2. First Amendment
Congress shall make no law respecting an
establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of
speech, or of the press; or the right of the people
peaceably to assemble, and to petition the
government for a redress of grievances.
7. Obscenity
Miller test
whether the average person applying contemporary
community standards would find that the work taken as a
whole appeals to prurient interest;
whether the work depicts or describes in a patently offensive
way sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable
state law; and
whether the work taken as a whole lacks serious literary,
artistic, political or scientific value.
8. Defamation
Lying about someone or twisting the truth in such a way as to
create a false impression that damages that person’s reputation
or potentially exposes the person to ridicule is the basis for
defamation.
9. Two types of defamation
• Libel – published or broadcast
• Slander – spoken words of limited reach
10. Six elements of libel
Publication
Identification
Defamation
Falsity
Fault
Injury
11. Quotes won’t protect you
Repeating a source’s libelous remark in a story or broadcast is
called republication of libel.
Allegedly won’t protect you either.
12. Defenses to libel
Truth
Qualified privilege
Protected opinion
Implied consent
Right of reply
23. Fair Use
The purpose and character of the use
The nature of the material
The amount and substantiality of the portion used in
relation to the whole
The effect of the use on the market for the work.
25. FTC definition of false advertising
Representation, omission or practice must be
likely to mislead the consumer
Act or practice must be considered from the
perspective of a consumer who is acting
reasonably
Representation must be material
26. Responsibility for ad content
Advertising agencies can be held responsible for
false advertising if they know or have reason to
know it is false or misleading
Media managers are not responsible for false or
deceptive advertising, or for injuries resulting from
defective products unless the newspaper, magazine
or broadcaster helped to create the ad
Unless potential detrimental effects of an ad are so
obvious anyone could see it
27. Right to refuse advertising
Barring a few exceptions, private publishers
and broadcasters are under no obligation to
accept advertising. Courts have also
extended that into the online realm.
29. Plagiarism
Defined as taking someone else’s words, research
or ideas and representing that material as your own.
30. Three kinds of plagiarists
• Those who know they are stealing either a part of
someone’s work, or the whole thing;
• Those who inadvertently drop a citation or become
confused about the source of a line; and
• Those who do not understand the rules of plagiarism
and do it out of ignorance.
31. David Cragin comparison
“Most of these hotels in the city are more than half a
century old; they were built for the solitary working
man who streamed into the city to toil at the wharves
and the railway lines. They were never meant for
families.”
“Most of these hotels are more than a half-century old;
they were built as hives for the working men who
streamed to this city to toil at the wharves and the
railway lines. They were never meant for families.”
32. Cultural hurdles in journalism
• Pressure to make a story interesting
• Pressure to get it first
• Pressure to be objective
• Pressure to get “both” sides of the story
• Pressure to take an adversarial approach
33. What is ethics?
Ethics is the act of reasoned inquiry into the principled or moral
dimension of our lives.
35. Categorical imperative
Immanuel Kant - a deontological ethicist
Act as though your decision would become
universal law
Always treat others as ends in themselves, not as
means to an end.
36. Utilitarianism
John Stuart Mill - a teleological ethicist
Act so you would do the greatest good for the
greatest number
Ethical people consider the consequences of their
actions
37. Agape
Judeo-Christian ethic
Treat others as you would like to be treated
The Golden Rule
38. Golden Mean
Aristotle and Confucius
Look for the middle course between two
extremes.
e.g. Courage is the middle state between acting
cowardly or acting foolheartedly.
But some situations don’t have a middle state (i.e.
stealing)
39. Veil of Ignorance
John Rawls
Imagine that all parties affected by the ethical
question could disappear behind a veil of
ignorance where they might trade places.
Parties will pick the solution fairest for all out of
self interest.
40. Ethical Principles
Categorical imperative – Immanuel Kant
Utilitarianism – John Stuart Mill
Agape – Judeo-Christian perspective
Golden Mean – Aristotle and Confucius
Veil of Ignorance – John Rawls
41. The Potter Box
Empirical Definition Choosing Loyalties
Identifying Values Appeal to Ethical Principle
42. Step 1
Define the situation.
What is the ethical dilemma? What are the facts of the
case? Are there any legal considerations?
43. Step 2
Ask yourself, “What are my personal or
professional values? What is important to me in
this situation?”