Snapdragon is a family of mobile systems on a chip (SoC) by Qualcomm. Qualcomm considers Snapdragon a "platform" for use in smartphones, tablets, and smartbook devices.
ARM is a family of RISC-based microprocessors and microcontrollers designed by ARM Inc., Cambridge, England.
ARM chips are high-speed processors that are known for their small die size and low power requirements.
4. Qualcomm Snapdragon
Introduction
Qualcomm Incorporated is an
American global semiconductor
company that designs and markets
wireless telecommunications
products and services.
Snapdragon is a family of mobile
systems on a chip (SoC) by
Qualcomm. Qualcomm considers
Snapdragon a "platform" for use in
smartphones, tablets, and
smartbook devices.
The original Snapdragon CPU,
dubbed Scorpion is Qualcomm's
own design. It has many features
similar to those of the ARM Cortex-
A8 core and it is based on the
ARMv7 instruction set .
The successor to Scorpion, found in
S4 Snapdragon SoCs, is named Krait
and has many similarities with the
ARM Cortex-A15 CPU and is also
based on the ARMv7 instruction set.
The majority of Snapdragon
processors contain the circuitry to
decode high-definition video (HD)
resolution at 720p or 1080p
depending on the Snapdragon chip
Adreno, the company's proprietary
GPU series, integrated into
Snapdragon chips is Qualcomm's own
design
All Snapdragons feature one or more
DSPs called Hexagon , The multimedia
Hexagons are mostly used for audio
encoding/decoding, the newer Snapdragons
have a hardware block called Venus for video
encoding/decoding.
5. Qualcomm Snapdragon
Scorpion (CPU)
Scorpion is a central
processing unit (CPU) core
designed by Qualcomm for
use in their Snapdragon
mobile systems on chips
(SoCs).
It is designed in-house, but
has many architectural
similarities with the ARM
Cortex-A8 and Cortex-A9
CPU cores.
Krait (CPU)
Krait is an ARM-based
central processing unit
included in Qualcomm
Snapdragon S4 and
Snapdragon 400/600/800
(Krait 200, Krait 300, Krait
400 and Krait 450) System on
chips.
It was introduced in 2012 as a
successor to the Scorpion
CPU and has architectural
similarities to ARM Cortex-
A15.
8. Qualcomm Snapdragon
4 KiB + 4 KiB L0 cache, 16 KiB + 16 KiB L1 cache and 2 MiB L2
cache
4K × 2K UHD video capture and playback
Up to 21 Megapixel, stereoscopic 3D dual image signal processor
Adreno 330 GPU
USB 2.0 and 3.0
Display controller: MDP 5, 2 RGB, 2 VIG, 2 DMA, 4K
there are free Linux drivers Qualcomm's Adreno GPU
there are free Linux drivers for the Qualcomm Atheros WNICs
LLVM supports the Qualcomm Hexagon DSP
Family : 800 series
9. Qualcomm Snapdragon
ARMv8-A (64-bit architecture)
Dolby Atmos
Directional micro support
Wifi 11ac / 11ad
Built in Shazam app
H.265/HEVC encoding/decoding
eMMC 5.0 support
Native 4k support
Native Bluetooth 4.1 support
14-bit dual-ISP
support for triple-band (i.e. IEEE 802.11n, IEEE 802.11ac and IEEE
802.11ad (60 GHz).
Family : 810
14. ARM Architecture
Introduction
ARM is a family of RISC-based microprocessors and microcontrollers
designed by ARM Inc., Cambridge, England.
The company doesn’t make processors but instead designs microprocessor
and multicore architectures and licenses them to manufacturers .
ARM chips are high-speed processors that are known for their small die
size and low power requirements.
ARM chips are the processors in Apple’s popular iPod and iPhone devices.
The origins of ARM technology can be traced back to the British-based
Acorn Computers company.
The Acorn RISC Machine became the Advanced RISC Machine .
The company dropped the designation Advanced RISC Machine in the late
1990s. It is now simply known as the ARM architecture.
16. ARM Architecture
According to the ARM Web site arm.com , ARM
processors are designed to meet the needs of
three system categories:
Embedded real-time systems: Systems for
storage, automotive body and power-train,
industrial, and networking applications
Application platforms: Devices running open
operating systems including Linux, Palm OS,
Symbian OS, and Windows CE in wireless,
consumer entertainment and digital imaging
applications
Secure applications: Smart cards, SIM
cards, and payment terminals
Introduction
18. ARM Architecture
The ARM7 models used a unified L1 cache,while all subsequent models use
a split instruction/data cache.
All of the ARM designs use a set-associative cache, with the degree of
associativity and the line size varying.
ARM cached cores with an MMU use a logical cache for processor families
ARM7 through ARM10, including the Intel StongARM and Intel Xscale
processors.
The ARM11 family uses a physical cache.
An interesting feature of the ARM architecture is the use of a small first-
infirst
out (FIFO) write buffer to enhance memory write performance.
The write buffer is interposed between the cache and main memory and
consists of a set of addresses and a set of data words.
ARM CACHE ORGANIZATION
20. ARM Architecture
Logical and Physical Cache
A logical cache, also known as a virtual cache, stores data using
virtual addresses. The processor accesses the cache directly, without going
through
the MMU. A physical cache stores data using main memory physical addresses.
One obvious advantage of the logical cache is that cache access speed is faster
than for a physical cache, because the cache can respond before the MMU
performs
an address translation. The disadvantage has to do with the fact that most virtual
memory systems supply each application with the same virtual memory address
space. That is, each application sees a virtual memory that starts at address 0.
Thus,
the same virtual address in two different applications refers to two different physical
addresses. The cache memory must therefore be completely flushed with each
application context switch, or extra bits must be added to each line of the cache to
ARM CACHE ORGANIZATION
21. ARM Architecture
Line Size
When a block of data is retrieved
and placed in the cache, not only
the desired word but also some
number of adjacent words are
retrieved.
As the block size increases from
very small to larger sizes, the hit
ratio will at first increase because
of the principle of locality, which
states that data in the vicinity of a
referenced word are likely to be
referenced in the near future.
As the block size increases, more
useful data are brought into the
cache. The hit ratio will begin to
decrease .
Two specific effects come into
play:
Larger blocks reduce the
number of blocks that fit into a
cache. Because each block
fetch overwrites older cache
contents, a small number of
blocks results in data being
overwritten shortly after they
are fetched.
As a block becomes larger,
each additional word is farther
from the requested word and
therefore less likely to be
needed in the near future.
ARM CACHE ORGANIZATION
22. ARM Architecture
Line Size
No definitive optimum value has been found.
A size of from 8 to 64 bytes seems
reasonably close to optimum
ARM CACHE ORGANIZATION
24. ARM Architecture
ARM is a family of RISC
architectures.
“ARM”is the abbreviation
of “Advanced RISC
Machines”.
ARM does not
manufacture its own VLSI
devices.
ARM7- von Neuman
Architecture
ARM9 –Harvard
Architecture
Cortex-A8 Processor Modes :
User - used for executing most application
programs
FIQ - used for handling fast interrupts
IRQ - used for general-purpose interrupt
handling
Supervisor - a protected mode for the
Operating System
Undefined - entered upon Undefined
Instruction exceptions
Abort - entered after Data or Pre-fetch
Aborts
System - privileged user mode for the
Operating System
Monitor - a secure mode for TrustZone
ARM processor :
29. Questions/Discussions
Question One
Defined Logical and Physical
Cache
the and state the advantage and
disadvantage of each .
Question Two
Summarize the most important
advance features of ARM architecture
.
Editor's Notes
ARM Architecture and SNAPDRAGON SoC Family
Beginning course details and/or books/materials needed for a class/project.