The cell theory; Robert Hooke; Lynn Margulis; Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes; Virus, The central Dogma; Centriole; Cristae, Yeasts, Fungus and so forth. Read & Read Again. Biochemistry is and astonishing course

1. uAnimal cell
➢Definition of cell/s
➢Explain structure of cells and their
function
➢Cytoplasm
➢Nucleus
uEnglishman
uCoined a thin slice of cork
“Cells” looking through his
first microscope
uHis book “Micrographia”
uMade a single-lens microscope
and observed pond water and
other things.
uGerman botanist
uConcluded that “All plants
were made of cells”
uGerman biologist
uConcluded that “All animals
were made of cells”
uGerman physician
uConcluded that “New cells
could be produced only from
the division of existing cells”

2. uFemale biologist
uProposed “Certain organelles,
tiny structures within some
cells were once free-living
cells themselves
uAll living things are composed
of cells
uCells are the basic units of
structure and function of living
things.
uNew cells are produced from
existing cells (R. Virchow)
uConfocal Light Microscope
(500X)
uScanning Electron Microscope
(8900X)
uScanning probe microscope
(320,000X)

3. Thrombocytosis
Stem Cells

4. Muscle cells
Fat cells
Skin cells
Nerve cells
Sex cells

5. uAre:-
uFundamental Structural and
functional units of life or living
things or living matter
uProkaryotic (Don’t have nucleus)
uPro “Before”, Greek word
uEukaryotes (Contain nucleus)
uEu “True”, Greek word
Viruses, Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

6. u Are cellular parasites that can replicate
within a host cell
u Simply contain either DNA or RNA within a
protective coat termed as capsid.
u They need either prokaryotic or eukaryotic
cell to undergo viral replication.
❑ The viruses binds itself using its envelope
glycoproteins
and cell membrane to the surface of the host.
❑ Once attached it releases its genetic material (RNA)
or ribonucleic acid into the cytoplasm of the host
cell.
❑ Secondly, using resources inside the host it
undergoes reverse transcription (Viral RNA into
Viral
DNA).
❑ Using the newly formed viral DNA in the nucleus of
the host cell they again undergo the replication
(Viral DNA into Viral RNA).
❑
❑ Viral RNA undergoes translation (Viral RNA
into Viral Proteins), thus synthesis of viral
proteins.
❑ Then, maturation and formation of new viral
particles will occur.
❑ Finally, matured and newly formed viral
particles burst out of the host to infect other
host cells.
uSmaller and simpler than Eukaryotes
uHave genetic material that is not
contained in a nucleus
uBacteria and blue-green algae are
examples
uGrow, reproduce, respond to the
environment, glide (move) or swim
u Larger and more complex than prokaryotes
u Contain a nucleus in which DNA is separated
from the rest of the cell
u Plants, animals, fungi and protists are examples
u Include unicellular organisms such as yeasts
and some fungi
u Contain membrane systems

7. u Also called:-
uPlasma membrane; Plasmalemma; or
Cytoplasmic membrane
u Surrounds:-
uThe cell as a whole
u Is:-
uLipoprotein bilayer
uA thin, semipermeable flexible barrier
uIts flexibility is due to lipids
uFunctions
uSurrounds the cell
uHold contents of the cell
uRegulates what enters and leaves
the cell
uProvide protection and support to
the cell
uComposed of mostly cellulose
(Tough carbohydrate fiber)
uFound in plants, algae, fungi and
many prokaryotes
uLie outside the cell membrane
uPores and allow H2O, O2, CO2
uFunctions
uProvide protection and support to
the cell

8. Passive and Active transports
uMovement of solute particle
across cell membrane from higher
to lower until equilibrium has
reached.
uDiffusion of water through
selectively permeable membrane
uHypertonic (Concentrated sugar)
uHypertonic (Dilute sugar)
uIsotonic (Same strength)
uWater moves from dilute to
concentrated
uRequires energy unlike diffusion,
and osmosis (Passive transport)
uCalcium, potassium and sodium are
transported by membrane bounded
proteins
uTaking material into the cell by
means of enfolding
uPhagocytosis (for solid) and
pinocytosis (for liquids) are
examples

9. uMembranes of the vacuole
surrounding the material fuses with
the cell membrane, forcing the
contents out of the cell.
uUnicellular
uSingle celled organism
uMulticellular
uMulti-celled organisms
uRed Blood Cells
uTransport oxygen and nutrients
uIs:-
uThe portion of the cell outside
the nucleus
uContains:-
uCytosol
uOrganelles (little organs)
uVacuole
uMolecules
u Is:-
uLiquid portion of the cell where
organelles are located
u Contains:-
uMolecules
uEnzymes for glycolysis, pentose
phosphate pathway, and other
biosynthetic pathways

10. uInclude:-
uMitochondrion (~ria)
uEndoplasmic Reticulum
uPerixisomes
uRibosomes
uGolgi complex (Golgi apparatus)
uNucleus
uCentrioles
❑ Contain the enzyme catalase and other oxidative
enzymes producing hydrogen peroxides.
❑ Catalase destroys the enzyme H2O2
❑ Are preparation obtained on centrifuging broken
cells, consists of fragments from cell membrane,
endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex.
❑ Are sealed membranous vesicles
❑ Used in the study of cell metabolism and its
regulation
uAre:-
uSmall particles of RNA and Protein
found throughout the cytoplasm
uLike a small machine in a factory
uMake:-
uProteins by following coded
instructions that came from the
nucleus. Or proteins assembled on
ribosomes
uCan be either:-
uAttached or free form
uIs:-
uThe site where lipid components of the
cell membrane are assembled, along
with proteins and other materials that
are exported from the cell
uThe internal structure of
endoplasmic reticulum is called
cisternae.
uCan be divided as:-
uRough and Smooth
uIs:-
uPortion of the endoplasmic reticulum
involved in the synthesis of proteins
uSo called:-
uDue to ribosomes are attached on its
surface.
uModify:-
uChemical form of the newly made
proteins leaving ribosomes when
inserted on its surface.

11. uIs where:-
uProteins that are released or
exported from the cell are
synthesized on its surface.
uAbundant:-
uIn cells that produce large
amounts of proteins for export.
uEspecially in liver and muscle
cells
uIs:-
uThe portion of ER where
ribosomes are not attached on
its surface.
uContains in many cells:-
uCollections of enzymes that
perform specialized tasks
uSynthesize:-
uThe membrane lipids
uDetoxify:-
uDrugs
uLargely located in:-
uThe liver cells which play a key
role in detoxifying drugs.
uAlso called:-
uGolgi complex
uReceive:-
uProteins produced in the RER
uDiscovered by:-
uCamillo Golgi, an Italian S.tist
uLooks like:-
uAs a stack of closely opposed
membranes.
uAs a function:-
uIt modify, sort, and packs proteins
uOr other materials from ER for
storage in the cell or secretion
outside of the cell
uIs:-
uWhere every thing is packed and
shipped to the final destinations
either in side the cell or outside
the cell

12. uAre:-
uSmall organelles filled with
enzymes
uAs a function:-
uDigest or breakdown
carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
into their monomers that can be
used by the rest of the cells.
uAlso involved:-
uIn breakdown of outlived or junk
organelles that might otherwise
accumulate or clutter up the cell
uAre:-
uSaclike structures that function as a
store
uStore materials such as:-
uWater, salts, proteins, and
carbohydrates,
uIn plants is:-
uSingular, large and central; and
filled with liquid
uCan be found in:-
uIn some kind of cells, in many plant
cells, in some unicellular organisms
and in some animals.
uIs:-
uContractile, by contracting
rhythmically pumps excess water
out of the cell.
uControls:-
uWater content of the cell just one
example of homeostasis.
uIs:-
uThe maintenance of a controlled
internal environment.

13. uAre:-
uOrganelles that convert the
chemical energy stored in food into
compounds that are more
convenient for the cell to use.
uEnclosed by:-
uTwo membranes, the outer and the
inner membrane
u Absent in erythrocytes
u Power house of the cell
u Produce ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
uIs:-
uFolded up inside the organelle
uThe folds are called Cristea
uThe space within the inner membrane
is called mitochondrial matrix
uMost enzymes of the Krebs cycle and
β-oxidation are contained in it.
uInherited interestingly from:-
uThe cytoplasm of the ovum (egg cell)
uOr obtained from the mother/mom
uAre:-
uThe organelles of plant cells
uCapture:-
uThe energy from the sun; and
uConvert:-
uIt into chemical energy in a process
called photosynthesis.

14. u Like mitochondria:-
u Are surrounded by two membranes
u Inside it:-
u Contain large stacks of other membranes which
contain the green pigment Chlorophyll.
u And mitochondria,
u Both contain their own genetic material in the
form of small DNA molecules.
u This has led to the idea that they may have
descended from independent microorganisms.
This idea is called the endosymbiotic theory.
uAre:-
uFormed from tubulins
uLocated near the nucleus
uInvolved in cell division
uHelp:-
uTo organize cell division
uNot found in plant cells
u Are:-
uNetwork of protein filaments that helps the cell
to maintain its shape.
uSupporting structures and transportation
systems inside the cell
u Function:-
uGives a particular shape for a given cell and
also internal organization
uHelp the cells in movement
u Are made of:-
uMicrofilaments and microtubules
uAre:-
uThreadlike structures made of a
protein called actin.
uForm:-
uExtensive networks in some cells and
produce a tough, flexible framework
that supports the cell.
uHelp the cell:-
uFor movement
uAssembly and disassembly is:-
uResponsible for the cytoplasmic
movements that allow cells such as
amoebas to crawl along surfaces.
u Are:-
uHollow structures like a tube
uMade of proteins known as Tubulins
uTubulins
u Function:-
uMaintain shape of the cell
uInvolve during cell division,
uWhere they form a structure called
Mitotic spindle

15. u Function:-
uHelp to build projections from the cell surface.
uThese projections are termed as:
ucilia/cilium; and
uflagella or flagellum
uFunction:-
uEnable cells swim rapidly through
liquids
uIs:-
uControl center of the cell
uContains:-
uNuclear envelope that surrounds the
nucleus
uChromatic, a granular material
uNucleolus, a small dense region
where assembly of ribosome
begins
uConsists of:-
u DNA bound to protein.
uDuring cell division:-
uCondensed and converted into
chromosomes
uAre:-
uCondensed form of chromatin
uHave:-
uThreadlike structure
uContains:-
uThe genetic information which
passes from one generation to the
next
uIs spherically organized structure
of DNA, RNA and proteins

16. 1. Cells
2. Tissues
➢ Muscle, Epithelial, Nervous, Connective
3. Organs
➢ Heart, Liver, Lung, Kidney, …
4. Organ system