exam related solution

1. ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SAGAR DOBARIYA
Asst. professor
Civil Engineering Department
Om Engineering College, Junagadh

2. INTRODUCTION

3.  Definition : “Civil engineering is the art of directing the
great sources of power in nature for the use and
convenience of man”
 One of the oldest of the engineering professions
 Includes the designing, planning, construction, and
maintenance of the infrastructure
 Works include roads, bridges, buildings, dams, canals,
water supply
 Concerned with determining the right design for these
structures and looking after the construction process
 Egyptian pyramids and Roman road systems are based on
civil engineering principles

4. civil engineering structures

6. 1. Surveying and Leveling
2. Building, planning and construction
3. Advanced construction
4. Structural engineering
5. Geotechnical engineering
6. Water resources engineering
7. Transportation engineering
8. Environmental engineering
9. Town planning

7.  Surveying includes measurements of distance and
angles in horizontal and vertical planes, while leveling
is the measurement of heights in vertical plane.
 Basic aim of surveying is to prepare a map of the area
to some scale.
 The instrument used for survey is chain, taps, compass,
level and theodolite etc.
 Surveying is useful for fix alignment of road, railway
and canal.
 The modern instrument of surveying is Electronics total
station and Global positioning system (GPS)

9.  Building are planned according to the fundamental
principles of planning and bye-laws of local municipal
bodies.
 Building planning requires basic knowledge of
principle of architecture.
 Main components of building is foundation, masonry,
doors, windows, stairs, floors and roofs etc.
 Material used for building construction is bricks, stone,
limes, cement, sand, aggregate, mortar, concrete, steel,
wood, tiles, glass and plastic etc.
 Building types is residential, commercial, industrial etc.

11.  Construction of dams, bridges, tunnels, ports, etc. to
requires several advanced techniques of construction.
 Under water construction required special type of
equipments.
 Used advanced construction equipment is power
shovel, dragline, bulldozers, etc.

12.  This branch of civil engineering deals with the
structural analyses and design of structures.
 Structural analysis is done to calculate stresses in the
structural components on the bases of load acting on
structures.
 Structural elements like beams, columns, and slab. This
components are caring a heavy loads.

13.  Geotechnical engineering is that field of civil
engineering which deals with soil investigation and
design of proper foundations of structure.
 Foundation of building types like simple footing, raft
foundation, steel grillage foundation.
 Geotechnical engineering includes measurement of soil
parameters and safe bearing capacity.

14.  Water resources engineering means measurements,
utilization, and development of water resources for
agriculture, municipal and power generation purpose.
 It mainly includes irrigation engineering, design of
hydraulic structures like dam, canal and water power
engineering.
 Hydrology is also part of water resources engineering.
 Hydrology includes study of sources of water,
measurement of rain fall, flood and flood controls.
 Rain water harvesting is main techniques of water
conservation system.

16.  Transportation means movement of passengers and
goods by means of vehicles on land, ship on water, and
aircrafts in air.
 Main three types of transportation land way, water way
and air way.
 Land way transportation include by road way and
railway.
 It is also includes traffic engineering.

17.  The main scope of civil engineering or the task of civil
engineering is planning, designing, estimating,
supervising construction, managing construction,
executing and maintenance of structure.
 There are two types of scope :
1. according to the field of work, area of services and
type of the structure
2. functions of civil engineering

18. 1. Building construction
2. Construction of heavy structures
3. Geotechnical engineering
4. Transportation engineering
5. Water resources engineering
6. Environmental engineering
7. Town planning

19. 1. Building construction
 Constructing residential buildings like apartments, tenements,
flats, raw houses, bungalows, villas etc.
 Constructing public building like school, college, government
offices, hospitals, shopping mall, hostel.
 Constructing industrial building like work shop, storage and
industrial sheds.
2.Construction of heavy structures
 Constructing bridges, dams, airport, under water construction,
tunnels, cofferdam, well foundation etc.
 With advanced construction techniques
 It is also study of several advanced techniques, modern
equipments and materials.

20. 3. Geotechnical engineering
 Main scope of geotechnical engineering is constructing several
types of foundation like footing, well foundation, pile foundation,
coffer dam and foundation of machines subjected to vibrations.
 To constructing tunnels, earthen dam, earth work for highway and
railway. It is also study for soil investigation and testing.
4. Transportation engineering
 Constructing structures related to the transportation engineering
like roads, railway, bridges, tunnels, ports, harbors, runways and
airports.
 It is also study for traffic engineering and highway materials.

21. 5. Water resources engineering
 Constructing structures relating to water resources engineering like
dams, canals and hydro power station.
 It is also includes irrigation method, rain water harvesting, soil
conservation, hydrology, flood and flood control methods.
6. Environmental engineering
 Constructing structures relating to public health engineering like units of
water treatment plant, water distribution network, under ground water
tank, over head tank and sewerage and drainage system
 It is also include population control and solid west management.
7. Town planning
 Planning of the town by zoning of the land, planning road network,
water ser vices.
 Preparing master plan of town planning schemes and regulating
construction by building by laws.

22. 1. Surveying
2. Planning
3. Structural analyses and design
4. Professional practice
5. Construction management
6. Quality control and research
7. Maintenance of structure

23. 1.Surveying
 To surveying for setting out of works and for preparing
map of land.
 To leveling for measure levels and to prepare contour
map.
 To measurement of distance and angle with help of
surveying instruments.
2. Planning
 Planning of the different units according their functional
needs.
 To prepare plan with help of data collection.
3. Structural analyses and design
 Structure design of the structure by selecting the type of
material like concrete or steel and fixing the size and
shape of various structural components (beam, coloumn)
 Structural analyses is required prior to the designing of
the structure.

24. 4.Professional practices
(a) Estimating:
 to prepare estimate of work.
 estimates are prepared from data of drawings, specifications, rates etc.
 The procedure for preparing estimate is known as estimating.
(b) Costing and accounts:
 To carry out costing to know the actual expenditure in the payment of bills
to the contractor and many expenditure during construction of the work.
(c) Valuation:
 To carry out valuation of the property like land or land with building.
 Valuation is carried out for the purpose of knowing the fair and just price or
market value of the property for sales, purchases, insurance, loan and other
purpose.
(d) Contracts:
 Construction of work through contractor according to the condition of the
contract.
 On the base of contractor's qualification, past performance and filled a
tender papers.

25. 5.Construction management
(a) Planning and Scheduling:
 To carry out project planning and prepare different schedules.
 Scheduling is the procedure of fixing the order of different
activities during construction.
 Using bar chart method and CPM method.
(b) Construction execution and supervision:
 To carry out actual execution of the construction of the
structure and to supervise the progress of the work as per the
plan, design and specification.
 It is also includes observing labor laws and safety precautions.

26. 6. Quality control and research
 To have a quality check by testing of material and checking
workmanship.
 During the actual construction quality of the material can be
checked by testing the various properties of the material.
 Materials should comply the need of specifications.
 Workmanship like dimension, levels and finishing is also
required to be checked.
7. Maintenance of structure
 To carry out the maintenance of structure after the
construction is over.
 Structure needs maintenance and proper care.
 Repair works are required to protect the structure to make
them free from effects of damage.

27.  The main role of civil engineer is in surveying, planning,
designing, estimating and execution of structures like road,
building, dams etc.
 To solve different engineering problems with the help of field
experience, laboratory techniques, numerical method and
mathematical models.
 To implement management technique for better management of
man; material, machine and money.
 To carry out surveying and leveling with survey instruments for
setting out of works and preparing map or contour map.
 To fix boundaries of plots and calculate area and volume.
 To fix alignments of roads, railway, canals, and pipes.
 To carry out soil investigation for the design of foundation of
structure.

28.  To carry out planning of building as per its functional
needs, as suggest by user. Building may be residential,
public and industrial.
 To carry out design of structure as per the principle of
structural analysis and design.
 To carry out quantities survey and prepare estimate to
know probable cost of work.
 To invite tender and to select contracture for the work.
 To supervise the work during progress of work.
 To carry out valuation of land or building for the
purpose of sale or purchase or taxation.
 To carry out testing of materials and making a testing
reports.

30.  Infrastructure is define “the infrastructural sector covers a wide
range of services such as
1.Transportation which includes road, railway, airport etc.
2.Water resources projects
3.power generation
4.Telecommunication
5.Postal facilities
6.Banking
7.Science and technology
 Infrastructure is backbone of nation’s progress.
 Infrastructure is main engine of economic progress.
 For economic and industrial development of a nation to need a
good infrastructure development.

31.  During 11th five year plan (2007-2012) o estimate
investment requirement on infrastructure is near about
rs. 14,50,000 crore.
 Well development infrastructural facility are the key to
development of any nation.
 Most of infrastructural project are relating to
construction of transportation system and heavy
construction.
 In india due to resent development in infrastructure
sector country has well progressed.
 Per capita income and gross domestic product are the
economic measure for assessment of development

32. Per capita income :
 Per capita income is the average income of normal
residential of a country in a particular year.
 It is obtained by dividing national income of a country
by its population.
Gross domestic product (GDP) :
 Gross domestic product at market price is the value of
all fixed goods and services at prices prevailing in the
market product in the domestic territory of a country
during a given year.