Examples Of Proactive Personality Construct

Examples Of Proactive Personality Construct
The proactive personality construct was introduced by Bateman and Crant (1993) who defined it as
"a relatively stable tendency to effect environmental change" (p. 107). Since that time proactive
personality has emerged as a heuristic construct in organizational settings, showing significant
relationships with such variables as job performance, career success, and leadership quality (e.g.,
Crant & Bateman, 2000; Crant, 1995; Seibert et al., 1999; Thompson, 2005).
Proactive personality is most frequently measured by Bateman and Crant's (1993) scale.The internal
consistency of this scale ranged from .83 to .89 across three college student samples. The construct
validity of Bateman and Crant's (1993) 17–item proactive personality scale was tested in relation to
other personality constructs, such as conscientiousness (r = .43,p < .01) and social desirability (r =
.004,n.s.). In order to test for criterion validity, Bateman and Crant (1993) correlated their measure
with several criteria including, extra–curricular activities aimed at constructive ... Show more
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Employees with this disposition tend to perceive opportunities for positive changes in the workplace
and then actively work to bring about these changes (Bateman & Crant, 1993; Grant & Ashford,
2008). Proactive employees demonstrate initiation, perceive their work roles more broadly, take
active steps to get work done, initiate changes, follow through until completion, and subsequently
perform well at work; hence, proactive personality has been linked to a number of positive work
outcomes (see Crant & Bateman, 2000; Crant, 1995; Seibert et al., 1999; Thompson, 2005), which
makes proactive employees desirable to their organizations. Crant (1995) noted that proactive
personality is a potentially useful tool for selection due to its strong relationship with job
performance, making it a valid
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Race as a Social Construct
Race as a social construct
An imagined concept with real consequences
The concept of race is fundamentally a social construct. It is based on a notion of difference, of
'otherness', 'blackness', 'whiteness', identity, nationalism and multiculturalism. 'Race' matters, as
despite being biologically disputed, its social impact is immense. Despite being an unreal social
construct, it is real in its consequences. It affects life prospects and influences health, wealth, status
and power. As such, a critical deconstruction of the pernicious, pervading and often all too
determinative discourse of racial categorisation is crucial to social progress. We must dissect and
discern what gives rise to these ideologies. How is race defined? What criteria, intellectual contexts,
or psychological misconceptions lead to such discrimination? (109 words)
Morning, Ann. June 07 2005. "On Distinction." In Is Race Real? a web forum organised by the
Social Science Research Council. http://raceandgenomics.ssrc.org/Morning/.
Morning argues that there are underlying social and political agendas which shape the formation of
racial distinctions. The nomination of what factors are measured, which tools are used to measure,
and how the results are interpreted ultimately form the basis of our racial categories. Morning's
work is an online forum piece, and as such it's reliability is limited. Despite this, Morning's presence
within the academic community as a sociology professor, including her published

False Memory Research
False memory is a term for the event of an individual remembering information or events they were
not exposed to. Jerwen and Flores (2013) defined it as the creation of a memory about an event that
an individual did not experience. They point out, "although not being able to remember something is
a memory problem, 'remembering' something that did not happen can be as serious a problem."
The seriousness of this problem is exemplified in the cases of individuals creating false memories of
sexual abuse as a result of therapy. These types of events caused vast amounts of research to be done
on the topic. The Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) paradigm has been one of the most popular
in false memory research and it continues to be a topic of interest today. A search of "DRM" in all
text and "False Memory" in subject terms, using PsycINFO, gave results of 560 peer–reviewed
articles published in research journals within the last five years (2011–2016).
There have been critics of the usefulness of the DRM paradigm. I want to bring their issues to light
and attempt to persuade that the DRM paradigm is limited in the evidence it can add to the false
memory research and suggest alternative paradigms.
The Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) Paradigm
The DRM is of the most commonly used paradigms of inducing false memories for research. It was
created when Roediger and McDermott's (1995) improved a technique and resources first employed
by Deese (1959) in a memory study to study false memory.

Social Construct Essay
I highly agree that us as human beings have the capability to wonder about our origins, as well as
the responsibility that comes with it. We are responsible for knowing our origins because it's apart of
our history and how we came into existence. If we never knew where we came from or how we
came into being then what is our purpose in life? Without knowing the past we can't ever have a
successful future; we learn from our past so that we don't continue to make the same decisions in the
future. For example religion wouldn't be practiced today had there not been scriptures and text
handed down from generation to generation. Religion is a huge part of our history because
regardless of the religion there's always a passage at the beginning which ... Show more content on
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Science is most definitely a social contsruct because it is very well accomplished at cancelling out
any type of religion because everything is meant to be factual. It mainly states that we came from
apes in the sense of evolution and that everything came to be from the Big Bang Theory; where
everything is existence just happened out of no where within space and time from an all powerful
source of energy. This mindset is nothing more than a social construct because scientist and science
books teach us this which in turn will construct our minds to believe that is what really took place in
our history. However, I don't believe that at all because if anything science proves that in my
opinion that God is the source of entertainment that science talks about. At the end of the day
scientists can't prove what the source of energy was or where it came from, but only that it can't be
created or destroyed and it created everything in existence including the planets, the sun, the
galaxies etc. God is neither a person or deity but a source of powerful energy who can't ever be
created or destroyed. Other that my obvious opinion I believe that science is a social construct
because it tries to shape our minds to think that things came or come about in a certain way, place,
and

Construct Related Evidence
Construct–related evidence, on the other hand, refers to the level in which a particular test or
measure evaluates the concept or the construct it is theoretically supposed to measure. If a test is
supposed to measure a person's intelligence, for example, you wouldn't subject the individual to
personality testing unnecessarily. Instead, you'd want to make sure that the test being given to the
test subject is accurately assessing the intelligence quotient (IQ). Construct–related evidence of
validity often involves a process that identifies the real meaning or purpose of the test either through
repetition or by compiling multiple sources of evidence. The collection of this evidence not only
verifies that the tests actually measures what it is

The Constructs Of Teacher Leadership
In their text, Liberman and Miller (2004) addressed the constructs of teacher leadership in three
themes from prior research: individual teacher leader roles and organizational realities, learning in
practice, and teacher leadership and reshaping school culture. Some of the research studies
corresponded with many of my experiences as an emerging music teacher and leader at a tough
school placement. In the cultivation of teacher leadership roles, it is important that a teacher is able
to build trust and rapport among administration and fellow colleagues, making organizational
diagnosis, using using resources effectively, and ultimately have support to alter school culture for
the better and to help establish teacher identity (Miles, Saxl, & Liberman, 1988; Smylie & Denny,
1990; Wasley, 1991). In my first two years, I felt very confident in my abilities to develop my skills
by way of the veteran teachers at my school who led by example through classroom management
skills and showing me better ways to make my lessons more relevant to my students. I remember
my mentor teacher pulling me aside and stating that I must expose my students to music that wasn 't
always written by dead people; start with what they know and go from there! When I started making
such changes in my instructional approaches, it helped establish connections and collaborations with
my fellow teachers and invested students; thus influencing aspects of my leadership style. Much of
which echoed Miller and

Racism : A Social Construct
As I have lived most all of my life here in NYC, I have been affected by implicit biases, prejudices
and discrimination based on my race, however my socioeconomic class, gender and my sexual
orientation are significant forces of my social identity that not only define who I am, but are
interconnected in the way I am and have been oppressed. Albeit racism has an impact on all of our
lives in the US, however; it's the intersectionality of the other social identity forces that when they
are interacting with racism, they manifest many forms of social oppression.
My social identity is that of an African–American, married lesbian woman. Racism is a social
construct that has serious impact on many people's lives. Heterosexism, also a social construct and
racism contribute to the ever widening inequality gap. To slow sown or change the gap growth,
policies would have to be imposed that would be specific to gender diversity and equality.
Racism is structurally embedded in many institutions, but so does heterosexism as well. They may
not be overtly visible, however when one is identified as homosexual, [s]he may become under
attack from by the same institutions that are in place to protect in our society. . For many, the social
construct of racism is created from a visible trait or characteristic that is visible and obvious,
however sexual orientation can be hidden or unspoken. Anti –gay rhetoric, attitudes and behaviors,
which in turn, leads to "patterns of

Social Constructs Definition
1.) A social construct is the titles that society uses to differentiate between people, places, and
things. These social constructs do not actually physically exist. Society perceives something, such
as, one should never ask a woman her age, males are stronger than females, race to differentiate
between people, and too, the lines that are used to make up a map, and we as society just go along
with the norm. Everyone knows that there are no physical lines on the ground that tell you that you
have reached another state, we as society just know that we have reached another state. Just as,
some people may take race and associate it with social class. Whereas, we as society know that there
is no set rule that you cannot ask a woman her age, but we follow the norm and don't ask a woman
her age because society knows that it may be offensive. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We as society, along with media, and culture have made up the norm that when you get old you
become physically and psychologically weak, and timid. So one of the social construct that comes
along with these perceptions are, there is nothing to look forward to when you get old, but we know
that is also not true. Everyone ages different, and there is no set way that someone will age; whether
it be there looks, physical health, or psychological state. Someone in their eighties could be
healthier, and more physically fit than someone who is in their sixties. So, for this matter, you could
not judge someone on their age because it is not following the social

Race Social Construct
Is Race a Social Construct – If yes why, if no why not?
To understand the question, we must first familiarize ourselves with the definition of race. Race is
defined as "An arbitrary classification of modern humans, sometimes, especially formerly, based on
a combination of various physical characteristics, as skin color, facial form, or eye shape, and now
frequently based on such genetic markers as blood groups" (dictionary.com).
Firstly, the idea of race is based off of the physical differences in humans, not differences in
genetics. In fact, if you look into the research that has been done, humans of different races share at
least 99.9% of the same genes. In the other 0.1% of differences, only 10% are actually impacted by
different races. So in reality, only 0.01% of genes are changed depending on one's race. That is,
people who look very different from you have very few biological differences. People that look like
you have the same amount of differences as people that don't. Even when you compare our species
to other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Everybody would all be the same generation iPhone, from the same carrier, built in the same
factory, with the same options. Our actual physical makeup is fairly uniform. The differences are all
in the programming. One user may download one set of apps, while another downloads an entirely
different one. But, even then, they all have the same basic programming. These apps are the social
and cultural parts of
So, when we say "race is a social construct" what we mean is that "people are all built with the same
blocks, they don't vary much from person to person or group to group, and the only major
differences are the ones we make for ourselves."
If you were to take literally any baby from anywhere in the world and put it in another culture, that
baby would not retain any aspect of the culture it came from unless you went out of your way to do

The Construct Emotional Intelligence
Chapter I
Introduction
The construct emotional intelligence refers to the extent to which individuals deal effectively with
their own as well as of others emotions. There has been a tremendous amount of popular and
academic interest in emotional intelligence, probably because of the idea or of the scientific findings
that emotions are considered to be the important determinant for successful performance in various
domains of life including health, leadership, workplace, academic performance, life satisfaction and
on many other psychosocial factors and well being.
The question of relationship between age and Emotional intelligence has profound implications for
academics and organisations as the literature and workforce gets older. The findings ... Show more
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Thus, EI can be consider as a type of social intelligence since it has been defined in a very broader
way the point where EI gets more clearly distinguished from general or social intelligence as it
involves wider aspects of emotions and emotional content.
Gardner (1983) theory of multiple intelligence contains two concepts as interpersonal and
intrapersonal intelligence. "Interpersonal intelligence denotes a person's capacity to understand the
intentions, motivations, and desires of other people and, consequently, to work effectively with
others" and, "intrapersonal intelligence involves the capacity to understand oneself, to have an
effective working model of oneself including one's own desires, fears, and capacities and to use
such information effectively in regulating one's own life".
Thus, it seems quite relevant that the existed concepts of different theories, philosophical quotes and
clinical concepts had laid down the foundation and provided a compatible backdrop for considering
emotional intelligence as a viable

Construct Questionnaire
Construct Questionnaire Part 1
Dawn Carlton
Psychology 245
August 10, 2015
Tracy Masiello
Construct Questionnaire Part 1
I chose motivation as my construct because I am very curious at what drives people and keeps them
on track to reach goals, deadlines, and thing of this nature. Motivation of course is not something
that can be measured, nor could it possibly measured accurately. First motivation can be defined in
multiple ways to different people. Internal and external influences that fuel desire and energy in
people to be continually involved and faithful to a job, role or subject, or to make an effort to attain
a goal. Motivation results from the interaction of both conscious and unconscious factors such as the
strength of desire ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ultimately it would need to be broken down in many sections and even further than just intrinsic
and extrinsic motivation. I think on a higher level if I were to really gain an accurate measure of
motivation on academics it would require much time and man power. I think it would also need to
view and measure learning strategies because not all students learn the same or in the same pace.
Motivation is a very valuable construct that can be very beneficial in all aspects of life. I find that
motivation is hard to come by for some when it comes to academics and that is why I chose this
construct within this dimension of academics. Although I was able to come up with questions to
help test or measure motivation, I almost feel that I could have better more confined questions if
given more time to provide. Due to motivation being so vast within the academic community, I
think there are better findings that could come from more critical questions in finding the motivation
from students academically. I know that each construct can have a continual and ongoing study and
that the research is forever something that is done. Just like what motivates people, people are
always changing and

Crime is a Social Construct.
CRIME IS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCT Crime is the product of the social structure; it is embedded in
the very fibres of society. In this essay, I aim to explore different theories as to why crime exists
within society and how we as a society therefore construct it. Crime is a social construct; it is
always in society and is on the increase. It is inevitable. Where does it come from? It comes from
legislation, from the making of laws. Functionalists see crime deviance in society as a function, in
that it serves to remind us, through public condemnation of those who have broken the rules, of our
shared values and norms. Furthermore, they suggest that crime is a result of structural tensions and a
lack of moral regulations within society. If the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The laws against higher status crime, the White Collar crime, are therefore relatively lenient and
rarely enforced, but the laws against crime which is committed by those with a lower status, are
harsher and more often enforced because they are so visible and detected much more easily. The
activities of White Collar crime occur on a daily basis, but there is no public outcry or moral panics
about it and therefore no legislation made, whereas, 'street' crime attracts massive law enforcement.
As Jeffrey Reiman (2001) so aptly stated, "The rich get richer and the poor get prison".
Interactionism was quite popular from 1960s to 1970s. Max Weber and George Herbert Mead
favour the Interactionist approach and suggest that crime is a social process, that crime is an
interaction between the victim, the police/officials and the offender. Crime is shaped by the nature
of this interaction and this selective labelling, stigmatisation, negative labelling of those without
power and more vulnerable. This approach focuses upon the interaction between deviance and those
who define it as such, hence the Labelling Theory. Howard F Becker, the founder of this theory,
argues that society creates deviance by making rules. Rules that when broken, constitute deviance,
and by labelling those particular people as deviants, they are also labelling them as outsiders.
Therefore, it is not the act of the person, but rather a consequence of applying the rules by

Natural Writing As A Construct
Natural Writing as a Construct
A construct is a flawed argument stated on something that seems natural, but when questioned, you
realize it is not. The topic of whether writing is natural is a construct in itself. I believe that there is
more that goes into when writing and that writing is not natural. So many things come into play
when writing and learning how to write. Not everyone writes the same so teaching multiple people
how to write in a way to better them individually can be difficult. I never really realized this, until I
reach the college level and took the Rhetoric and Composition class that made me see the difference
between "how to write" and "what is writing." The transitioning from high school to college has
opened my eyes to much more then just a linear learning experience.
Research
When looking for information to back up my claim I found that different things go into and affect
the way we write. Anything from where we are from, to our experiences, emotions, and what we
have learned. No body is just born and knows how to write right off the back. When you are born
you have to learn a language and then you learn to read and write, at least the basics. In the article,
"Speaking is Natural; Reading and Writing Are Not", it says, "A related fact should be self–evident:
Reading and writing are acquired skills for which the human brain is not yet fully evolved
(liberman, Shankweiler, & Liberman, 1989). Human brains are naturally wired to speak; they are
not

Deception Of Constructs In Psychology
Constructs in psychology are usually very difficult to notice just by observing. In this article, the
construct would be deception. Just by looking at someone you cannot tell whether they are being
honest or deceptive. To examine deception in romantic relationships, in this study the researchers
used self–report measures, which basically means that the participants in the study wrote out their
own feelings, and opinions. The college students (participants) were told to keep diaries in which
they had to report every time they believed that their significant other would lie and every time they
lied to their partner. As insignificant as they thought the lie was they had to write it down in their
diary. The level of measurement they used was nominal.

How to Measure Construct
When measure a complex concept such as love, intelligence, motivation, there is no direct measure
as when we measure height, weight. Those complex concepts are also linked to behavior. The
construct can be referred as hypothetical constructs. "Hypothetical" because they are inferred from
theories and other behavior, and "constructs" because they must be constructed by using a database
of observations that can be measured. (clayton)
Practically the construct is defined by how it is measured. This is called an operational definition.
The meaning of our study rests on how we objectively observe the construct or behavior of interest.
Thus, developing a reliable and valid set of procedures for measuring our variables is crucial for the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
showing a very gloomy film to subjects). |
In science (e.g. social sciences and psychometrics), construct validity refers to whether a scale
measures or correlates with the theorized psychological scientific construct (e.g., "fluid
intelligence") that it purports to measure. In other words, it is the extent to which what was to be
measured was actually measured. It is related to the theoretical ideas behind the trait under
consideration, i.e. the concepts that organize how aspects of personality, intelligence, etc. are
viewed.[1] The scale seeks to operationalize the concept, typically measuring several observable
phenomena that supposedly reflect the underlying psychological concept. Construct validity is a
means of assessing how well this has been accomplished. In lay terms, construct validity answers
the question: "Are we actually measuring (are these means a valid form for measuring) what (the
construct) we think we are measuring?"
A construct is not restricted to one set of observable indicators or attributes. It is common to a
number of sets of indicators. Thus, "construct validity" can be evaluated by statistical methods that
show whether a common factor can be shown to exist underlying several measurements using
different observable indicators. This view of a construct rejects the operationist past that a construct
is neither more nor less than the operations used to

Evaluation Of A Correlational Study Design Essay
The present study contains a correlational study design as well as a between–subject design. A
correlational study design will allow the researchers to adequately answer the first research
question. The correlational study design allows the researchers to identify and interpret any
correlational trends regarding mental health effects and the success of transitioning amongst the
participants. The dependent variable of the first research question includes the success of
transitioning (employment, education, residential status, and communication after high school) and
mental health (depression/anxiety, sleep, obesity, and physical activity). There is no independent
variable in the first research question due to the correlational design. A between–subject design will
allow the researchers to effectively answer the second research question. This type of design
matches participants based on a related variable; groups with or without employment to further
examine any differences that may exist between the two groups. The dependent variable of the
second research question is the level of mental health. The independent variable of this study is the
two groups that the researchers are exploring: employment group vs. non–employment group.
Participants The present study will include a target goal of 100 individuals with DS between the
ages of 17 to 40 years old, and their parent or primary caregiver. The participants will be recruited
through DS–Connect, a secure platform for

Social Construct Of Crime
The social construct of crime – the process constructing crime was subjected to the constraints of a
legitimate nature which allowed by law for the fairness between both the powerful and their less
powerful counterparts. This was done with specific mechanisms to control the behaviour of the
powerful, this process made laws such as environmental laws possible.
The corporate deconstruction of green – green crimes are the result of behaviours displayed by
groups or a single individual. Corporations play an integral role in the term green because of the
influence they have on various environmental movement groups through donations, funding and
political strongholds.
Corporate reconstruction of green – in the 1990's we saw the reconstruction of the term "green" by
corporations as they flooded the airwaves ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Shared orientations of green movements – because of the diversity in environmental justice they are
not identical but they share three common traits (1) the politics of being green, (2) the multi–issue
basis of green theory and oppression of those green theories, and (3) the appeal to the historically
situated theories.
Constructing green crimes: implications for green criminology – in the past the environmental
justice movement took different approaches but this was in accordance on how the term "green"
used. According to the environmental justice movement a green crime would be an act which
"violates environmental rules and regulations, places damage on the environment, and are caused by
human.
From h corporate perspective a green crime is any act or omission that violates the law and the
person would be subject to criminal

4.4 Construct Validity
4.4 Construct validity
In order to test the construct validity of each scale, bivariate correlation will be used, because this
test is to find out the association among those different variables and how strong the association is.
(Pallant,2010). At the same time, checking the association among the subscales is regarded as way
to assess scale's construct validity (ibid). In addition, most of the researchers believe that the
dividing point of the statistical significance (p) to ensure the relationship between variables is .05.
Namely, in 100 samples, there are 5 times chances to get relationship that are not appeared in the
whole population. Specifically, p < 0.05 is set to ensure the expected relationship (Bryman and Bell,
2007). And all the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From the regression analysis result (Figure 29a in Appendix F), the consumers' perception of CSR–
Society doesn't have positive influence on the functional brand image. This is because, based on the
coefficients in the figure 20b, β=–.084, t=–.765 and p=. 447, which means the H 2a is rejected.
In terms of H2b, consumers' perception of CSR–Society has the positive influence on emotional
brand image, because, based on the figure 29b in Appendix F, β= .369, t=3.613 and p=. 001. At the
same time, consumers' perception of CSR–Society accounts for 13.6% of variance in emotional
brand image (R²=. 136), and the Adjusted R² amend the R² to .126, which makes a better estimate.
And based on F (13.057) and P (.001), the independence has the good prediction of the dependence.
Therefore, according to those coefficients, H2b is accepted.
4.63 The test of hypotheses 3
H3a and H3b assume that employees' perception of CSR–Society has the positive influence on
functional brand image and emotional brand image. In terms of H3a (See figure 30a in Appendix F),
employees' good perception of CSR–Environment doesn't have the positive influence on functional
brand image, because the coefficients (β= –.246, t=–.1777 and p=. 082). Hence, H3a is

Construct Validity Research
The above examples provide evidence that a personality measurement can be examined through its
reliability. A good personality test should have the same findings in different occasions (i.e. test–
retest reliability) and also all of the items in the test should be measuring the same thing (i.e. internal
consistency). Nevertheless, personality measurement can be evaluated by its validity as well.
Construct validity is one of the main subtypes of validity. Construct validity refers to the ability that
a personality test measures what it is intended to measure. Discriminant validity is a subtype of
construct validity, which refers to the extent that the concept that is not related to the test doesn't
emerge in the test. Soto, C. J., & John, O. P. (2009) tested the discriminant validity by comparing
the BFI with the NEO PI–R. They showed that the correlation between the BFI and NEO PI–R facet
scales has high discriminant validity. Each BFI facet scales correlated most with the corresponding
NEO PI–R facet scales than with the other NEO PI–R facet. This research demonstrated that BFI is
discriminant valid because it only correlates most with the corresponding items on the NEO PI–R.
Furthermore, McCrae and Costa, P. T. (2004) found that NEO Five–Factory Inventory (NEO–FFI)
had high ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this meta–analysis, it included 4,378 MMPI and 1,793 the Rorschach articles. Then, the validity
coefficients of the MMPI and the Rorschach Inkblot Test were compared. They found that the
MMPI had the unweighted mean validity coefficients of .30 whereas the Rorschach had .29. The
MMPI was more valid for studies using psychiatric diagnoses and self–report. In contrast, the
Rorschach Inkblot Test was more valid for the objective. This meta–analysis showed that both the
MMPI and the Rorschach Inkblot Test were valid in some

How To Construct A Paper
While with a group of friends, they notice I had gotten quiet and ask me for why was I not talking
anymore it was because I had found a better research topic that I could work with, I told them.
Picking a topic that I am familiar with and can relate to made deciding what sources I should use
and the understanding of where the articles views are coming form much easier. I started over on
researching how to construct the paper, going back over YouTube and constantly rereading the
handouts and articles.
Now that my topic was common and easy to work with, I got started right way working on my
annotative bibs, reflection, and abstract. I first started on the annotative bibliography because it
consist of researching my topic by looking for articles,

Conformity To Human Constructs
Conformity to human constructs is an essential aspect of software. As with anything constructed by
and for human use, we wish to understand and use it easily. Software, above all else, is incredibly
easy to change. These means that, unlike a physical structure that naturally degrades, software only
changes when it is purposefully changed by a human actor. As such, it can be easily changed, either
during creation, or maintenance, to reflect human constructs meant to contain and help understand it
as a grows in complexity. Software is made to be used by some human or computer actor. These
requires it to conform not only to a thing we can understand, but also to something that is known in
how it will react to, communicate with, and handle data

Race Cultural Construct
Even though race is often confused with something having to do with biology it is not, instead race
is a cultural construction. People commonly use biology to try and determine the race of another
person by using physical characteristics and skin color to put them in a racial classification.
Assigning race based on physical characteristics is problematic since traits vary independently they
are not inherited as some sort of genetic package based on the race a person is. Therefore using
biological concepts to explain race is problematic since society is the one who defines what race is
and because those definitions change race is a cultural construct. Race is considered a cultural
construct because of how easily the categories of race are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
However, not every association will be as severe compared to others and there are benefits
depending on the race the individual identifies with that comes from being part of that race. These
racial ideologies were formed and used in order to prove the differences about the status between
races and the reason for those inequalities and privileges to exist. Eventually these ideas of race
became institutionalized meaning in order to justify the social and economic differences between
races thinking about race became so ingrained that it encouraged institutionalized segregation.
Although it may seem as though institutionalized segregations is something of the past it continues
to this day because our society still uses racialized thinking even though we may not realize it. All
these consequences and privileges are all derived from concepts of race that were formed based on
false assumptions and ideas on how biologically the races were different from one another. This is
another reason on why the biological concepts of race are problematic since it was able to cause
individuals to reason why one race was superior to another when that certainly is not the case.
Genetics has no place in race and the fact that we impose physical characteristics onto race is what
causes race to be a cultural construct. It's a problem for a society to believe that having certain
physical traits automatically assign the individual to a certain race when in reality there is more
diversity in genes within races than between. Therefore, since the society is able to agree as a whole
their definition of race and redefine it to fit their needs it causes race to become beta cultural
construct rather than something that is

Sexuality As A Social Construct
Hannah St. Lifer
Sexuality as a Social Construct
Heternormativity is the idea that there exist two distinctive classifications of the genders, males and
females, with customary roles in society. The idea asserts that heterosexuality is the only normal
sexual orientation of people and that all sexual and marital relations must abide by this norm.
Society has adopted this belief and constructed it into a standard of life. It is normal for people to
automatically presume that most other people are heterosexual and that heterosexuality is the default
sexual preference. Thus, all other sexualities that are nonheterosexual are a deviation of the default.
Heterosexuality is the most appreciative and is the most acceptable sexuality for a man and ... Show
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Monogamous, reproductive heterosexuality is also valued socially above all other forms of
sexuality. Society has constructed the belief that heterosexuality is the ideal sexual identity, and
society subsequently critiques non–heterosexual identities, such as gays, bisexuals, and trans, which
all fall outside this custom.
As a consequence of society deeming heterosexuality as the ideal sexuality, sexualities that are
biologically infertile are less socially acceptable in society. Nonheterosexuals are seen as deviants
and consequently mocked and ridiculed by society. Gayle proposes that same sex relationships are
inferiors, but, "stable, long–term lesbian and gay couples are verging on respectability, but bar dykes
and promiscuous gay men are hovering just above the groups at the very bottom of the pyramid."
For instance, society already considers gay males to be lower on the hierarchy, but those males,
which are less masculine, are even lower on the pyramid. Society has constructed these "less
masculine" gays to be "more gay". However, homosexual males that still obtain monogamous
relationships are more appreciated in respect to gays who are not in relationships. For example,
famous gay couples such as Ellen DeGeneres's relationship, and the gay marriage portrayed on
Modern Family, are valued in society. These are higher up on the pyramid because both gay couples
are in stable relationships that

Dobyns Three Constructs
The Austrian neurologist and father of modern psychology, Sigmund Freud, believed that the psyche
could be divided into three constructs. These divisions aren't physical parts of the brain but rather
hypothetical separations. Freud's Psychic Apparatus, as he called it, consists of what are known as
the Id, the Ego, and the Superego. These constructs help the mind avoid pain or displeasure in
everyday life. Stephen Dobyns takes an interesting perspective on these constructs in his poem
"How to Like it". In the poem, Dobyns uses the relationship between the man, his thoughts, and his
dog to symbolize the three constructs of Freud's Psychic Apparatus and how they depict man's
eternal struggle. This makes "How to Like it" a commentary on man's ... Show more content on
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This is drawn from the question that Dobyns poses, "How is it possible to want so many things and
still want nothing?". The man, although he has a house and loving wife, still wants something more.
He day dreams of getting in his car and driving in search of something he doesn't yet know or
perhaps nothing. However, he knows that it would be wrong to abandon his wife, so he goes back
inside and is now emotionally unavailable, as hinted at when Dobyns says the man's wife finds him
starring into the fridge. The man forever contemplates his purpose in regard to his happiness, but
this continuous contemplation only depresses him to the point where life becomes a series of
questions; "...why you get up in the morning... how it is possible to sleep at night... and how to like
it". The clash between his dog's wants and his own thoughts only furthers this depression. Having to
constantly compromise between one's wants and desires and what is socially acceptable begins to
take its tole on the psyche which is exactly what happens to the man in the poem. It is even said that
the man wants to, "...hit his head again and again against a wall" (Dobyns). He becomes mentally
exhausted by the end of the story which is why he is shown giving into the dog's suggestion to make
the worlds biggest sandwich. He does this in order

Identity Social Construct
Identity, the distinguishing of character and persona of an individual. Identity, the social construct
that defines us as individuals. Self identity, the ideology in which the individual determines their
own self worth. This seems like the idea to distinguish one's own character; however it does apply to
every human being. In many cases, including myself, it is society that is the main influence that
molds the being. Its customs have impacted how these individuals think and behave in order for
them to fit into its ideals, which can transform many to the point where they are living a totally
different identity. Some of these individuals are boys and men who may not fit the perfect image of
"masculine," and may be ridiculed to the point where ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many of these who do not fit into this standard usually have some "feminine' characteristics to them.
In my childhood, I was real close to my female cousins, and was around them often. Many times I
would play with dolls with them, or dressed up with them. The only problem with this was that I
was a boy. I always felt guilty and insecure about playing with my cousins because afterwards I
would always get told by my dad and my uncle that "dolls were for girls only." This affected my
mental state as I was being told at a young age that I was behaving like someone I was not suppose
to be. These comments propelled me to behave more like my other cousins who were boys, and for
the most part took part in sports and who fitted into the masculine standard. This transition greatly
affected me as it made me take part in activities such as basketball and baseball, which I hardly
enjoyed but only took part in it because I was a boy. For a few years I played sports, but was
miserable every moment I was on the court or field. After frustration and dissatisfaction, I decided I
was tired of participating in activities that I didn't enjoy and only joined so that way I could be
"normal." It wasn't until this decision that I slowly made the transition into behaving like

Examples Of Theoretical Constructs
Theoretical Constructs Personality theories differ from the perspectives of theorists. Each theorist
describes and perceives personality according to their understanding. Therefore, the essay provides
a number of different perspectives regarding the case of John. Therefore, when evaluating the case
of John one ought to decide which approach to use.
Phenomenological Theorists The phenomenological theory is also identified as a humanistic theory.
Through the phenomenological theory, a person constructs an exclusive world. The theory of
phenomenological theory by Carl Rogers is centered on the theory of Snygg and Combs. Human
motivation stands as the main drive that steers towards growth promoting individuals to fulfill their
natural and unique ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Through the phenomenology theory, the thinking of the patient gets analyzed in order to identify the
ideal situation from the felt situation. Through the phenomenological theory, behavior is triggered
by past experiences. In the case of John, his behavior may be linked to his experiences with the male
genome in his family. His father and grandfather committed suicide in the early 30s. It is normal for
the behavior of John to change in regard to this past experiences. Past experiences determine the
manner in which one perceives and sees the event as well as the reaction to provide to it. John does
not show any signs of thoughts or perception linked to committing suicide. However, the anxiety
and depression that he has may be linked to the past experiences that have occurred in his life.
Reality in John's life is centered to his unique behavior where he believes that he will commit
suicide but does not talk about since it stands as a normal thing for a male in his family. Therefore,
in reference to the phenomenological theory, personal positive growth may be industrialized through
understanding the phenomenological worlds of the patient (Vandenbos, Meidenbauer, & Frank–
McNeil,

The Roots Of Theoretical Constructs
The roots of theoretical constructs of SNA in graph theory has led to the use of mathematical
concepts being borrowed and built upon to suit its needs. As mentioned before, a graph is a
collection of nodes, strung together by edges. Hence, to get from one node to the next, one needs to
travel along the edges. The number of edges traversed to reach from one node to another forms the
notion of distance in graphs. More specifically, the geodesic distance, d(u,v), between two nodes is
defined as the length of the shortest path between them (Bouttier et al. 2003). The conceptualization
of 'distance' as the number of intermediate edges between nodes, capture the way nodes are
embedded in the network (Hanneman & Riddle 2005, p.77). In terms of a social systems, being
friends with an important person is always beneficial, as it potentially makes you 'closer' to many
people in the network [Needs explanation?]. In SNA, the edges connecting two vertices are usually
un–weighted. However, in certain application scenarios, the edges may have weights associated
with them to represent factors like strength of a tie, or probability of forming a tie, or in case of
spatial social networks, the geographic distance between the nodes. The weights on the edges adds
another layer to the conceptualization of distance, and the geodesic distance calculation then, needs
to account for the weights of the edges. If there is no path connecting the two vertices, i.e., if they
belong to different connected

Race A Social Construct
A relatively recent topic, meaning in the last one hundred year, within society is the concept of race
and if it is biologically true, this meaning that evidence suggests a biological reason behind the
different categories of race that are independent from social, economical, or personal views. This
type of discussion can raise many concerns, questioning the possible social constructs revolving
around race and its reason for being used in society today. An article, written by the American
Association of Physical Anthropologists, points out that early anthropology and biology alike
assume that race is real based upon "obvious physical features such as skin color, features of the
face, shape and size of the body, and the underlying skeleton." ... Show more content on
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Similarly, because the human race has a rich history of migration, even forming categories of
humans based on pure location can be specious. That being said, while categorizing humans into
groups based on factors such as location or features, one must be always aware that these are pure
social constructs based upon a culturally defined groups, whereas things such as language, religion,
and economy status do not constitute biological

Stereotypes Of A Personal Construct
Each of us builds a "picture" on how we feel and look at another person, which in turn outputs an
opinion or stereotype. We will call this personal construct in this paper. Personal constructs are
specific descriptions of others that people assigns personally from their own experience and
knowledge. Similarly Trenholm (2014) defines personal constructs as "characteristics that we
habitually notice in others" (p. 47). You know the old saying, "what you don't know, won't hurt
you"? With personal constructs, if you don't understand your own constructs it could hurt your
ability to communicate with others by being unfair. For me to understand when I'm using personal
construct constructively or negatively I must understand what kind of ... Show more content on
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I tend to get to know a person before making a judgment. I develop my constructs after I initially
have some interaction and test the person out. Since I am in the military and have such a diverse
group of people coming and going on a constant rotation, I believe it has trained me to have a
"blank canvas" when I first meet a person and follow on with a construct after the fact. I also look at
men and women as equal and no one over the other. I believe this is a fair way of judging people by
seeing what they can do and how they act first instead of "first impressions". Adequate assessments
of people I meet develop over time. But, when I say this, I base my assessment against the values
that are important to me. I realize, for someone else labelling these people, their view may differ
than mine; adjectives opposite of mine.
When judging myself I feel I did not judge myself more favorably. I obviously judged myself better
than the person I dislike and my coworker, but again, they don't carry the values that are the most
important to me. The adjectives I used to explain both of them are the same adjectives I could use to
explain the previous unhappy things in my life while growing up, hence why I don't want to
converse or hangout with them. The rest of the group had qualities I respect and similar to some of
my own

Social Construct
Social scientists define social construct as a social mechanism, phenomenon or category created and
developed by society; a perception of an individual, group, or idea that is constructed through
cultural or social practice. Social constructs or social constructions define meanings, notions, or
connotations that are assigned to objects and events in the environment and to people's notions of
their relationships to and interactions with these objects. In the domain of social constructionist
thought, a social construct is an idea or notion that appears to be natural and obvious to people who
accept it but may or may not represent reality, so it remains largely an invention or artifice of a
given society. Depending on the constructionist perspective, ... Show more content on
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Another example is the scientific racism; this comes out when they start to measure brains and other
body parts to compare it to animals. Whites are seen as advantaged, and non–whites are inherently
viewed as poor, uneducated, violent criminals.
In conclusion, race has been proven to be a social construction, as defined by social scientists. To
compare a black man to an orangutan is humiliating and dehumanizes blacks as whole. This tactic
benefited elite whites for centuries, justifying black oppression. And when less–desirable whites are
then compared to blacks, this divides blacks and whites that were otherwise basically of the same
social class. Race is advantageous for social elites when it most convenient for them: to either bring
people together, or to divide and

Identifying Constructs
In order to explore our research question we must first identify and define the relevant constructs, in
doing so we will also identify psychological measures and determine the validity of the constructs.
Constructs are defined as ... (come back if you need padding) Psychological measurement refers to
scores assigned to individuals to describe some characteristic of the individual. In turn that
characteristics are used to define the construct, which refers to an informed concept that explains or
describes a given behaviour. Construct validity refers to how well the psychological measures
represent a given construct.
In relation to the research question, there are two easily identified constructs, Binocular depth
perception, and susceptibility to Schizotypy. Conceptually we can define binocular depth perception
as the ability of the individual to judge the distance of an object with the visual field relative to
themselves and other objects using the dissonance between the visual inputs from either eye. In
reality, we could understand schizotypy using established ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Taken at face value the constructs appear to be valid, but the content of the schizotypy construct is
somewhat questionable. I attribute this to my gross oversimplification of a complicated construct.
Similarly, at a glance, it is obvious that there may be issues with the validity of our measure of
schizotypy. The survey wouldn't be as definitive as medical diagnoses or simple assessment from a
mental healthcare professional. We could rectify this by having participants that are indicated to be
high risk assessed by a professional as well, but this would likely be an expensive undertaking.
Since the research project is hypothetical we don't have to adhere to a budget, but assuming the
survey is validated by outside sources before we implement it there shouldn't be a need to assess the
participants

Examples Of Social Constructs
Social Constructs: The truth is nothing is true I am a girl and I wear short shorts. I am a girl and I
sometimes drink until five am in the morning. I am a girl and I may or may not have a thing for
other girls. Is there something wrong with me? I don't think so, but some of you might think
otherwise. It's okay, I understand. I understand that most of you don't understand; which is why I'm
here. "Girls should cover up", "girls should not be drinking in the first place, let alone go home at
five am", and "girls should be with boys", because as the saying goes "Adam is for Eve, not Adam is
for Steve," which is a pretty messed up statement, if I might add. Who's to say how I'm living my
life is wrong? Who's to say that what I'm doing is not

NIRA Leadership Construct
The NIRA leadership construct consists of a seven–member Army Council that leads several small,
tight–knit, covert cells. In a 2011 report, the British government ascertained NIRA did not have
complete control, but often utilized threats and violence to keep subordinate cells in line. In the
evolution of Irish VDR groups, many leaders of the current–day NIRA have been former members
of other IRA variants. Michael McKevitt and Liam Campbell alike were former members of the
PIRA and from the border town of Dundalk, where many dissident republicans originate from.
Beyond McKevitt and Campbell, many NIRA leaders and council members are not known to the
public. Often names and identities are only discovered after a leader is killed or arrested.

Crime Social Construct
Crime is a social construct because it is an idea that is established by a society to control the
behaviors of the people within the society ("Radical Concept of Crime"). What is considered to be
criminal varies within different area and cultures and even time. Things that were legal two hundred
years ago are illegal now. For example, in the 18th and 19th century when slavery was allowed in
America, there were a lot of people who saw nothing wrong with it because they had been
socialized to accept and justify it. If you ask most Americans now about slavery, they would say that
it was a tragedy or that they just cannot understand how it happened. This is because we are now
being socialized to think of slavery as wrong. Even though many citizens ... Show more content on
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It is dangerous to disrupt an established organization without a carefully thought out plan for what
will happen after. V's plan to disrupt the government could have hurt all of his followers if he wasn't
successful. It could also hurt them now that he is gone, because there is not a clear leader, and no
one is really in charge anymore. Leadership is necessary so that someone can be held responsible for
the actions of the community. That's why a lot of coup d'états do not ended up being successful
regimes. It is easier to tear things down than to build them up. When V blew up a building, someone
could have gotten hurt. In the film, V is initially called a terrorist by the government, even though
the first scene that he is in involves him saving someone from being attacked police officers (James
McTeigue, V for Vendetta). The terrorism takes on different meanings to different people. Although
terrorism is usually thought of as blowing up buildings, governments generally use the term to
describe people who are going against them. Terrorism is usually defined as inciting fear for
political gain, and is often used by people in power to describe actions of people without power
("Radical Concept of

Race Social Construct
For many centuries, scientists have debated over the concept of race. For most of the 19th and 20th
Centuries, Race was categorised as a biological concept. It wasn't till the middle of the 20th century
where scientists began to rethink the notion and view race as more of a social construct race. Race
will be thoroughly looked at in this study as both a biological and social construct and finally
examined as to why it is still seen as socially significant. This essay will show that race is a socially
significant and powerful because people naturally create categories, especially when it has to do
with the characteristics of a person.
What is Race?
Matsumoto and Juang (cited in Yee, Fairchild, Weizman & Wyatt 1993, p.20) suggest that there ...
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o Analysed culture could be linked to biology and related to different cultural levels. o Races could
have reached the evolutionary stage of Homo sapiens at different times. (The Scientific Fallacy of
race Gianfranco Biondo, Olga Rickards Biological) o Europeans and Asians more advanced as they
had been in civilisation longer than Africans. (The Scientific Fallacy of race Gianfranco Biondo,
Olga Rickards Biological) o Everyone Knows It's a Social Construct": Contemporary Science and
the Nature of Race Ann Morning o Biological Reality or Social Construct? Robin 0. Andreasent
– Arguments against Race as a

Labor Is Not A Simple Construct
Essay #3:
Labor is not a simple construct. It is made up of a multitude of people with unique background and
traits. While these people worked hard, it was not always easy to be treated justly. Many important
events arose along labor's growth in the United States encompassing identifiers such as race, class
and gender. These different areas are an integral part of labor and will continue to be. Most of these
identities overlap at certain points but it is worth mentioning them separately as each individual
aspect of labor contributed a substantial amount to further the progress of labor within the United
States even through the most difficult times. Gender, Race, and Class have played an important part
in shaping U.S Labor history.
One of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This in turn led the company to exploit their women workers by instituting speedups and a 20%
paycut. Led by Sarah Bagley in 1845, 70 female workers walked out of the factory and demanded to
the MA legislature for a 10–hour work day. While this ultimately failed and led to the company
hiring more immigrant laborers that were willing to take the pay cut, it opened the door for women
to fight for their rights at their workplaces. In 1860, women once again played an important role in
labor. The Lynn Strike of 1860 would not have been as effective if it were not for women. Women
helped form the "social networks that made the demonstrations even possible." They also held their
own female–only rallies that carried signs that demanded they not be treated like slaves and if they
are given fair compensation then they would be more than happy to return to work. Women would
ultimately abandon the strike resulting in its failure. During the Progressive Era, women like Jane
Addams and Ida B. Wells were activists for the people, including labor, by the former setting up
settlement housing and the latter writing pamphlets on lynching that would shock the world. Women
emerge again in full force during WWII. Before WWII, 15.9 million women were employed and
during the peak of the war 19.5 million women contributed to the war effort back home. After the

Pros Of Construct Validity
There are four validity types that build on one another. Conclusion and internal refer to the
observation on the bottom, the construct emphasizes the link between the bottom and top, the
external is concerned about the range of theory on top. Conclusion Validity questions the
relationship between two variables. Internal Validity assumes there is a relationship that may be
casual in the study. Construct Validity assumes the casual relationship in the study. It asks if you can
claim that a program reflected positively and that the measure reflected positively on the idea of the
construct of measure. External Validity assumes there is a casual relationship and between the
constructs of cause and effect, and generalization

Virginity Is A Social Construct
Virginity is a social construct that has various definitions and values from different people in the
United States. I am conducting my research based on the question of whether the concept of losing
one's virginity is valued differently among males and females in the United States, regardless of
their sexual orientation.
The subject of virginity in the United States has changed immensely throughout the years. With the
emerge of new social aspects such as feminism and gay rights movements, the value of the term has
altered meanings. (Carpenter, 2002) Numerous studies were conducted in the 1970s and 1980s on
sexuality. The results indicated that "young women, while more permissive than in previous
decades, continued to value virginity, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Barnett, 2017, 102) To summarize this, some people may feel pressured that their first time will
impact the rest of their life. That same researcher focused on gender with virginity in a different
article they conducted and indicated that "gender differences play a meaningful role in
understanding sexual definitions". (Barnett, 2017, 204) This article helped me to elaborate on my
research question, and the subject of gender influence will be my main focus as I perform interview
questions.
The Sterk article was highly informative for understanding how to conduct my interview process. I
understood that in order to obtain the best responses you must not abruptly ask the questions right
away. She mentioned how she gained relations with everyone she interviewed before even asking
any questions. It is also important to have open–ended questions, as that will provide supplementary
responses to use in your research. I hope to ask insightful questions that will allow those I interview
to reflect and rethink about gender differences relating to virginity.
I am going to interview students in my classes to reach the requirement of someone 18–30 years of
age. I'm hoping that students will be willing to partake in my project. I will reiterate that I will not
be asking about their sexual history, when they lost their virginity, or their sexual orientation, to
ensure comfort and safety. I would like those I interview to feel comfortable about

Construct Validity Analysis
that of what is expected to see if the answers compare to that of what is expected. This allows for
individuals to answer, as they desire to see if they are fit for the position. The aptitude test has
various different types of categories that would be tested ensure that it is not being subjective.
("Aptitude Tests– Introduction" Psychometric success) The situation test, will help evaluate if
individuals can put their self into the specific situation and see if they are able to address it in a
positive manner. This allows for the assessment to evaluate in all aspects of how an individual
would react. The test consists of a series of work–based scenarios that an individual can possibly
come across within the position. These scenarios can test ethical issues as well as difficulties with
colleagues and clients. Through this, it can be evaluated if the individual has key competencies that
are essential for the position. This test will ensure that candidates can ... Show more content on
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Construct validity identifies how well a test has measured its claims. Construct validity ensures that
when a specific subject is being measured, there is no interference. For example; within the position
at TD Bank, when personality factors are being measured such as if the individual is going through
depression, the test should only measure that category without relating it to other components such
as anxiety. By doing so, the test will ensure that construct validity is valid. The aptitude test will
ensure that it does not have misleading question, nor will there be specific questions as the example
above. The test will ensure that it is testing exactly the purpose of the test rather than other

Examples Of Proactive Personality Construct

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