The document discusses the ecological model of health behavior. It provides a history of ecological models emerging from various disciplines that converged to form the foundations of health promotion. The core concepts are described as behavior being influenced by multiple levels, including intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, community and public policy levels. Applications to tobacco control and diabetes management are outlined at each level. Strengths include a focus on multiple influences and environmental/policy interventions, while weaknesses involve lack of specificity about influences and interaction across levels.

2. 
Analyze and understand Ecological Model of Health
Behavior
Analyze and understand four core principle of Ecological
Model of Health Behavior
Analyze and describe applications Ecological Model of
Health Behavior
Understand how Ecological model can be guided in
research.
Understand strengthen and limitation Ecological Model of
Health Behavior
Objectives

3. History of Ecological Model

Ecological models have a long history as they
emerged from developments in many disciplines and
fields (e.g., public health, sociology, biology, education,
psychology), which in turn converged to form the
ecological and behavioral foundations of health
promotion

4. History of Ecological Model

Ecology (derived from the biological sciences):
Describes the complex interrelationships among
organisms and the environment in which they are
embedded
Social Ecology
The study of the influence of the social context on
behavior, including institutional and cultural
variables (Sallis & Owen, 2002)

5. History of Ecological Model

Ecological models, have evolved in behavioral sciences
and public health, focus on the nature of people’s
transactions with their physical and socio cultural
surroundings that is environments.

6. History of Ecological Model

 In the past two decades, there has been a dramatic
increase in interest in, and application of ecological
models in research and practice, due in part to their
promise for guiding comprehensive population wide
approaches to changing behaviors that will reduce
serious and prevalent health problems.

7. History of Ecological Model
Models designed to explain 
behavior
Kurt Lewin
(1951)
Kurt Lewin (1951)
“Ecological
psychology”
Roger Barker
(1968)
Environmental
Psychology
Rudolph
Moos (1980
Social Ecology
Urie
Bronfenbren
ner (1979)
Systems
Theory
Thomas
Glass and
Matthew
McAtee
(2006)
Ecosocial Model
Models designed to guide behavior
interventions
B. F. Skinner (1953) Operant Learning Theory
Albert Bandura
(1986)
Ecological Model of
Health Behavior
Kenneth McLeroy
and others (1988)
Ecological Model of
Health Behavior
Daniel Stokols
(1992, 2003)
Social Ecology Model
for Health Promotion
Deborah Cohen and
others (2000)
Structural-Ecological
Model
Brian Flay and
Genes and J.
Petraitis (1994)
Theory of Triadic
Influence
Karen Glanz and
others (2005)
Model of Community
Food Environments
Edwin Fisher and
Resources and Skills

8. What is the Ecological Model,,,?

Ecological models of health behavior is a Model which
emphasize the environmental and policy contexts of
behavior, while incorporating social and psychological
influences.
Ecological models lead to the explicit consideration of
multiple levels of influence, thereby guiding the
development of more comprehensive interventions

9. What is the Ecological Model,,,?

Ecological models are believed to provide
comprehensive frameworks for understanding the
multiple and interacting determinants of health
behaviors.
More important, ecological models can be used to
develop comprehensive intervention approaches that
systematically target mechanisms of change at each
level of influence

10. What is the Ecological Model,,,?

The core concept of an ecological model is that
behavior has multiple levels of influences, often
including intrapersonal (biological, psychological),
interpersonal (social, cultural), organizational,
community, physical environmental, and policy.

11. Five levels in Ecological Model

Intr
aper
sona
l
Inter
perso
nal
Organi
zationa
l
Comm
unity
Public
Policy
What level aren’t
here,,,?

12. Five levels in Ecological Model
Level of influence Description

Intrapersonal
Individual, personal
Individual characteristics that
influence behavior: Knowledge,
skills, self-efficacy
Interpersonal
Family, friends, peers
Interpersonal processes and groups
providing identity and support
Organizational
Churches, stores,
community orgs
Rules, regulation, policies, structures
constraining or promote behaviors
Community
Social networks
Community norms (community
regulations)
Public policy
Local, state, federal
Policies and laws that regulate or
support healthy practices/actions

13. What is the Ecological Model,,,?


14. Four core principles of ecological models
of health behavior are proposed:

 There are multiple influences on specific health behaviors,
including factors at the intrapersonal, interpersonal,
organizational, community, and public policy levels.
 Influences on behaviors interact across these different levels.
 Ecological models should be behavior-specific, identifying the
most relevant potential influences at each level.
 Multi-level interventions should be most effective in changing
behavior

15. Four core principles of ecological models
of health behavior are proposed:

 The ultimate purpose of ecological models of health behavior is
to inform the development of comprehensive intervention
approaches that can systematically target mechanisms of
change at several levels of influence.
 Behavior change is expected to be maximized when
environments and policies support healthful choices, when
social norms and social support for healthful choices are strong,
and when individuals are motivated and educated to make those
choices

16. Applications Ecological Model to Health
Behavior Interventions: Tobacco Control

Level of influence Description
Intrapersonal
(Individual)
1. Brief advice and enlighten or counseling the effect of
smokers, complete with the ample evidence.
2. Use telephone counseling approach.
3. Self help pamphlet, books, videotape, web resources
Interpersonal
Family, friends, peers
Organizational
Churches, stores,
community orgs
1. Program restricting smoking at the workplace.
2. Program that emphasize community participation
3. Promoting smoke free environment, limiting access, and
increasing tobacco prices through excise taxes
4. Policy promoting not smoking (proportion of smoke free-workplace).
Community
Social networks
Public policy
Local, state, federal

17. Applications Ecological Model to Health
Interventions: Diabetes self management


18. 

19. How ecological model can be guided in
research

To use ecological model in research we should involved
5 levels and concern to the core principles of ecological
model which behavior become the main target on each
level.
Many research funding told us that it’s useful to change
the behavior in society, so we will see later how the
ecological model implemented in research.

20. What is the Ecological
Model,,,?


21. Strengthen and limitation ecological model

Strengthen
Focus on multiple levels of influence that broadens
options for interventions.
Policy and environmental interventions can establish
setting and incentives that can persist in sustaining
behavior changes.
Helping to solve the problem that the effects of
many individually directed interventions are poorly
maintained.

22. Strengthen and limitation ecological model

 Weakness
 Lack of specificity about the most important hypothesized
influences.
 Lack information about how the broader levels of influence operate
or how variables interact across level.
 The model has broaden perspectives without identifying specific
variables or providing guidance about how to use ecological model
to improve research or interventions.
 Need sophisticated operational models that lead to testable
hypotheses and useful guidance for intervention.

23. Conclusion

 Ecological models help us to understand how people interact
with their environments.
 That understanding can be used to develop effective multi-level
approaches to improve health behaviors
 Motivation and skill in individual can not be effective if
environment and policies unsupported.
 Make environment and policies convenient, attractive and
economical then motivate and educate people.

24. 
Thank you for your attention