Malaysia Chinese Independent School Senior 1 Biology (English)

1. Chapter 4 Differentiation of cells

2. Objectives
• Cell as a basic building of life
• Cell differentiation gives rise to multicellular organism
• Component of animal tissue
• Four types of animal tissue

3. 4.1 Diversity of cells

4. Basic building blocks of life
• A cell is the smallest unit of a living
thing.
• A living thing is called an organism.
• Cellular activities includes digestion,
respiration, excretion, stimulus
perception, locomotion, reproduction
etc. are carried out.
• Organisms may be unicellular or
multicellular.
Cartoons of several different types of cells all referenced to a
standard E. coli ruler of 1 micron width drawn in grey.
(A) The protist Giardia lamblia, (B) a plant cell, (C) a budding
yeast cell, (D) a red blood cell, (E) a fibroblast cell, (F) a
eukaryotic nerve cell, and (G) a rod cell from the retina

5. Unicellular organism
• A unicellular organism is a
complete living entity
consisting of just one cell.
• It’s survival is not dependent
upon other cells.
Protist diversity. This figure illustrates the morphological
diversity of free-living protists. The various organisms are
drawn to scale relative to the head of a pin about 1.5mm in
diameter.

6. Multicellular organism
• Multicellular organisms consist of
specialized cells that perform different
tasks within the organism’s body.
• The morphological structures and functions
of these cells are different.
• Individual cells cannot survive without
being a part of the organism.
Shaggy Mane
Capybara
Leaf insect
Wildflower grassland

7. Cell differentiation
• All the differences in the structures
and functions of cells are formed
through the process of cell
differentiation.
• Cellular differentiation is the process
where a cell changes from one cell
type to another.
• The cells generally become more
specialized after cellular
differentiation.
• Specialisation of these cells allow
them to adapt to a special function or
environment.
Distinct plant cell types are all ultimately derived from apical meristems.

8. 间（充）质组织形成过程
间充质干细胞
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be cultured in vitro to generate a variety of differentiated cells.