The document outlines the types and functions of intake structures used in water supply projects, which draw water from various sources like rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. It discusses key considerations for selecting intake locations to ensure water quality and accessibility, and reviews different types of intakes including submerged, exposed, wet, and dry intakes. Additionally, the document addresses the conveyance of water to treatment plants and the types of pipes commonly used for this purpose.

1. Environmental Engineering- I
By
Akash Padole
Department of Civil Engineering
Types of Intake Structures

2. • In any water supply project the first step is to select
the source of water from which water is drawn.
• The device installed for the purpose of drawing water
from the source are called Intakes or Intake
Structures.
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4. • The basic function of intake structure is to help in
safely withdrawing water from the source and then
to discharge this water in to the withdrawal conduit,
through which it reaches the water treatment plant.
• It is constructed at the entrance of the withdrawal
conduit and thereby protecting it from being
damaged/clogged by ice, debris.
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5. • Sometimes from reservoirs where gravity flow is
possible, water is directly transmitted to the
treatment plant through intake structure.
• If gravity flow is not possible, water entering intake
structure is lifted by pumps and taken to the
treatment plant
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6. Typical Intake Structure
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7. Selecting Location of Intake Structure
• Site should be near the treatment plant to reduce
conveyance cost.
• Intake must be located in the purer zone of the
source so that best quality water is withdrawn from
source to reduce the load on the treatment plant.
• Intake must never be located in the vicinity of waste
water disposal point.
• Intake must never be located near the navigation
channels so as to reduce chances of pollution due to
waste discharge from ships.
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8. • Intake must be located at a place from where it can
draw water even during the driest period of the year.
• The intake site should remain easily accessible during
floods and should not get flooded.
• The site should be such as to permit greater
withdrawal of water, if required in future.
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10. Intakes for Collecting Surface Water
Types of Intakes
 According to position of Intake
• Submerged Intake
• Exposed Intake
 According to presence of water in the tower
• Wet Intake
• Dry Intake
 According to type of source
• River Intake
• Canal Intake
• Reservoir Intake
• Lake Intake 10
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11. According to position of Intake
(a) Submerged Intake
(b) Exposed Intake
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12. Submerged Intake
• The submerged Intake structures are those which are
constructed entirely under water.
• They are less expensive to construct but are difficult
to maintain.
• Such intakes are commonly used to obtain water
from lakes
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13. Rock Filled Timber Crib -Submerged Intake
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14. • The Exposed intakes is in the form of well or tower
constructed near the bank of river or in some cases
even away from the bank of river.
• They are more common due to ease in operation and
maintenance.
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15. According to presence of water in the tower
a) Wet Intake
b) Dry Intake
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16. Wet intake
• It consist of a concrete circular shell filled with water
up to the reservoir level and has a vertical inside
shaft which is connected to the withdrawal pipe.
• The withdrawal pipe may lie over the bed of the
rivers or may be in the form of tunnels below the
river bed.
• Openings are made in to the outer concrete shell as
well as, in to the inside shaft.
• Gates are usually placed on the shaft, so as to control
the flow of water in to the shaft and the withdrawal
conduit.
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18. Dry Intake
• The water is directly drawn in to the withdrawal
conduit through the gated entry ports.
• It has no water inside the tower if its gates are closed.
• It must be of heavier construction than wet intake
tower.
• They are useful since water can be withdrawn from
any selected level of the reservoir by opening the
port at that level.
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20. According to type of source
• River Intake
• Canal Intake
• Reservoir Intake
• Lake Intake
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21. River Intake
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23. River Intake
(1) Twin well type of intake structure
(2) Single well type of intake structure.
They can be classified in to two types
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24. (1) Twin well type of intake structure
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25. (2) Single well type of intake structure
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26. Canal Intake
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27. Reservoir Intake
• When the flow in the river is not guarantee
throughout the year, a dam is constructed across
the river to store the water in the reservoir so
formed.
• Reservoir Intakes essentially consists of an Intake
tower constructed on the slope of Dam at such a
place where Intake can draw water in sufficient
quantity even in the driest period.
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28. • Intake pipes are fixed at different levels, so as to
draw water near the surface in all variations of
water levels.
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32. Lake Intake
• These Intakes are constructed in the bed of lake
below the low water level so as to draw water
even in dry season.
• It mainly consist of a pipe laid in the bed of the
lake.
• One end of the pipe which is in middle of the
lake is fitted with bell mouth opening covered
with a mesh and protected timber or concrete
crib.
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33. Lake Intake
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34. Bell mouth
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38. Conveyance of Water
• Water is drawn from the sources by Intakes.
• After it’s drawing the next problem is to carry it to
the treatment plant which is located usually within
city limits.
• Therefore after collection, the water is conveyed to
the city by mean of conduits.
• If the source is at higher elevation than the
treatment plant, the water can flow under
gravitational force.
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39. • For the conveyance of water at such places we can
use open channel, aqueduct or pipe line.
• Mostly it has been seen that the water level in the
source is at lower elevation than the treatment plant,
In such case water can be conveyed by means of
closed pipes under pressure
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41. Open Channels
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42. Aqueducts
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43. Tunnels
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44. Pipes
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45. Following types of pipes are commonly Used:
• Cast Iron Pipes
• Wrought Iron pipes
• Steel Pipes
• Concrete Pipes
• Plastic or PVC pipes
• Asbestos cement pipes
• Copper and lead pipes
• Wooden pipes
• Vitrified Clay pipes
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