The ppt is about the comparison of media laws and system between United states of America and Pakistan. Key points are: Press Laws Media Regulations Press Freedom Normative Model

1. Topic: Comparison between Media system
of USA and Pakistan
Presented By: Zaib-un-Nisa
To: Sir Usman Saeed

2. key points points of
discussion
OPress Laws
OMedia Regulations
OPress Freedom
ONormative Model

3. 1: Press Laws
in USA
O First Amendment: Congress shall make no law
respecting an establishment of religion, or
prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the
freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of
the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition
the government for a redress of grievances.
O This amendment serves as the basis for the political
freedoms of the United States, and freedom of the
press plays a strong role in keeping democracy
healthy.

4. Con….
O Defamation laws Libel and slender:
O Slender: Speak false information with an intent to
harm a person or entity,
O Libel: print false information with an intent to harm
a person or entity.
O First, libel and slander occur only in cases where
false information is presented as fact. When editors
or columnists write opinions, they are protected
from many of the libel and slander provisions
because they are not claiming their statements are
facts.

5. Con….
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA):
O Passed in 1966.
O Signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson.
O A federal statute that requires public agencies to
provide certain types of information requested by
citizens.
O FOIA also identifies data that does not need to be
disclosed, such as human resource and medical
records, national defense records, and material
provided by confidential sources.

6. Press Laws
in Pakistan
Article 19, Freedom of Speech:
O Every citizen shall have the right to freedom of
speech and expression, and there shall be
freedom of the press, subject to any
reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the
interest of the glory of Islam or the integrity,
security or defense of Pakistan or any part
thereof, friendly relations with foreign states,
public order, decency or morality, or in relation
to contempt of court, commission of or
incitement to an offense.

7. Con….
Press and Publications Ordinance
(PPO):
O In Ayub’s era (1961)
O Amended in 1963
O abolished in 1984.
Purpose:
O The purpose of this law is to establish a
press advice system. It require permission
from the government for publications.

8. Con….
Defamation ordinance 2002:
O Any wrongful act or publication or circulation of a
false statement or representation made orally or
in written or visual form which injures the
reputation of a person, tends to lower him in the
estimation of others or tends to reduce him to
ridicule, unjust criticism, dislike, contempt or
hatred shall be actionable as defamation.
O Libel and slander.

9. Con….
Freedom of Information Ordinance
2002:
O To provide for transparency and freedom of
information;- WHEREAS it is expedient to
provide for transparency and freedom of
information to ensure that the citizens of
Pakistan have improved access to public
records and for the purpose to make the
Federal Government more accountable to its
citizens, and for matters connected therewith
or incidental thereto.

10. Press Regulation
in USA
The Communications Act of 1934:
O A seven-member Federal Communications
Commission (FCC) now it has five members only.
O It requires radio and TV stations to apply for
licenses, granted only if stations follow rules
about political advertising, providing a public
forum for discussion, and serving local and
minority communities.

11. Con….
Equal-time rule:
O To maintain a license, stations are required to meet
a number of criteria. The equal-time rule, for
instance, states that registered candidates running
for office must be given equal opportunities for
airtime and advertisements at non-cable television
and radio stations beginning forty-five days before
a primary election and sixty days before a general
election.

12. Con….
Indecency Regulations:
O The FCC also maintains indecency regulations
over television, radio, and other broadcasters,
which limit indecent material and keep the public
airwaves free of obscene material.
O The Supreme Court determined that the
presence of children in the audience trumped the
right of broadcasters to air obscene and profane
programming. However, broadcasters can show
indecent programming or air profane language
between the hours of 10 p.m. and 6 a.m.

13. Con….
Telecommunications Act of 1996:
O Brought significant changes to the radio
and television industries.
O It dropped the limit on the number of radio
stations (forty) and television stations
(twelve) a single company could own.
O The Commission oversees the purchase
of stations to avoid media monopolies and
adjudicates consumer complaints against
radio, television, and telephone
companies.

14. Con….
Fairness doctrine :
O Instituted in 1949.
O Required licensed stations to cover
controversial issues in a balanced manner
by providing listeners with information
about all perspectives on any
controversial issue.
O Ended in the 1980s.

15. Press Regulations
in Pakistan
PAKISTAN ELECTRONIC MEDIA REGULATORY
AUTHORITY ORDINANCE 2002:
Functions:
O Responsible for regulating the establishment and operation of all
broadcast media and distribution services in Pakistan.
O Distribution of foreign and local TV and radio channels.
O Issued licenses for media channels.
Members:
O The Authority shall consist of a Chairman and twelve members to
be appointed by the President of Pakistan.

16. Con….
Copyright Ordinance 1962:
O Copyright (Amendment) Act 1992 and the
Copyright (Amendment) Ordinance 2000.
work protected under the Ordinance:
O literary works, dramatic works, musical
works, artistic works, including drawings,
maps, photographs and architectural
works, cinematographic works and
records.

17. Press Freedom
in USA
O Media freedom is limited.
O the media have only a limited right to
publish material the government says is
classified.
O The United States media – one of the best
protected in the world – is facing
challenges that threaten the freedom of
the press.

18. Con….
O By openly and aggressively accusing
journalists and media outlets of lying and
producing ‘fake news’, the current US
administration risks undermining the First
Amendment and creating a culture of
intimidation and hostility where journalists
find themselves less safe.

19. Con….
O A failure by law enforcement officials to recognize
the rights of journalists to report freely on events of
public interest. Journalists have been arrested and
even assaulted by law enforcement officials at a
local and state level, while covering protests.
O An increase in border stop and searches.
Journalists have been asked to hand over
electronic devices, detained or even denied entry
to the US.
O A slow and unresponsive freedom of information
system, which is preventing the release of
information that is in the public interest.

20. Press Freedom
in Pakistan
O To a large extent the media enjoys
freedom of expression.
O But there are also some restrictions by
regularity bodies by government.
O In recent times, media faces declined due
to governments' policies.

21. Normative model
of USA Media
O Authoritarian theory describe that all forms
of communications are under the control
of the governing elite or authorities or
influential bureaucrats.
O Authoritarian theory (which applies to
early pre-democratic forms of society and
also to present- day undemocratic or
autocratic social systems).
O Authoritarian model is practiced in USA.

22. Normative model
of Pakistani Media
O The current situation of Pakistani media is
nether complete neither authoritative nor
completely free. Sometimes mixture of
two or 3 theories may also practice in
media. Media in Pakistan is not
completely under the control of
government besides some regulations.