Malaysia Chinese Independent School Senior 1 Biology (English)

1. 4.1.1 Animal
tissues

2. Tissues
• from Old French tissu "a ribbon,
headband, belt of woven material"
• A tissue is an ensemble of similar
cells from the same origin that
together carry out a specific
function.
• Components of tissues including
cells with similar structure or
function and intercellular
substances 细胞间质.
• Intercellular substances (ground
substance) is the body substance in
which tissue cells are embedded,
e.g. water, protein, saccharides etc.
细胞外间质
‘Intercellular substances’ is generally used in the context
of connective tissue.

3. Tissue type
• Four type of animal
tissues:
• epithelial tissue
• connective tissues
• muscular tissue
• nervous tissue

4. Conclusion
• A cell is the smallest unit of a living thing and carried out cellular activities
includes digestion, respiration, excretion, stimulus perception, locomotion,
reproduction etc.
• Organisms may be unicellular or multicellular.
• Cellular differentiation is the process where a cell changes from one cell type to
another to adapted to a special function or environment.
• A tissue is an ensemble of similar cells from the
same origin that together carry out a specific
function.
• Cells in a tissue have a similar structure and
function.
• Tissues contains cells with similar structure or
function and intercellular substances.
• Four type of animal tissues are epithelial tissue,
connective tissues, muscular tissue and nervous
tissue.

5. 4.1.1.1
Epithelial
tissue

6. Epithelial tissue / epithelium
• from Latin epi- ‘above’ + Greek thēlē ‘teat (nipple).’
• Epithelial tissue lines the external surface of the body, inner surface
of various organs and cavities 体腔 (any fluid-filled space in a
multicellular organism other than those of vessels).
• Cells of an epithelium are tightly interconnected.
• Cells are arranged with little amount of intercellular substances.
• Its main function includes secretion, selective absorption, protection,
transcellular transport, and sensing.

7. Glandular epithelium may be made from
cuboidal cells or columnar cells.
May be ciliated
复层
单层
扁平 立方
cubical
柱状
移行
May be ciliated
纤毛
伪

9. Seven types of epithelial tissue
Epithelial tissues are classified based on their shape (form) and
function.
• Squamous epithelium
• Cubical epithelium
• Columnar epithelium
• Stratified epithelium
• Transitional epithelium
• Ciliated epithelium
• Glandular epithelium

10. Squamous epithelium
• A single layer of flat cells in
contact with the basal lamina (a
layer of extracellular matrix 基底
层).
• Appearance of tiling from above.
• Cells are flat with flattened
nucleus.
• Allow small molecules to pass
through the cells quickly via
diffusion.
• Found in internal surface of
alveoli, blood vessels and
esophagus etc.
扁平上皮

11. Cubical epithelium / cuboidal epithelium
• A single layer of cube-like cells in contact with the basal lamina.
• The nucleus of these cells are large, spherical and central.
• Functions of the cells include protection, secretion and absorption.
• Found in parts of eyes, the surface of the ovaries, the inner linings of renal
tubules and the vesicle walls of thyroid gland.
立方上皮

12. Columnar epithelium
• A single layer of column-like cells in
contact with the basal lamina.
• Columnar epithelium may be ciliated
有纤毛 or non-ciliated.
• Non-ciliated type cells are found in
the inner linings of digestive tracts
(stomach and intestines) such as the
villi of small intestine.
• Absorption
• Ciliated type cells are found within the
bronchioles of the respiratory tract,
and in the oviduct of the uterus.
• Move mucus and other substances with
the cilia
柱状上皮

13. Stratified epithelium
• Stratified epithelium may be composed of squamous or columnar cells.
• Squamous stratified epithelium are flat cells arranged in layers upon the basal
lamina.
• Generally tightly packed cells with non intercellular spaces.
• The outmost layers are subject to abrasion 磨损 but it can be replaced before the
basal lamina is exposed.
• Found in the epidermis of human skin, inner linings of oral cavity.
复层上皮

16. Transitional
epithelium
• A tissue consists of multiple
layers of epithelial cells which can
contract and expand (undergoes
transition of states).
• Cells of the basal layer are
cuboidal and columnar.
• Cells of the superficial layer vary
in appearance depending on the
degree of distension 膨胀.
• Relax – cuboidal with a domed apex
• Stretched – squamous and irregular
• Found in the urothelium 尿路上
皮, i.e. the endothelium of the
urinary tract 尿路 (the renal
pelvis, urinary bladder, the
ureters, the superior urethra, and
the prostatic and ejaculatory
ducts of the prostate)
移行上皮

17. Ciliated epithelium
• May be arranged as
pseudostratified epithelium.
• All cells make contract with the
basal lamina though appears
as though several layers of
cells are present
• Cilia move mucus,
dust, virus, eggs
etc. on the surface
of the epithelium.
• Found in the inner
linings of oviduct,
trachea
(respiratory duct)
etc.
纤毛上皮

18. Glandular epithelium
• A gland secrets specific product such as hormones and enzymes to release
into the bloodstream, cavities inside the body or outer surface of the body.
• Glandular epithelium contains secretory cells such as goblet cells.
• Found in the digestive tracts (digestive glands), surface of the skin (exocrine
glands), thyroid (endocrine glands)

19. Quiz
What type of epithelium lines the urinary bladder and is capable of
distention 膨胀?
A) stratified cuboidal epithelium
B) stratified squamous epithelium
C) transitional epithelium
D) stratified columnar epithelium

20. Quiz
• The outer layer of the skin is composed of _____________________.
A) transitional epithelium
B) pseudostratified columnar epithelium
C) stratified squamous epithelium
D) simple squamous epithelium

22. Conclusion
• Ciliated epithelium are
epithelial cells with cilia
to move substances on
the free surface.
• Glandular epithelium
are epithelial cells that
specialized for
secretion.

23. 4.1.1.2
Connective tissue

24. 4.1.1.2
Connective
tissue

25. Connective tissue
• Widely spread in every part of the organism in order to fill up the spaces in
between adjacent tissues and the organs.
• Cells of the connective tissues possess variety shapes and are arranged
loosely.
• The intercellular substances are well developed.
• Five types of connective tissues:
• Loose (areolar) connective tissue
• Dense (fibrous) connective tissue
• Adipose tissue (a type of loose c.t.)
• Blood
• Lymph
• Bone
• Cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibro)

26. Loose connective tissues
• It is composed by cells, intercellular substances, and fibres (except blood and
lymph).
• Fibers includes collagen fibre 胶原纤维, elastic fibre 弹性纤维.
• The cells of connective tissue are diverse.
• The cells are fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, and fat cells.

27. Fibres of the loose connective tissue
Collagen fibre 胶原纤维
• Made from protein collagen.
• Collagen is the most common
fibre in animal.
• Collagen is a strong protein fibre
that provide structural support.
Elastic fibre 弹性纤维
• Made from protein fibrin.
• Elastic fibre provide stretchiness.
• Elastic fibre can be found in skin,
lungs, arteries, veins, ligament etc.

28. Cell of the loose connective tissue
Type of cells Functions
Fibroblasts
成纤维细胞
• Make extracellular matrix by secreting proteins (e.G. Collagen) to make fibres, and
produce intercellular substances.
Macrophages
巨噬細胞
• A type of white blood cell
• Engulf and digest bacteria and foreign bodies
Plasma cells
（plasmacytes)
浆细胞
• A type of white blood cell, also known as the plasma B cell.
• Produce antibodies to defense body from pathogens
Mast cells
（mastocytes)
肥大細胞
• A type of white blood cell
• Produce anticoagulant substance
• Cause inflammation 发炎 by secreting histamine etc.
Fat cells
(adipocyte,
lipocyte)
脂肪细胞
• Fill with oil droplets.

29. Fibroblasts
成纤维细胞
• Latin fibra “fibro-” + Greek βλαστός (blastos) “bud“
• Make extracellular matrix
• secrete proteins (e.g. collagen) to make fibres
• produce intercellular substances

30. Macrophages
巨噬細胞
• Greek μακρος (makros) “large”
+ φαγειν (phagein) “to eat”
• A type of white blood cell
• Engulf and digest bacteria and
foreign bodies
High magnification view of an area of loose
connective tissue. Collagen fibres (type I) are stained
pink. fibroblasts (Fb), stained purple. have an ovoid
or spindly-shaped nucleus. Macrophages (Mph)
have a more rounded nucleus and the cytoplasm of
these cells is often frothy or granular because of
cytoplasmic inclusions and lysosomes.

31. Plasma cells (plasmacytes)
浆细胞
• Greek πλάσμα (plasma) “something molded or formed”
• A type of white blood cell, also known as the plasma B cell.
• Produce antibodies to defense body from pathogens。

32. Mast cells (mastocytes)
肥大細胞
• German Mastzelle,
equivalent to Mast “fattening
of animals for slaughter” +
zelle “cell”
• A type of white blood cell
• Produce anticoagulant
substance
• Cause inflammation 发炎 by
secreting histamine etc.

33. Fat cells (adipocyte, lipocyte)
脂肪细胞
• Fill with oil droplets
(triglycerides).
• Form adipose tissue when occurs
in large quantities.

34. Adipose tissue
• A special type of loose connective tissue
• Function of adipose tissue
• Insulation - helping to reduce heat loss through the skin.
• Protection - providing mechanical protection ("padding") and support around
some of the major organs, e.g. kidneys.
• Energy storage – excess food is converted into triglyceride and stored in the
body.
Not included in textbook

35. Dense connective tissue
• Contain large amount
of lightly-packed
collagen fibre.
• Found in tendons
(connect muscles to
bones), ligaments
(join bones together
at joints) and skin
(dermis).
Not included in textbook
Tendons, ligaments
Skin

36. Blood
• Blood is a fluid connective tissue, i.e.
the cells circulate in a liquid
extracellular matrix.
• It is composed by plasma (intercellular
substances) and blood cells.
• Blood cells are produced by bone
marrow of long bones.
• Blood cells includes red blood cells,
white blood cells, and platelets.
A scanning electron microscope image from normal circulating
human blood. There were red blood cells, several white blood
cells including lymphocytes, a monocyte, a neutrophil, and
many small disc-shaped platelets.

38. Function of blood
• Blood has regulating, transporting and protective functions.
• Supplies nutrients (e.g. amino acids, fatty acids, and glucose) water, and
hormones
• Remove waste
• Temperature regulation (remove heat)
• Acidity regulation (remove lactic acid)
• Red blood cells
• Non-nucleated and contain hemoglobin.
• Carry oxygen to other parts of the body
and carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs.
• White blood cells
• Fight pathogens
• Destroy old and useless cells
• Platelets are necessary for blood clotting

39. Lymph
• As blood, lymph is a fluid connective
tissues.
• Lymph contains a liquid matrix and
white blood cells.
• Lymphatic capillaries are more
permeable than blood vessels and it
drains into the blood vessels.
• Hence it is able to deliver allowing larger
molecules and excess fluid that could not
otherwise directly enter the bloodstream
e.g proteins and excess interstitial fluid
back to the blood, and transport absorbed
fats from the intestine to the blood.
• Lymph nodes are rich in lymphocyte (a
group of white blood cells e.g. natural
killer cells, T cells and B cells) and are
important line of defense.
Not included in textbook
Lymph vessels (L) does not contain white blood cells as blood vessels (V).

40. Bone
• Cells are embedded in a matrix of
collagen and are hardened by mineral
deposits such as calcium (calcification).
• Bone provides protection to organs,
supports the heavy weight of the body,
act as a place of storage, and perform
hematopoiesis (the process of forming
blood cells).
• Bones connect to other bones and
muscles through ligaments and tendons
which are composed of dense regular
connective tissue.
Not included in textbook

41. Cartilage
• Cartilage less amount of
calcium compare to bones.
• It is soft and elastic.
• Cartilage can grow faster
and possess better
repairing ability than
bones.
• It provides mechanical
support to the organs,
reduce fiction and absorb
shock.

42. Summary

44. 4.1.1.3
Muscular tissue

45. Muscular tissue
• Muscular tissue is composed
of muscle cells, which are able
to contract in order to
produce movement of the
body parts.
• Muscle cells have an
elongated form, hence they
also are known as muscle
fibres.
• Three main type of muscle are
striated muscle (skeletal
muscle), cardiac muscle and
smooth muscle.
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle

46. Striated muscle /
Skeletal muscle
• Skeletal muscle is called
“striated” 橫紋 because of its
appearance consisting of light
and dark bands (striation) visible
using a light microscope.
• Striated muscle cells (myocytes,
muscle fibre) are elongated,
cylindrical, unbranced and
arranged parallel and have many
nuclei that are located at the
periphery of cells.
• Both ends of a muscle anchor to
the bone with tendons.
横纹肌/骨骼肌

47. Organization of skeletal muscle
• A bundle of myocytes enclosed by a sheath of connective tissue is called a
muscle fascicle.
• Several fascicle enclosed by a sheath of connective tissue to form a muscular
bundle.
• Several muscular bundles are enclosed by connective tissues to form a muscle.

48. Function of skeletal muscle
• Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control 自主控制
• Movement of the skeleton, including locomotion (movement of limbs etc.),
maintenance of posture
• Movement of tissues of facial expression e.g. ability to smile and to frown.

49. Cardiac muscle
• Cardiomyocytes (myocardial cells, cardiac
muscle cell) is short, cylindrical, branched,
striated, and a has single central nucleus.
• Cardiomyoctes are interconnected by
cellular bridges called intercalated disc 闰
盘 to form a net-like arrangement.
• ‘Glue' the myocytes together so that they do
not fall apart when the heart contracts
• Allow an electrical connection between the
cells
心肌

50. Function of cardiac muscle
• Skeletal muscle is under involuntary control非自主控制
• Make up the bulk mass of the heart
• Pump bloods that circulate the body
Kid's around a life-size model of a whale heart at the Carnegie
Museum

51. Smooth muscle
• Smooth muscle cells are long, narrow spindle shaped cells with a single
central nucleus.
• There are no visible striations
on the cells.
• Majority of smooth muscle
cells are arranged in bundles
or sheets.

52. Function of smooth muscle
• Smooth muscle is under involuntary control非自主控制
• Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs (intestines and
stomach, respiratory tract, uterus, bladder, eyes) and blood vessels.
• Peristalsis 蠕动 movement of smooth muscle tissue in the human
gastrointestinal tract that propels ball of food down the digestive tract.
• The pupillary sphincter muscle in the eyes control the size of the pupils.
平滑肌

54. Conclusion
• Elongated
• Cylindrical
• Unbranced
• Straited
• Have many nuclei
• Arranged parallel
myocytes
↳ muscle fascicle
↳ muscular bundle
↳ muscle.
• Short
• Cylindrical
• Branched
• Striated
• A has single central nucleus.
• Interconnected by intercalated disc
• Long
• Narrow spindle shaped cells
• Unbranched
• No striation
• A single central nucleus
• Arranged in bundles or sheets

55. 4.1.1.4
Nervous tissue

56. Nervous tissues
• Tissues that controls and
coordinate bodily function
and activities.
• It is composed of
• neurons 神经细胞
• neuroglia 神经胶质细胞

57. Neurons
• A.k.a nerve cells
• A typical neuron is divided into three parts: the soma or cell body,
dendrites, and axon.
• Information are transmitted through electrical and chemical signals from
the dendrites, to the soma, and to the long axon.

58. Function of neurons
• Act as an receptor to sense
environmental stimuli 刺激
• Free nerve ending (FNE) or bare nerve
ending in the dermis layer 真皮层
detect temperature, mechanical stimuli
(touch, pressure, stretch) or danger
(intense chemical, mechanical, or
thermal stimuli).
• Transmits information (stimuli/ nerve
impulses 神经冲动)
• Cone cells and rod cells in human eyes
are stimulated by light and transmit
signals to the ganglion cells of the optic
nerve. The ganglion cells are neurons,
but cones and rods are not.

59. Neuroglia
• A.k.a glial cells, glia
• Greek γλία and γλοία
"glue“
• Non-neuronal cells in the
nervous tissues that
• Support the neurons by
holding them in place and
insulate them
• Provide the neurons with
nutrients and oxygen
• Protect the neurons by
destroying pathogens and
removing dead neurons
Provide and support
Defense and protect
epithelial lining
Provide and support
Provide and support

60. Conclusion
• Nervous system consists of neurons and neuroglia.
• Neurons detect environmental stimuli and transmitted nerve
impulses.
• Neuroglia supports the neurons by holding them in place and insulate
them, provide the neurons with nutrients and oxygen, and protect
the neurons by destroying pathogens and removing dead neurons.