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2. Models of HealthModels of Health
and Illnessand Illness
By:By:
Sadiqullah KarokhelSadiqullah Karokhel
Email:Email: sk.karokhel93@gmail.comsk.karokhel93@gmail.com
Facebook: Siddiqullah KarokhelFacebook: Siddiqullah Karokhel
Whatsapp: 00923089252727Whatsapp: 00923089252727

3. ModelsModels
Functional Model
Psychological Model
Bio Physical Model
Social Model
Bio-Psychosocial Model
Bio-Psychosocial Spiritual Model

4. Functional Model of HealthFunctional Model of Health
 It focuses on social normality rather than physical normality
 According to this approach, if an individual can perform his or
her functions properly he should be considered normal and
healthy even there are symptoms.
 Social normality is more important than biological or physical
normality.

5. Psychological Model of HealthPsychological Model of Health
 It emphasizes self-evaluation of the individuals.
 Illness is the result of psychological disorders.
 Those who are fit and perceives him/herself normal are
healthy.
 It aims to identify those factors that are associated with
maintaining health and improving the quality of life of the
patients.

6. Bio physical Model of HealthBio physical Model of Health
 It focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and
illness
 It emphasizes on diagnosis and treating individuals separately
from their social life, lifestyle and living condition.
 It attempts to cure or return the physical health of the person to
a pre-illness state.
 According to this model, health constitutes the freedom from
disease, pain, or defect.
 The focus is on objective laboratory tests rather than the
subjective feelings or history of the patient.
 It excludes psychological, environmental, and social
influences.

7. Bio physical Model of HealthBio physical Model of Health
 In 1977, psychiatrist George L. Engel questioned Bio physical
model and proposed bio psychosocial model.
 Aspects of Bio Physical Model
1. Diagnosis: identification of the disease or illness through
Doctor’s observations of symptoms or diagnostics tests. (X-
rays, scans, blood tests etc.)
2. Intervention: action taken to improve health. (treatment,
hospitalization, prescriptions, surgery etc.)

8. AdvantagesAdvantages
 It encourages researchesIt encourages researches
 The knowledge of causes helpsThe knowledge of causes helps
us to avoid illnessesus to avoid illnesses
 It explores knowledge aboutIt explores knowledge about
treatment and diagnosis illnesstreatment and diagnosis illness
 Expends life expectancyExpends life expectancy
 Improves quality of life byImproves quality of life by
returning someone back toreturning someone back to
good healthgood health
 It creates advances inIt creates advances in
technology and researchtechnology and research
DisadvantagesDisadvantages
 It ignores the view that healthIt ignores the view that health
and illness are relative sociallyand illness are relative socially
constructed.constructed.
 It also ignores the social factorsIt also ignores the social factors
which can cause illnesswhich can cause illness
 It focuses too much onIt focuses too much on
treatment rather than preventiontreatment rather than prevention
 Gives too much power toGives too much power to
medical professionalsmedical professionals
 Every condition can not beEvery condition can not be
treatedtreated
 It is not affordableIt is not affordable
Bio physical Model of HealthBio physical Model of Health

9. Social Model of HealthSocial Model of Health
 A conceptual framework within which improvement in health
and wellbeing are achieved by directing effort towards
addressing the social, economic, and environmental
determinants of health.
 It focuses that health is influenced by individual, interpersonal,
organization, social environmental, political and economic
factors.
 Factors or social determinants of health are:
- income, social status, employment, working condition, gender,
culture, security, education, health services, personal health
practices and coping skills etc.

10. Social Model of HealthSocial Model of Health
Six Features of Social Model of Health:
According to Yuill, Crinson, and Duncan, there six features of
social model of health.
1.Individual health is enabled or inhibited by social context.
2.Human body is simultaneously social, psychological and
biological.
3.Health is cultural.
4.Biomedicine and medical science is something not everything.
5.Health is political.
6.Other voices matter.

11. Social Model of HealthSocial Model of Health
Five Key Principles of Social Model
A- Addressing the broader determinants of health
R- Reducing social inequality by addressing those social
determinants that lead to social inequality
E- Empower individual and communities
A- Access to health care
S- inter-Sectorial collaboration

12. AdvantagesAdvantages
 Educating people aboutEducating people about
diseasesdiseases
 Less costly to prevent diseaseLess costly to prevent disease
 Encourage people to takeEncourage people to take
responsibility and improveresponsibility and improve
quality of lifequality of life
 Involve all levels of NGOs andInvolve all levels of NGOs and
GOsGOs
 Increase economicIncrease economic
development of the country asdevelopment of the country as
the population is in goodthe population is in good
health and level productive lifehealth and level productive life
DisadvantagesDisadvantages
 Lack of education for all peopleLack of education for all people
 Population is still not motivatedPopulation is still not motivated
 Changing lifestyle is very hardChanging lifestyle is very hard
 All disease cannot be preventedAll disease cannot be prevented
 Its result needs longer time toIts result needs longer time to
be provenbe proven
 It is difficult to measureIt is difficult to measure
effectivenesseffectiveness
Social Model of HealthSocial Model of Health

13. Bio-psychosocial Model ofBio-psychosocial Model of
HealthHealth
 Bio Psychosocial Model is a framework developed by George
L. Engel in 1977.
 Bio psychosocial model states that health and illness are
determined by a dynamic interaction between biological,
social and psychological factors.
 This model argues that any one factor is not sufficient; it is the
interplay between people’s genetic makeup (Biology), mental
health and behavior (Psychology), and social and cultural
context that determine the course of their health-related
outcomes

14. Bio-psychosocial Model ofBio-psychosocial Model of
HealthHealth
 Biological Influences:
Includes individual’s genetic makeup and history of physical
trauma or infection. Many disorders have an inherited
vulnerability.
 Psychological Influences:
it seeks to find psychological foundation for a particular
symptoms. i.e. personality, behavior, irritability, sadness etc.
 Social Influences:
include socio-economic status, technology, culture,
relationship, peer group etc.

16. Bio-psychosocial SpiritualBio-psychosocial Spiritual
(BPSS) Model of Health(BPSS) Model of Health
 This comprehensive model was presented by Sulmasy in 2002.
 In this model, the biological, psychological, social, and
spiritual are only distinct dimensions of a person, and no one
aspect can be disaggregated from the whole.
1. Biological: genetic makeup, body structure, etc.
2. Psychological: behavior, personality, self-esteem, et.
3. Social: lifestyle, social environment, relationships, socio-
economic status etc.
4. Spiritual: it is the relations with and dependency on a
supernatural power.
It is used by social workers specially social caseworkers in
individual assessments.