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1. Gram Positive And Gram-Positive Bacteria
Gram–negative and Gram–positive bacteria can be distinguished by conducting biochemical tests. Its growth can be examined on selected mediums
containing metabolic inhibitors such as antibiotics. The medias utilized in this project are: media containing the antibiotic vancomycin, Eosin
Methylene Blue–lactose (EMB–lactose) agar, and Phenylethyl alcohol (PEA) agar (Holbrook and Leicht 2017). Vancomycin is most effective at
inhibiting the growth of Gram–positive cocci (Rotschafer et al. 2005). EMB–lactose agar inhibits the growth of many Gram–positive bacteria and the
lactose component of the medium allows for lactose–fermenting bacteria to cause color changes within the medium (Reynolds 2011). The presence of
lactose fermenters in the EMB–lactose agar will cause a color change in the resulting colonies based on the strength of their acidity. A metallic green
colony indicates that that active fermenters are present. A pink colony indicates that weak fermenters are present. If a bacterial species does not
ferment lactose, it will appear white or colorless (Holbrook and Leicht 2017). PEA agar is a selective medium that inhibits the growth of most
Gram–negative bacteria species. It does so by interrupting the lipids within the Gram–negative cell membrane, which will affect its permeability to
certain molecules. This could result in the intake of materials that are supposed to be blocked and the release of potassium from within the cell, which
is necessary for DNA synthesis (Lal and
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2. My Life As A Microbe Project
Christina Cox
Your Life as a Microbe project
September 1, 2016:
My name is strep. Streptococcus Mutans to be exact. I live in a diverse community but my family make up about twenty percent of the world we
live in. Our home is called mouth. We have lived here for as long as I can remember. From what I have been told we lived here before there were
even homes for us. As a baby our host was kissed by a caregiver who transferred my family to our host. I wasn't around yet but I hear we had to live
down in the grooves of the tongue at that time. Then when teeth began erupting we were able to upgrade into better homes but some of my family
still lives down in those valleys. We're a bacterium that is normal to have so our host has never really tried to kick us out but we're not the cleanest of
microbes and have been known to cause some tooth decay here and there. I am writing this journal to keep record of the things that have been
happening to us lately.
September 2, 2016:
I know that no one will ever be reading my journal besides me but if for some reason you 're reading this I know I kind of left you in the dark
yesterday with what I said about our home. Which is funny because we 're pretty much always in the dark here. Lately some strange things have been
happening around here when it comes to how our host takes care of his mouth. Some of the streptococcus mutans have been eliminated. That's a
change because our world has mostly flourished for a very long time. Our city was so
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3. A Summary Of Gram-Negative Bacteria
Introduction:
Every winter the snow falls, and people get sick. Both things have components in common. The snow that falls, and the bacteria that get you sick may
both be small, but when you allow them to accumulate, you can see characteristics of them. While snow is made from frozen water, with flakes
differentiating in the structure of them, bacteria is like that. Certain bacteria families may have similar genomes, they do have slight differences that
make up what they are.
One way to tell the difference is to see if the bacteria is gram positive or gram negative. Gram–Positive bacteria contains peptidoglycan (which is a
polymer of amino acids and sugars), while Gram–Negative Bacteria does not have as much. (Holbrook, 24)
Because Gram–Positive contain peptidoglycan, they do not form string in the KOH test. The opposite is true for Gram–Negative– it will form a string
due to its chemical makeup. The Gram–Positive bacteria uses the peptidoglycan to act as a wall, so the KOH will not react with it. However, the cell
membrane on the Gram–Negative bacteria reacts with the KOH, which creates a slight polar charge on the bacteria, which causes it to form a string.
If too much force was added by pulling on the toothpick, this causes the string to break. Therefore, when applying the KOH string test, one must be
careful, and to do it slowly.
Another way to figure out if the sample is Gram–Positive or Gram–Negative are to see if it grows on certain mediums. If the sample grows on
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4. Essay on Streptococcus Pneumoniae
In accordance with the World Health Organization, pneumonia still remains one of the main killers of children under the age of five, taking more than
1.1 million lives of boys and girls annually (WHO Pneumonia factsheet, 2013). Pneumonia is more prevalent in South Asia and sub–Saharan Africa. It
is well known that pneumonia is a disease of respiratory system that affects the alveoli, which are the constituent part of the lungs. Normally alveoli fill
with air during the breath of a healthy person, while the one with pneumonia has alveoli, which are filled with fluid and pus; hence the breathing
process is painful and limits the oxygen consumption by organism. Pneumonia can be caused by several infectious agents, such as bacteria, fungi and ...
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S. pneumoniae is capnophilic, preferring atmospheres of 5–10% carbon dioxide. Streptococcus pneumoniae can be distinguished from other
streptococci, owing to the fact that it is catalase negative; can be inhibited by ethyl hydrocupreine; it is soluble in bile (due to activation of autolytic
property, which consequently lead to cell lysis); it is О±–haemolytic (it can be easily identified on agar plates, due to greenish discoloration of blood
agar due to the production of pneumolysin) (Balakrishnan, 2006).
S. pneumoniae has some distinct virulence factors, which are proteins/enzymes that are expressed on the surface of gram–positive organisms. They are
also the main contributors to the pathogenic character of the bacterium and its survival against the host defense mechanisms. According to Poll et al.
(2009) virulence factors should be used in array, in order to be successful in coordinating ways for the tissue invasion. Some of the most important
virulence properties are the adherence factors, genes responsible for invasion, some heavy–metal transporters, evasion the immune system of the host,
production of pneumolysin and bacteriocin, quorum sensing and formation of biofilms. Some centuries ago, S. pneumoniae's polysaccharide capsule
was considered to be the primary virulence factor, due to the fact that the capsule is crucial for colonization, invasion and dissemination from the
respiratory tract. This capsule is negatively charged and hence inhibits the
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5. Bio 205 Workshop 2
Bio 205
Workshop 2
Bacteria
Purpose of Bergy's Manual: based on ribosomal RNA sequences, which presumably reflect phylogenetic (evolutionary) relationships. Used for the
identification of prokaryotes. 2nd edition on classification of prokaryotes.
4 Tests/ Parameters that are evaluated to classifybacteria are: procedure's that determine an organism's ability to ferment carious carbohydrates; utilize
various substrates such as specific amino acids, starch, citrate, and gelatin; or produce waste products such as hydrogen sulfide gas and also
differences in fatty acid composition of bacteria are also used to distinguish between bacteria.
4 Divisions of procaryotic bacteria per Bergy's Manual are: Gracillicutes, Firmicutes, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other fungi are parasitic and obtain their nutrients from living hosts.
4. Know the classification of fungal diseases (mycoses). 30% of known fungal species produce mycoses, which are fungal diseases of plants, animals,
and humans. Classifications of fungi are; Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota.
5. Know economic effects of fungi. Fungi produce gallic acid, which is used in photographic developers, dyes, indelible ink, as well as in the
production of artificial flavoring, perfumes, chlorine, alcohols, and several acids. Fungi are also used to make plastics, toothpaste, soap, and in the
silvering of mirrors. In Japan almost 500,000 metric tons of fungus–fermented soybean curd (tofu and miso) are consumed annually. Different strains of
the rust fungus Puccinia graminis cause billions of dollars of damage annually to food and timber crops throughout the world.
6. What kingdom are algae classified? The classification of algae is not yet settled, however, there are different divisions of kingdoms. Chlorophyta
(Green Algae), Kingdom Rhodophyta (Red Algae), Halophyte (Brown Algae), Chrysophyta (Golden Algae, Yellow
–Green Algae, and Diatoms) What
domain? Eucaryotes–eucaryotic photosynthesizers (plants) Algae are classified by their photosynthetic absorption spectra.
7. Know defining characteristics of algae. aquatic, photosynthetic (i.e., chloroplast–containing), Algae can be multicellular or unicellular.
8. Know
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6. Microbiology 150 Lab 3-Selective vs. Differential Media
Online BIO 150 Introductory Microbiology #3 Lab Report
NAME __ Lab Group 2_____
Answer the following questions as you work your way through the lab material typing in your answers. Then submit your finished lab report as a
Microsoft Word document. This lab report is worth 100 points towards your final lab grade. Each Q is worth 2 points unless otherwise noted. Also,
per the Honor Code, this work must be your own. This is due Mon. 10/8 at 11:59 PM. The theme of this lab is the identification of unknown bacteria
and viruses in a lab.
Selective vs. Differential Media
Selective vs. Differential Media
Use the following website to help you answer Q 1 and 2 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Alcohol in the agar interferes with the DNA synthesis of Gram–negative organisms which inhibits growth.
ATLAS SECTION 7: DIFFERENTIAL MEDIA
Please read over this section. Differential media usually distinguish or differentiate different species of bacteria based on the color of the individual
colonies or the areas surrounding them.
Look up these tests and answer the following questions: Blood Agar, Catalase, Citrate, Coagulase, Indole, Methyl Red, Motility, TSI, Urea,
11. What is a hemolysis and what type of bacteria produce it? (2 pts.)
Hemolysis is the exotoxin of gram positive cocci (streptococcus, enterocus, and aerocccus) that destroy RBCs and hemoglobin.
12. What are the 3 major types of hemolysis and their descriptions? (2 pts.)
The three types of hemolysis are B, A, Y. B is complete clearing or destruction of the RBCs or hemoglobin and it results in a clearing of the medium
around the colonies. A is partial destruction and a green color forms around the colonies. Y is non–Hemolysis and shows simple growth and no change
to the medium.

7. 13. When would you use the Catalase test? (2 pts.)
This test should be used when trying to identify organisms that produce catalase. It is used when differentiating between Catalase positive
micrococcaceae and catalase negative streptococcaceae and some variations of the catalase test are for mycobacterium.
14. The Citrate Tests is part of what test series?
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8. Lab Report Bacteria
Introduction:
Bacteria are among the most abundant of all organisms on earth. Some species of bacteria is always present in every different environment the plant
has to offer. For this to be possible, bacteria are all very different from one another. This lab aimed to identify a certain colony ofbacteria, using a
variety of tests at the disposal of scientists. The simplest method of narrowing down possibilities involves the use of a compound microscope to
observe the general shape of the cells. The shapes of the bacteria can be Bacilli, Cocci, or Spirochete. This helps to further narrow the possibilities of
what the bacterial species is.
Bacteria can be further split into two different groups: Gram–positive and Gram–negative. A method known asGram staining, which detects
peptidoglycan, will stain a cell purple/blue in the presence of it and pink/red if the absence of it. This test also determines thickness of the cell wall,
since a thick cell wall is characteristic of an abundance of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Catalase tests involves exposing the colony of interest to hydrogen peroxide to check for the presence of the enzyme Catalase. If the bacteria
contain the enzyme, exposure to hydrogen peroxide will trigger the breakdown of it by Catalase as a defense mechanism against the harmful substance.
Catalase test positive genera include Bacillus, Micrococcaceae, and Staphylococcus, while Clostridium and Streptococcaceae test negative (Holbrook
and Leicht, 2015). The second test administered to gram–positive bacteria is the Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) test. This test involves observing growth of
the bacteria on the MSA medium, which contains very high amounts of sodium chloride. The only strain capable of growth is Staphylococcus, which
causes the medium to change in color from red to yellow, indicating fermentation of the
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9. A Summary Of Gram-Negative Bacteria
Introduction
Every winter the snow falls, and people get sick. Both of these items have components in common. Both the snow that falls, and the bacteria that gets
people sick may be small, but when allowed to accumulate, characteristics of them become visible. While snow is made from frozen water, with flakes
differentiating in the structure of them, bacteria is like that, to a sense. Certain bacteria families may have similar genomes, they do have slight
differences that make up what they are. Just like snow being made of frozen water, bacteria is made up of the same four genomes. They're just in a
different order, which makes them unique
One way to tell the difference is to see if the bacteria is gram positive or gram negative. Gram–Positive bacteria contains peptidoglycan (which is a
polymer of amino acids and sugars), while Gram–Negative Bacteria does not have as much. (Holbrook, 24)
Because Gram–Positive contain peptidoglycan, they do not form string in the KOH test. The opposite is true for Gram–Negative– it will form a string
due to its chemical makeup. The Gram–Positive bacteria uses the peptidoglycan to act as a wall, so the KOH will not react with it. However, the cell
membrane on the Gram–Negative bacteria reacts with the KOH, which creates a slight polar charge on the bacteria, which causes it to form a string. If
too much force was added by pulling on the toothpick, this causes the string to break. Therefore, when applying the KOH string test, one must be
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10. Periapical Lesion Essay
DISCUSSION
Many authors consider placement of an implant in a socket with periapical lesion as a contraindication, but several studies which were conducted do
not show any significant difference compared to those with healthy sockets.
The disadvantage of the placement of implants into the sockets of teeth with periapical lesions is the potential for implant contamination during the
initial healing period because of remnants of the infection.(8,13,162)Bacteroides species can inhabit tooth periapical lesions while being encapsulated
in a polysaccharide that promotes its virulence, survival, and importance in mixed infections. Bacteroides forsythus has been shown to persist in
asymptomatic periradicular endodontic lesions and may survive in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These positive results could be explained by various biological events occurring during bone healing process, dependent on aspects such as primary
stability of the implant, the surgical technique, the prosthetic load and the associated inflammatory response.(84)
Fugazzotto conducted the only study comparing implants immediately placed into sites with periapical pathology with those immediately placed into
sites without periapical pathology in the same patient, it was observed that both treatments yielded comparable results with no statistically significant
difference in survival rates.(165)
Regarding the treatment protocol, appropriate clinical procedures to perform the decontamination of the implant's site, such as antibiotic
administration, meticulous cleaning, and alveolar debridement, combined with GBR with or without bone grafting, is suggested to create adequate
conditions for bone regeneration and osseointegration despite the previous contamination.(6,85,166)
The natural healing process after tooth extraction normally manages residual infection, but as an infection increases inflammatory activity, infection
may result in increased bone resorption and a higher risk of implant stability loss and failure. The presence of granulation tissue in the socket of an
infected tooth must be considered as an inflammatory response to bacteria. This reactive
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11. Institutional Animal Care And Use Committee ( Protocol...
Eight, Southern Illinois University–owned, cecally–cannulated horses, two males and six females, ages 5–8 years old, and weighing 1082.50 В±
79.41, up to date with vaccinations, and in good dental health were used in this study. Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (Protocol 13–070
amended) approval was obtained prior to the initiation of this study. All research was conducted at Southern Illinois University Equine Center,
Carbondale, Illinois. Each horse was removed from grass pasture at approximately 1400 h and placed in separate identical 10 Г— 12 ft stalls with ab
libitum access to water and a salt block. Each horse was offered five pounds of pelleted grain (StrategyВ® Purina Mills, St. Louis, Missouri) and two
flakes of mixed grass hay.
2.2. Treatment and Sample Collection
2.2.1. Treatment
Four horses were randomly assigned to the control group and the traveling group. The control group did not travel throughout the duration of the
study (6 d). The travel group experienced being loaded into a trailer on d 3 at 0700, transported for 90 min, and stayed at El Tomaria Farms for 48 h,
before returning on d 5 to Southern Illinois University.
2.2.2. Blood and Cecal Sample Collection
Blood was collected from the jugular vein, twice daily, each d at the first and third sample time points, in order to monitor any changes in the blood.
Blood was collected into lavender top tubes containing 7.5% EDTA, which was analyzed with an Abaxis VetScan HM5 (Union City, CA) for
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