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Ap Chem Chapters 6 And 7
- 3. ANSWER Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. CRS Question, 6 – – q 4) 15.2 J. Section 6.1 The Nature of Energy (p. 229) When = 0, then the internal energy equals the work.
- 5. ANSWER Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. CRS Question, 6 – E q w 3) = 35 kJ. Section 6.1 The Nature of Energy (p. 229) Internal energy = + . The heat and work both have a positive sign indicating energy flowed from the system to the surroundings.
- 7. ANSWER Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. CRS Question, 6 – 3) The system does work on the surroundings when an ideal gas expands against a constant external pressure. Section 6.1 The Nature of Energy (p. 229) The gas molecules of the atmosphere have an average distance from each other.
- 10. ANSWER Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. CRS Question, 6 – ) 3) A bomb calorimeter measures H directly. Section 6.2 Enthalpy a nd Calorimetry (p. 235 Enthalpy is heat at constant pressure. The pressure can change drastically inside of a bomb calorimeter.
- 12. ANSWER Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. CRS Question, 6 – E . E 3) = +4 kJ Section 6.1 The Nature of Energy (p. 229) For a thermodynamic process we are only interested in the change of energy, E is the energy of a particular state.
- 14. ANSWER Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. CRS Question, 6 – ) 3) The chemical reaction is absorbing energy. Section 6.2 Enthalpy and Calorimetry (p. 235 The temperature drops because the reactants are absorbing energy from the solution faster than the surroundings can replace it.
- 16. ANSWER Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. CRS Question, 6 – ) 2) the work done in pushing back the atmosphere. Section 6.2 Enthalpy and Calorimetry (p. 235 The gas molecules need to use some energy to move atmospheric gas molecules out of their way.
- 19. ANSWER Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. CRS Question, 6 – ) 1) All are true. Section 6.2 Enthalpy and Calorimetry (p. 235 The minus sign indicates that the reaction is exothermic.
- 21. ANSWER Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. CRS Question, 6 – – ) 2) 413 kJ Section 6.2 Enthalpy and Calorimetry (p. 235 Don’t forget to convert grams to moles in this problem. Enthalpy is always in units of kJ/mol.
- 23. ANSWER Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. CRS Question, 6 – 3) – 44.0 kJ Section 6.2 Enthalpy and Calorimetry (p. 235) A common mistake is use the wrong sign for the enthalpy. Careful reading of the problem will indicate the sign that must be used.
- 27. ANSWER Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. CRS Question, 6 – 1 – 3 ) – 4) H + 2 H 2 H Section 6.3 Hess’s Law (p. 242 The final equation is found by summing the reactions as follows: I + 2(II) III. The minus sign means the reaction is reversed.
- 29. ANSWER Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. CRS Question, 6 – ) – 290 kJ Section 6.4 Standard Enthalpies of Formation (p. 246 Remember to multiply the heat of formation of each compound by its coefficient.
- 31. ANSWER Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. CRS Question, 6 – 5) C arbon dioxide Section 6.6 New Sources of Energy (p. 256) Carbon dioxide is a very stable product of most combustion reactions. It will not react further to produce more useful heat.
- 33. ANSWER Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. CRS Question, 7 – 4) ultraviolet light. Section 7.1 Electromagnetic Radiation (p. 275) As the energy of the light increases, the wavelength of the light decreases.
- 35. ANSWER Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. CRS Question, 7 – 5 – 2) 4.12 10 s 1 Section 7.1 Electromagnetic Radiation (p. 275) The smaller the frequency of light, the longer the wavelength.
- 37. ANSWER Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. CRS Question, 7 – 5) 1, 2, and 3 Section 2.5 The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction (p. 49) These three observations were noted by Ernest Rutherford giving him clues to the nature of the atom and the existence of the nucleus.
- 39. ANSWER Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. CRS Question, 7 – 19 hc . 3) 3.61 10 – J. Section 7.2 The Nature of Matter (p. 277) Energy of the photon = /
- 42. ANSWER Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. CRS Question, 7 – n n . 2) a, c Section 7.4 The Bohr Model (p. 285) Photons are emitted as an electron goes from higher to lower , and photons are absorbed as an electron goes from lower to higher
- 45. ANSWER Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. CRS Question, 7 – - 3) It does not adequately predict the ionization energy of the valence electron(s) for elements other than hydrogen. Section 7.4 The Bohr Model (p. 285) The Bohr model does not take into account electron electron repulsion, so it cannot be used for atoms or ions with more than on e electron.
- 48. ANSWER Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. CRS Question, 7 – – 3) When filling orbitals of equal energy, two electrons will occupy the same orbital before filling a new orbital. Section 7.5 The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom (pp. 290 293) Electrons are charged and tend to keep as far from each other as possible.
- 50. ANSWER Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. CRS Question, 7 – l f l 1) 0 Section 7.7 Orbital Shapes and Energies (p. 295) For n = 3, can be 0, 1, or 2. An orbital has an = 3.
- 52. ANSWER Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. CRS Question, 7 – l n m l 2) 4 Section 7.6 Quantum Numbers (p. 293) Orbitals are designated by m . For = 2, has four values.
- 54. ANSWER Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. CRS Question, 7 – 2 - 2) [Xe] 6 s Section 7.11 The Aufbau Principle and the Periodic Table (p. 302) [Xe] denotes a shorthand version of the electron configuration for Xe. Noble gas configurations are used to reduce writing time.
- 57. ANSWER Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. CRS Question, 7 – l n 1. 1) Option 1 Section 7.6 Quantum Numbers (p. 293) can have values of 0 to –
- 59. ANSWER Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. CRS Question, 7 – 5) Na Section 7.12 Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties (p. 309) Sodium has only one electron in its outer shell. Once this has been removed the next electron must come from the core electrons, requiring a tremendous increase in energy.
- 62. ANSWER Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. CRS Question, 7 – – 5) Section 7.11 The Aufbau Principle and the Periodic Table (p. 302) N ion has an extra electron that must be paired. It is isoelectronic with oxygen.
- 64. ANSWER Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. CRS Question, 7 – 5) none Section 7.11 The Aufbau Principle and the Periodic Table (p. 302) Atoms in the same group have the same number of valence electrons. None of the sets of atoms have members all from the same group.
- 66. ANSWER Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. CRS Question, 7 – . 3) greater than 735 kJ/mol Section 7.12 Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties (p. 309) The second ionization energy is always greater than the first, because the next electron is no longer leaving a neutral atom, but one with a +1 charge.
Editor's Notes
- HMCLASS PRESENT: Animation: Work vs. Energy Flow HMCLASS PREP: Figure 6.4
- HMCLASS PRESENT: Video: Ammonium Chloride and Barium Hydroxide
- HMCLASS PRESENT: Animation: Hess’s Law HMCLASS PREP: Figure 6.7
- HMCLASS PREP: Figure 7.2
- HMCLASS PREP: Figure 2.13 STUDENT CD: Visualization: Scattering of Alpha Particles by Gold Foil
- HMCLASS PREP: Figure 7.17
- HMCLASS PREP: Table 7.2
- HMCLASS PREP: Table 7.5
- HMCLASS PREP: Table 7.5
