a gradual decrease in energy flow. For instance, out of the 3,000 Kcal of total light energy falling upon green plants, approximately 50% is absorbed, 1% is converted at the first trophic level, resulting in a net primary production of only 15 Kcal. As we move up the trophic levels, secondary productivity tends to be around 10% for successive consumer levels, although it may occasionally reach 20% at the carnivore level.
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another. In the context of energy transfer in ecosystems, there is a degradation of energy from a concentrated form, such as mechanical or chemical energy, to a dispersed form, primarily as heat.
The second law of thermodynamics emphasizes that energy transformations are never 100% efficient and are always accompanied by some loss of energy, predominantly in the form of heat.