What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of e-finance over traditional fina (Usually it is easier to explain using examples) Solution Advantages Cost Effectiveness: The entire financial transactions will eventually become electronic, so sooner conversion is going to be lower on cost. It makes every transaction through e-commerce payment a lot cheaper. Higher Margin: E-commerce also enables us to move better with higher margin for more business safety. Higher margin also means business with more control as well as flexibility. You can also save time from the e-commerce. Better Productivity: Productivity here means productivity for both companies and customers. People like to find answers online because it is faster and cheaper, and it costs a lot cheaper expense as well for the company. Quick Comparison: E-commerce also enables us to compare price among several providers. In the end, it leads us to smart shopping. People can save more money while they shop. Economy Benefit:E-commerce allows us to make transaction without any needs on stores, infrastructure investment, and other common things we find. Companies only need well built website and customer service. Disadvantages Security:Customers need to be confident and trust the provider of payment method. Sometimes, we can be tricked. Examine on integrity and reputation of the web stores before you decide to buy. Scalability of System:A company definitely needs a well developed website to support numbers of customers at a time. If your web destination is not well enough, you better forget it. Integrity on Data and System:Customers need secure access all the time. In addition to it, protection to data is also essential. Unless the transaction can provide it, we should refuse for e- commerce. Products People:People who prefer and focus on product will not buy online. They prefer to check the real product before purchasing it. Customer Service and Relation Problem:They sometimes forget how essential to build loyal relationship with customers. Without loyalty from customers, they will not survive the business..

1. What are the areas in Transportation Engineering, where Civil Engineer's service is required?
and mention three functions of each?
Solution
There are so many areas in Transportation Engineering where civil engineers are required. These
are mentioned below:-
1) Surveying:-
(i) surveys are conducted to find out a short route and most economical route for a new highway
project (ii) Levelling survey is carried out to estimate the quantity of cutting and filling work.
(iii) A good knowledge of surveying is needed when a curve is setting out on a road.
2) Planning & Design:
(i) Planning engineers determine and develop the most suitable and economical construction and
engineering methods for projects. (ii) The Responsibility of the planning engineer to estimate a
timescale for a project and to ensure that the outlined deadlines are met (iii) Design engineer
decides all the geometric parameters like sight distance, gradient, camber,road margins and
superelevation etc.
3) Site supervision:
(i) Site engineer ensures that construction work is being as per drawing. (ii) He checks all the
structural part that these are in proper dimension and form. (iii) He deals with all the technical
issues happening on site and provide his advice.
4) Highway maintenance:
(i) Maintenance of bridges, roads and tunnels ensures the safety of people and goods. (ii)A
highway maintenance engineer ensures that highways and roads stay in safe and working
condition (iii) A highway maintenance engineer must complete a variety of tasks on these
roadways including regular maintenance, snow and ice removal, creating dividing lines, and
fixing any defects in the road (such as potholes caused by wear and tear and extreme weather).
5) Quality control:
(i) There are various tests to be conducted to ensure quality of materials and soil with in
standards. (ii) Quality control lab is set up by civil engineer expert in various necessary tests. he
calibrates test apparatus time to time to ensure accuracy. (iii) Material made by third party is
checked and ensured for its quality and reliability.
6) Traffic engineering:
(i) Traffic engineers deals with the design and operation elements of roadways and the traffic

2. signs and signals that direct drivers. (ii) he studies situations to make sure stoplights or stop signs
are placed at the appropriate intersections, and he ensures that speed limits make sense for the
unique conditions of each roadway. (iii)They work on the design of new roads, highway and
expressways to maximize their capabilities handling the traffic expected to travel on them.
7) Railway engineering:
(i) Railway engineers deals with the design, construction, and operation of railways. (ii) they
perform some typical tasks like determining horizontal and vertical alignment design, station
location and design, construction cost estimating, and establishment of signalling & controlling
system (iii) They research for track modernization and speed enhancement techniques.
8) tunnel Construction:
(i) A tunnel can be for pedestrian or vehicular road traffic, for rail traffic, or for a canal.
(ii)Some tunnels are used as aqueducts to supply water for consumption or for hydroelectric
stations
(iii)Secret tunnels are built for military purposes
9) Airport Engineering:
(i) Airport Engineers deals with the the planning, design, and construction of terminals, runways,
and navigation aids to provide for passenger and freight service. (ii)Airport engineers design and
construct airports (iii)analysis of predominant wind direction to determine runway orientation,
determine the size of runway border and safety areas,